Remnant cholesterol predicts cardiovascular disease beyond LDL and ApoB: a primary prevention study.

In ASCVD-free individuals, elevated RC levels were associated with ASCVD independent of traditional risk factors, LDL-C, and apoB levels.


Lipoprotein(a) Is Markedly More Atherogenic Than LDL: An Apolipoprotein B-Based Genetic Analysis.

From these data, we estimate that the atherogenicity of Lp(a) is approximately 6-fold (point estimate of 6.6; 95% CI: 5.1-8.8) greater than that of LDL on a per-particle basis.


Update on the detection and treatment of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins.

By contrast, a meta-analysis of published prospective studies demonstrated that non-HDL-C was superior to LDL-C, and apoB was superior to non-HDL-C.


Residual dyslipidemia according to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B among statin-treated US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010.

Overall, 64% of statin users were at goal for LDL-C, 63% were at goal for non-HDL-C, but only 52% were at goal for apoB.


Non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B predict cardiovascular disease events among men with type 2 diabetes.

Non-HDL cholesterol and apoB are more potent predictors of CVD incidence among diabetic men than LDL cholesterol.


Apolipoprotein B/A-I and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios both predict cardiovascular events in the general population independently of nonlipid risk factors, albuminuria and C-reactive protein.

The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.37 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26-1.48] for the apoB/apoA-I ratio and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.18-1.29) for the TC/HDL-C ratio (both P < 0.001).


Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women.

Non-HDL-C and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C were as good as or better than apolipoprotein fractions in the prediction of future cardiovascular events.


Paradoxical Association Between Baseline Apolipoprotein B and Prognosis in Coronary Artery Disease: A 36,460 Chinese Cohort Study.

Malnutrition and bilirubin mainly mediate the ApoB paradox. Increased ApoB concentration remained linearly associated with an increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality.


Low apolipoprotein B and LDL-cholesterol are associated with the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort.

Low apoB and LDL-cholesterol levels were associated with heightened all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk in the general population. Conversely, high apoB and low LDL-cholesterol levels did not correlate with increased mortality risk.


Relationship between serum apolipoprotein B and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in individuals with hypertension: a prospective cohort study.

In the US hypertensive population, serum Apo B levels were U-shaped and correlated with ACM and CVM risk, with the lowest risk at 100 mg/dL.


Lipoprotein (a) and risk of cardiovascular disease--a systematic review and meta analysis of prospective studies.

This meta analysis of prospective studies shows a clear association between elevated Lipoprotein (a) levels and increased risk of CHD. This effect is substantially higher in individuals with previous CHD. Our systematic review showed no evidence of an effect on stroke and all cause mortality.

unfavorable-cue: "increased risk" | no-difference-cue: "showed no"


Independence of Lipoprotein(a) and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Mediated Cardiovascular Risk: A Participant-Level Meta-Analysis.

These findings demonstrate the independent and additive nature of Lp(a) and LDL-C levels for ASCVD risk, and that LDL-C lowering does not fully offset Lp(a)-mediated risk.


Baseline and on-statin treatment lipoprotein(a) levels for prediction of cardiovascular events: individual patient-data meta-analysis of statin outcome trials.

In this individual-patient data meta-analysis of statin-treated patients, elevated baseline and on-statin lipoprotein(a) showed an independent approximately linear relation with cardiovascular disease risk.


Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement.

Epidemiologic and genetic studies involving hundreds of thousands of individuals strongly support a causal and continuous association between Lp(a) concentration and cardiovascular outcomes in different ethnicities; elevated Lp(a) is a risk factor even at very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

unfavorable-cue: "elevated lp(a) is a risk"


Lipoprotein(a), C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiovascular Risk in Primary and Secondary Prevention Populations.

In this study, higher levels of Lp(a) were associated with MACE, MI, and PAD in both primary and secondary prevention populations regardless of baseline hs-CRP value.


Lipoprotein(a) and Long-Term Cardiovascular Risk in a Multi-Ethnic Pooled Prospective Cohort.

The study shows, in a large U.S. pooled cohort, that higher Lp(a) levels are associated with an increased ASCVD risk, including in patients with diabetes.


Association of LPA Variants With Risk of Coronary Disease and the Implications for Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering Therapies: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.

The clinical benefit of lowering Lp(a) is likely to be proportional to the absolute reduction in Lp(a) concentration.


Lipoprotein (a) as a risk factor for ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis.

Elevated Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and may be especially relevant for young stroke patients.


Circulating lipoprotein (a) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

This study provides further evidence that higher Lp(a) levels are associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality and CVD-death in the general population and in patients with CVD.


Small Interfering RNA to Reduce Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Disease.

Olpasiran therapy significantly reduced lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Longer and larger trials will be necessary to determine the effect of olpasiran therapy on cardiovascular disease.


LP(a): Structure, Genetics, Associated Cardiovascular Risk, and Emerging Therapeutics.

Approximately 20% of the world's population has increased Lp(a) levels, determined predominantly by genetics. Current clinical practices for the management of dyslipidemia are ineffective in lowering Lp(a) levels.


A common LPA null allele associates with lower lipoprotein(a) levels and coronary artery disease risk.

The LPA null allele (rs41272114) is associated with decreased circulating lipoprotein(a) levels and decreased CAD risk.

favorable-cue: "associated with decreased"


Structure, function, and genetics of lipoprotein (a).

It highlights the role of genetics in establishing Lp(a) as a risk factor for CHD, but also discusses uncertainties, controversies, and lack of knowledge on several aspects of the genetic Lp(a) trait, not least its function.


Genetics of the Lp(a)/apo(a) system in an autochthonous Black African population from the Gabon.

Our data demonstrate that Lp(a) concentrations are highly heritable in a Central African population without admixture and high Lp(a) (median 43 mg/dl). LPA is the major QTL, explaining most or all of the heritability of Lp(a) in this population.


Calcific aortic stenosis.

Metabolic syndrome and an elevated plasma level of lipoprotein(a) have also been associated with increased risk of calcific AS.


Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein.

In this trial of apparently healthy persons without hyperlipidemia but with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, rosuvastatin significantly reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events.

favorable-cue: "significantly reduced the incidence"


C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis.

CRP concentration has continuous associations with the risk of coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, vascular mortality, and death from several cancers and lung disease that are each of broadly similar size.


C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms, C-reactive protein blood levels, and cardiovascular disease risk.

C-reactive protein (CRP), a blood marker of inflammation and a hallmark of the acute-phase response, has been shown to be a powerful and specific predictor of cardiovascular event risk in populations of otherwise healthy persons.


High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: clinical importance.

hsCRP levels of less than 1, 1 to 3, and greater than 3 mg/L are associated with lower, moderate, and higher cardiovascular risks, respectively.


C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: a review of risk prediction and interventions.

CRP correlates with risk of CVD in patients who have a history of acute coronary disease, stable angina, and in those who have never been diagnosed with CVD. CRP imparts risk that is independent of hyperlipidemia.


High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a risk assessment tool for cardiovascular disease.

C-reactive protein is an index of inflammation that is now believed to promote directly all stages of atherosclerosis, including plaque rupture. As measured by high-sensitivity assays, high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) also independently predicts recurrent events in patients with known coronary artery diseases.


Narrative review: Assessment of C-reactive protein in risk prediction for cardiovascular disease.

They find no definitive evidence that, for most individuals, CRP adds substantial predictive value above that provided by risk estimation using traditional risk factors for CVD.


Association between C reactive protein and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data.

Human genetic data indicate that C reactive protein concentration itself is unlikely to be even a modest causal factor in coronary heart disease.


Cardiac troponin and C-reactive protein for predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis.

Elevated serum levels of cardiac troponin and C-reactive protein are significant associated with higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.

unfavorable-cue: "associated with higher"


C-reactive protein for predicting all-cause mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis.

Acute ischemic stroke patients with the highest CRP level were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.60-2.68) compared with the lowest CRP category.


The role of nutrition in inflammaging.

healthy diets, including the Mediterranean diet, are associated with lower concentrations of inflammatory mediators, like C-reactive protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), that are hallmarks of inflammaging.


Association of inflammatory mediators with frailty status in older adults: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This work established strong association between inflammatory biomarkers and frailty, confirming the role of age-related chronic inflammation in frailty development.


Risk Factors for Young-Onset Dementia in the UK Biobank.

15 factors were significantly associated with a higher YOD risk, namely lower formal education, lower socioeconomic status, carrying 2 apolipoprotein ε4 allele, no alcohol use, alcohol use disorder, social isolation, vitamin D deficiency, high C-reactive protein levels


Blood n-3 fatty acid levels and total and cause-specific mortality from 17 prospective studies.

risk for death from all causes was significantly lower (by 15-18%, at least p < 0.003) in the highest vs the lowest quintile for circulating long chain (20-22 carbon) omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids).


The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?

The Omega-3 Index was inversely associated with risk for CHD mortality. An Omega-3 Index of > or = 8% was associated with the greatest cardioprotection, whereas an index of < or = 4% was associated with the least.


Erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 fatty acid levels are inversely associated with mortality and with incident cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study.

Those in the highest (>6.8%) compared to those in the lowest Omega-3 Index quintiles (<4.2%) had a 34% lower risk for death from any cause and 39% lower risk for incident CVD.


Red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.

Higher RBC levels of marine n-3 PUFAs were associated with reduced risk for all-cause mortality. These findings support the beneficial relationship between the Omega-3 Index and health outcomes.


Using an erythrocyte fatty acid fingerprint to predict risk of all-cause mortality: the Framingham Offspring Cohort.

In this community-based population in their mid-60s, RBC FA patterns were as predictive of risk for death during the next 11 y as standard risk factors. Replication is needed in other cohorts to validate this FA fingerprint as a predictor of all-cause mortality.


Red blood cell ω-3 fatty acid levels and markers of accelerated brain aging.

Lower RBC DHA levels are associated with smaller brain volumes and a "vascular" pattern of cognitive impairment even in persons free of clinical dementia.

unfavorable-cue: "impairment" | favorable-cue: "associated with smaller"


Associations of erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids with cognition, brain imaging and biomarkers in the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: cross-sectional and longitudinal retrospective analyses.

Longitudinally, low ω-3 index was associated with greater Aβ accumulation and WMS cognitive decline but unexpectedly with lower total ADAS-Cog cognitive decline.

unfavorable-cue: "associated with greater"


Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Memory Functions in Healthy Older Adults.

Omega-3 index increased significantly in the LC-n3-FA group compared with the placebo group. Moreover, recall of object locations was significantly better after LC-n3-FA supplementation compared with placebo.


Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial.

In subjects with high baseline ω-3 fatty acids (>590 μmol/L), B vitamin treatment slowed the mean atrophy rate by 40.0% compared with placebo (P = 0.023).


Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduces blood pressure but not renal vasoconstrictor response to orthostatic stress in healthy older adults.

In conclusion, FO supplementation attenuates the mean BP response but does not affect the renal vasoconstrictor response to orthostatic stress in older adults.


Omega-3 index and cardiovascular health.

blood levels of EPA + DHA are frequently assessed in erythrocytes, using the HS-Omega-3 Index® methodology. A low Omega-3 Index fulfills the current criteria for a novel cardiovascular risk factor.


Omega-3 index in 2018/19.

Recent epidemiologic data further support the relevance of the omega-3 index in the cardiovascular field, since total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke, or blood pressure all correlate inversely with the omega-3 index.


Ω-3 index as a prognosis tool in cardiovascular disease.

EPA and DHA in RBCs were associated with reduced mortality in a prospective study of patients with cardiac disease; the strongest association was with EPA.

favorable-cue: "associated with reduced"


n-3 Fatty acids and risk for fatal coronary disease.

our studies in the Framingham Heart Study and in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study have demonstrated significant inverse relations between erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels (i.e. the Omega-3 Index) and total mortality.


Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease--an uphill battle.

Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids

A standardized way of determining levels is the Omega-3 Index, which is the percentage of EPA+DHA of a total of 26 fatty acids measured in erythrocytes. According to current criteria, a low Omega-3 Index is a cardiovascular risk factor.


Omega-3 fatty acids in heart disease-why accurately measured levels matter.

An Omega-3 Index in the target range of 8-11% is associated with lower total mortality, fewer major adverse cardiac and other cardiovascular events.


The omega-3 index: from biomarker to risk marker to risk factor.

Multiple lines of evidence link reduced tissue and/or blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids, as reflected in the erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid level (ie, the omega-3 index), with increased risk for coronary heart disease, especially sudden cardiac death.


Why docosapentaenoic acid is not included in the Omega-3 Index.

In epidemiologic studies, erythrocyte DPA did not predict risk for total mortality, sudden cardiac death, or other relevant cardiovascular events, and, more importantly, did not improve prediction of these events when included along with EPA and DHA, the original Omega-3 Index.


Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.

The estimate of insulin resistance obtained by homeostasis model assessment correlated with estimates obtained by use of the euglycaemic clamp (Rs = 0.88, p less than 0.0001), the fasting insulin concentration (Rs = 0.81, p less than 0.0001), and the hyperglycaemic clamp, (Rs = 0.69, p less than 0.01).


Use and abuse of HOMA modeling.

In conclusion, the HOMA model has become a widely used clinical and epidemiological tool and, when used appropriately, it can yield valuable data. However, as with all models, the primary input data need to be robust, and the data need to be interpreted carefully.


Indices of insulin action, disposal, and secretion derived from fasting samples and clamps in normal glucose-tolerant black and white children.

The QUICKI correlated best with SI (Eug clamp) (r = 0.69, P < 0.05) and had greater correlations to SI (Eug clamp) than did either SI (Hyper clamp) (r = 0.45, P < 0.05) or the HOMA-IR (r = -0.51, P < 0.05).


HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes in identifying insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study (BRAMS).

The cut-off values for IR were: HOMA1-IR > 2.7 and HOMA2-IR > 1.8; and, for MS were: HOMA1-IR > 2.3 (sensitivity: 76.8%; specificity: 66.7%) and HOMA2-IR > 1.4 (sensitivity: 79.2%; specificity: 61.2%).


New measure of insulin sensitivity predicts cardiovascular disease better than HOMA estimated insulin resistance.

In an independent cohort, ROC areas under the curve were 0.77±0.02 ISI-cal versus 0.76±0.02 HOMA-IR (p>0.05) for incident diabetes, and 0.74±0.03 ISI-cal versus 0.61±0.03 HOMA-IR (p<0.001) for incident CVD.


HOMA-IR as a predictor of Health Outcomes in Patients with Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

A higher HOMA-IR value had a significant effect on the risk of developing T2DM (HR 1.87; CI 1.40-2.49), presenting non-fatal MACE (HR 1.46; CI 1.08-1.97) and hypertension (HR 1.35; CI 1.15-1.59).


Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis.

The relative risk of cardiovascular disease was higher for an increase of one standard deviation in HOMA-IR compared to an increase of one standard deviation in fasting glucose or fasting insulin concentration. It may be useful to add HOMA-IR to a cardiovascular risk prediction model.


Association between HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and fasting glucose with coronary heart disease mortality in nondiabetic men: a 20-year observational study.

the hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD mortality comparing top versus bottom quartiles were as follows: 1.69 (95 % CI: 1.15-2.48; p = 0.008) for HOMA-IR; 1.59 (1.09-2.32; p = 0.016) for FI; and 1.26 (0.90-1.76; p = 0.173) for FPG.


Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and colorectal adenomas: A meta-analysis.

Independent of adiposity, higher levels of insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR were significantly associated with increased risk of CRA.


Association between insulin resistance and breast carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Higher levels of fasting insulin or non-fasting/fasting C-peptide are not associated with breast cancer in women. HOMA-IR levels are slightly higher in women with breast cancer.


Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals With CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

The adjusted association of HOMA-IR with T2DM was comparable to that of fasting blood glucose level


The association between metabolic syndrome components, low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Indonesian adolescent male.

The association of MetS components with the risk of insulin resistance is central obesity and high triacylglycerol with OR of 24.4 (95%CI: 5.19-114.42) and 9.4 (95%CI: 3.09-28.68) consecutively.


Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload.

Ferritin is an iron storage protein and its concentration in the plasma or serum reflects iron stores; low ferritin indicates iron deficiency, while elevated ferritin reflects risk of iron overload.

unfavorable-cue: "elevated ferritin reflects risk"


Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis of iron deficiency is straightforward, except when it occurs in the context of inflammatory disorders. Oral iron salts correct absolute iron deficiency in most patients, because low hepcidin levels facilitate iron absorption.


[Biological diagnosis of iron deficiency in children].

Measurement of serum ferritin (SF) is currently the laboratory test recommended for diagnosing iron deficiency. In the absence of an associated disease, a low SF value is an early and highly specific indicator of iron deficiency.


Limitations of Serum Ferritin in Diagnosing Iron Deficiency in Inflammatory Conditions.

Under normal circumstances, serum ferritin levels are a sensitive marker for iron status but ferritin is an acute-phase reactant that becomes elevated in response to inflammation, complicating the diagnosis.


Efficacy of iron supplementation on fatigue and physical capacity in non-anaemic iron-deficient adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

In IDNA adults, iron supplementation is associated with reduced subjective measures of fatigue but not with objective improvements in physical capacity.


Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women.

Women receiving iron were significantly less likely to be anaemic at the end of intervention compared to women receiving control (risk ratio (RR) 0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.60, 10 studies, 3273 women, moderate quality evidence).


Iron Supplementation, Response in Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Analysis of Five Trials.

Iron-replacement therapy improved quality of life and reduced fatigue.


Association between Serum Iron Store Biomarkers and All-Cause Mortality in Japanese Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Contour plots demonstrated increased mortality risk in areas with low ferritin and TSAT levels. Additionally, even in regions with high TSAT levels, there was a trend toward increased mortality risk with increasing ferritin levels.


Serum ferritin and risk for new-onset heart failure and cardiovascular events in the community.

Increased serum ferritin levels independently amplify the risk for new-onset HF in women in the community.


Ferritin levels, inflammatory biomarkers, and mortality in peripheral arterial disease: a substudy of the Iron (Fe) and Atherosclerosis Study (FeAST) Trial.

These data demonstrate statistical correlations between levels of ferritin, inflammatory biomarkers, and mortality in this subset of patients with PAD.


Body iron stores had no impact on coronary heart disease outcomes: a middle-aged male cohort from the general population with 21-year follow-up.

In a cohort of middle-aged men from the general population with well validated and prospectively collected data, we did not find any association between serum ferritin or serum transferrin receptor as markers of BIS and CHD events after 21 years of follow-up.


Association of elevated serum ferritin concentration with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism in Korean men and women.

Increased serum concentrations of ferritin are associated with insulin resistance, type 2 DM, IFG, and metabolic syndrome in men, but only with IFG in women.


Serum Ferritin Levels Are Associated with Adipose Tissue Dysfunction-Related Indices in Obese Adults.

Serum ferritin was associated with elevated adipose-IR, VAI, and LAP, suggesting that ferritin could be an important early indicator for the risk of developing adipose tissue dysfunction in obese individuals.

unfavorable-cue: "associated with elevated"


Iron Deficiency and Incident Infections among Community-Dwelling Adults Age 70 Years and Older: Results from the DO-HEALTH Study.

baseline iron deficiency was not associated with incident overall infections, but was associated with a 63% greater rate of incident severe infections requiring hospitalization (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.63, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.11-2.41, p=0.01).


Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Results indicated a significant association between flatter diurnal cortisol slopes and poorer health across all studies (average effect size, r=0.147).


Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: findings from the Whitehall II study.

Flatter slopes in cortisol decline across the day were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for 1 sd reduction in slope steepness 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.55).


Long-Term Glucocorticoid Exposure and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases-The Lifelines Cohort.

In this large, prospective cohort study, we found that long-term cortisone levels, measured in scalp hair, represent a relevant and significant predictor for future CVD in younger individuals.


Standard Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors Mediate the Association Between Elevated Hair Cortisol Concentrations and Coronary Artery Disease.

In path models, 80% of the association between ln(HCC) and CAD were mediated by SMuRFs, while the direct path between ln(HCC) and CAD was not statistically significant.


Associations between hair cortisol and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

HCC was largely, positively associated with hypertension status [odds ratio = 3.23 (95% CI: 2.55-4.09), P < 0.001].


Associations between chronic stress and hair cortisol in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Meta-analysis revealed that chronic stress was associated with HCC (pooled-r = 0.09, 95 % CI: 0.03, 0.16).


Physiological biomarkers of chronic stress: A systematic review.

Potential diagnostic biomarkers of chronic stress included cortisol, ACTH, BDNF, catecholamines, glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, cholesterol, prolactin, oxytocin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), CRP, and interleukin - 6 and 8.


Use of Salivary Diurnal Cortisol as an Outcome Measure in Randomised Controlled Trials: a Systematic Review.

Salivary diurnal cortisol is measured inconsistently across RCTs, which is limiting the interpretation of findings within and across studies.


Salivary cortisol in depressed patients versus control persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Based on the available studies there is not firm evidence for a difference of salivary cortisol in depressed patients and control persons and salivary cortisol is unable to discriminate between persons with and without depression.


Identifying diurnal cortisol profiles among young adults: Physiological signatures of mental health trajectories.

Findings suggest that a specific combination of cortisol parameters (i.e., flat slope, high AUC, and high CAR) may predict worse mental health risk over time.


The association of basal cortisol levels with episodic memory in older adults is mediated by executive function.

Morning serum cortisol levels were higher in the probable AD as compared to the NI group (p = .031).


Imagine HEALTH: Changes in diurnal salivary cortisol patterns following a 12-week guided imagery RCT lifestyle intervention in predominantly Latino adolescents.

LBGI led to an increase in CAR, and in adherent subjects, a decrease in PSS, suggesting GI may be a mind-body intervention that can affect both objective and subjective measures of the stress response.


Associations Between Different Cortisol Measures and Adiposity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

These findings further corroborate understanding of chronic stress' physiological contribution to increased pediatric obesity risk.

unfavorable-cue: "increased pediatric obesity risk"


Serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies of over a million participants.

Thirty-two studies containing forty-four arms with 1,134,073 participants reported association between uric acid and risk of CVD mortality were included in our analysis. Pooled results showed a significant positive association between uric acid levels and risk of CVD mortality (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.33-1.58, I = 79%).


Elevated serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in people with suspected or definite coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis.

The highest vs. lowest SUA category was associated with greater risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.45-3.02) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.39-2.34) after adjustment for potential confounders in a random effects model.


Baseline serum uric acid level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease related mortality and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

For the highest SUA, eleven studies with 172,123 participants were identified and analyzed. Elevated SUA increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.24; 95% CI 1.09-1.42) and cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.37; 95% CI 1.19-1.57).

unfavorable-cue: "elevated sua increased risk"


Hyperuricemia and risk of incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

We included 25 studies with 97,824 participants assessing the association between uric acid and incident hypertension in our meta-analysis. Hyperuricemia may modestly increase the risk of hypertension incidence, consistent with a dose-response relationship.


Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Subgroup analyses of studies adjusting for known risk factors such as age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cholesterol still showed that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with both stroke incidence (4 studies; RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19, 1.76) and mortality (6 studies; RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.12, 1.39).


Serum uric acid and mortality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

By meta-analysis, patients with the highest serum uric acid level were associated with a significantly higher risk for mortality (14 studies; HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.33-1.73) compared with patients with the lowest serum uric acid level.


Serum uric acid is associated with incident chronic kidney disease in middle-aged populations: a meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies.

Fifteen unique cohorts with a total of 99,205 individuals and 3,492 incident CKD cases were included. The relative risk of CKD was 1.22 (95% CI 1.16-1.28, I2 = 65.9%) per 1 mg/dL serum uric level increment.


The URRAH study.

Multivariate Cox regression analyses identified an independent association between serum uric acid concentrations and both total (HR=1.53, 95% CI 1.21-1.93, P<0.001) and cardiovascular deaths (HR=2.08, 95% CI 1.146-2.97; P<0.001).


Uric acid as a predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure: a meta-analysis.

The RR of all-cause mortality was 2.13 (95% CI, 1.78-2.55) for SUA>6.5 mg/dL compared with <6.5 mg/dL SUA level. Uric acid is an important prognostic marker for all-cause mortality in HF.


High serum uric acid and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

In overall risk estimates, the pooled OR of NAFLD occurrence was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.59-2.31) comparing the highest to lowest SUA levels in a random effect model.


Uric acid is not an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes: a population-based study.

In diabetic people, uric acid is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome but it may not be accounted as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality.


Serum uric acid levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis.

Increased serum UA levels were associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among ALS patients (risk ratio (RR) = 0.70, 95% CI [0.57, 0.87], P = 0.001).


Uric Acid and Cognitive Function in Older Individuals.

Current studies indeed demonstrate that uric acid may exert neuroprotective actions in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's dementia, with hypouricemia representing a risk factor for a quicker disease progression and a possible marker of malnutrition.


Time to Target Uric Acid to Retard Chronic Kidney Disease Progression.

Hyperuricemic models can lead to systemic hypertension, arteriolosclerosis including afferent arteriolopathy as well as albuminuria probably due to the activation of oxidative stress.


Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.

Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro

Grip strength was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio per 5 kg reduction in grip strength 1.16, 95% CI 1.13-1.20; p<0.0001), cardiovascular mortality (1.17, 1.11-1.24; p<0.0001)


Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women.

Higher levels of handgrip strength were associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.69; 95% CI, 0.64-0.74) compared with lower muscular strength

favorable-cue: "associated with a reduced"


Associations of handgrip strength with morbidity and all-cause mortality of cardiometabolic multimorbidity.

Our study provided novel evidence that HGS could be an independent predictor of morbidity and all-cause mortality of CM.


Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences.

We believe that there is adequate evidence to show that HGS stands as an important biomarker of health.


Associations Between Aging-Related Changes in Grip Strength and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

All studies concluded that cognitive function and grip strength declined, on average, with increasing age, although with little to no evidence for longitudinal associations among rates of change.


International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions.

Muscular strength is a powerful marker of current health status and robust predictor of age-related disease and disability.


Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.

For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance).


Depression and Handgrip Strength Among U.S. Adults Aged 60 Years and Older from NHANES 2011-2014.

Our findings demonstrate handgrip strength has a significant inverse association with depression.


Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study.

In MICs and LICs, household air pollution, poor diet, low education, and low grip strength had stronger effects on cardiovascular disease or mortality than in HICs.


Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study.

These results have 2 important clinical messages: ambulatory measurement of blood pressure is superior to clinic measurement in predicting cardiovascular mortality, and nighttime blood pressure is the most potent predictor of outcome.


Nighttime Blood Pressure Phenotype and Cardiovascular Prognosis: Practitioner-Based Nationwide JAMP Study.

Nighttime BP levels and a riser pattern were independently associated with the total cardiovascular event rate, in particular for HF. These findings suggest the importance of antihypertensive strategies targeting nighttime systolic BP.


Ambulatory systolic-diastolic pressure regression index as a predictor of clinical events: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

ASDPRI is an ambulatory blood pressure-derived biomarker that strongly predicts future CV events, stroke, and all-cause mortality. These findings suggest that this index may be useful for risk stratification purposes.


Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and development of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients included in the Spanish ABPM registry: the CARDIORISC Event study.

ABPM performed during treatment adds prognostic significance on the development of cardiovascular events in high-risk hypertensive patients. Among different ABPM-derived values, night-time SBP is the most potent predictor of outcome.


Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for risk stratification in obese and non-obese subjects from 10 populations.

Across quartiles of the BMI distribution, 24-h and nighttime systolic BP predicted every end point


Data from the Dublin outcome study.

ABPM is superior to clinic or office blood pressure measurement in predicting cardiovascular mortality AASI, which may be derived simply from ABPM, is a novel index in determining prognosis.


White-coat hypertension and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis.

The cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with WCH may be slightly higher compared with normotension but well below the risks associated with sustained HTN.


White-coat hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and total mortality.

In untreated cohorts, WCH was associated with a 38 and 20% increased risk of CVD and total mortality compared with normotension, respectively.


Measurement of Blood Pressure in Humans: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Ambulatory BP monitoring is considered the reference standard for out-of-office BP assessment, with home BP monitoring being an alternative when ambulatory BP monitoring is not available or tolerated.


Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring to Diagnose and Manage Hypertension.

24h Ambulatory BP Monitor;Validated Home BP Monitor

We are still waiting for evidence from randomized clinical trials to prove that out-of-office BP monitoring is superior to office BP in adjusting antihypertensive drug treatment and in the prevention of cardiovascular complications.


Non-Dipping Blood Pressure or Nocturnal Hypertension: Does One Matter More?

Nocturnal hypertension and non-dipping are both associated with increased cardiovascular risk; however, debate remains over which is a better prognosticator of cardiovascular outcomes.

unfavorable-cue: "increased cardiovascular risk"


Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a review.

In T2DM, individual studies and meta-analyses indicate that 24-h pulse pressure and reduced night-time BP fall or reverse dipping predict organ damage progression, total cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.

favorable-cue: "reduced night-time bp fall"


Reproducibility study of nocturnal blood pressure dipping in patients with high cardiovascular risk.

We conclude that the reproducibility of nocturnal dipping patterns and concordance of dipper vs non-dipper status in individual patients is modest and therefore that we should be cautious about recommending treatments or interventions based on these patterns.


Gamma-glutamyltransferase predicts increased risk of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.

GGT, even at physiologic high levels, predicted mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality and cancer mortality.


Gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

The pooled RR of CV mortality for highest vs. lowest GGT quartile was 1.52 (95% CI 1.36-1.70). The pooled RR of CV mortality for per unit-log (GGT) increment was 1.76 (95% CI 1.60-1.94).


Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

These findings indicate that serum GGT activity within the reference interval is positively associated with increased risk of CV mortality in a dose-response manner.


Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in people with and without diabetes: pooling of three British Health Surveys.

Higher GGT levels are a risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular disease death in people with and without diabetes. However, knowledge of GGT does not improve cardiovascular predictions beyond traditional risk factors.


Association Between γ-Glutamyltransferase Level and Cardiovascular or All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Meta-analysis showed that elevated GGT level was significantly associated with higher risk of CV mortality (RR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.57-2.64) and all-cause mortality (RR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.27-1.74) in patients with CAD.


Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality in patients with diabetes: A nationwide cohort study.

The all-cause mortality rate increased as the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels became higher (highest quartile vs lowest quartile: hazard ratio [HR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-1.59; p for trend <.001).


Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective evidence.

Baseline circulating GGT level is associated with an increased risk of hypertension in the general population, consistent with a linear dose-response relationship.


Gamma-glutamyltransferase level and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The pooled RR of hypertension was 1.94(95%CI: 1.55-2.43; P<0.001) when comparing the risk of hypertension between the highest versus lowest category of GGT levels.


Serum γ-glutamyltransferase as an independent predictor for incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults: Findings from the KoGES over 12 years of follow-up.

HRs (95% CIs) for incident type 2 diabetes for the highest quartile versus referent lowest quartile for serum GGT levels were 2.55 (1.86-3.51) for men and 1.90 (1.40-2.58) for women after adjusting for confounding variables.


Gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study.

MR analyses did not support a causal role of GGT on the risk of prediabetes or diabetes. The association of GGT with diabetes in observational studies is likely to be driven by reverse causation or confounding bias.


Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase elevation is associated with metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A community-based cross-sectional study.

GGT elevation is associated with MetS, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.


Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of prostate cancer: Findings from the KIHD prospective cohort study.

GGT is positively and independently associated with future risk of prostate cancer in a middle-aged Finnish male population over long-term follow-up.


Gamma glutamyl transferase.

People with high serum GGT have higher mortality, partly because of the association between GGT and other risk factors and partly because GGT is an independent predictor of risk.


Is serum gamma glutamyltransferase a marker of oxidative stress?

More importantly, serum GGT level within its normal range positively predicted F2-isoprostanes, an oxidative damage product of arachidonic acid, and fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, markers of inflammation, which were measured 5 or 15 years later, in dose-response manners.


What does serum γ-glutamyltransferase tell us as a cardiometabolic risk marker?

There is robust evidence that γ-glutamyltransferase even when values are within the reference interval is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in both sexes, in normal subjects and subjects with coronary artery disease, in the middle-aged and the elderly after adjusting for confounding factors.

unfavorable-cue: "increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality"


Serum elevated gamma glutamyltransferase levels may be a marker for oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease.

GGT levels were significantly higher in AD patients (p = 0.012). Linear regression analysis revealed AD was an independent correlate of elevated GGT levels.


Elevated serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity is associated with increased risk of mortality, incident type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular events, chronic kidney disease and cancer - a narrative review.

In clinical practice, increased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity is usually interpreted as a marker of alcohol abuse and liver dysfunction. The knowledge of the GGT's physiological functions has expanded and several important epidemiological associations have been reported.


Cystatin C versus creatinine in determining risk based on kidney function.

The use of cystatin C alone or in combination with creatinine strengthens the association between the eGFR and the risks of death and end-stage renal disease across diverse populations.


New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race.

New eGFR equations that incorporate creatinine and cystatin C but omit race are more accurate and led to smaller differences between Black participants and non-Black participants than new equations without race with either creatinine or cystatin C alone.


Glomerular filtration rate by differing measures, albuminuria and prediction of cardiovascular disease, mortality and end-stage kidney disease.

We show that eGFRcys is most strongly associated with CVD and mortality, and, along with albuminuria, adds predictive discrimination to current CVD risk scores, whilst traditional creatinine-based measures are weakly associated with risk.


Cystatin C concentration as a risk factor for heart failure in older adults.

The cystatin C concentration is an independent risk factor for heart failure in older adults and appears to provide a better measure of risk assessment than the serum creatinine concentration.


Cystatin C as a biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate.

Use of serum cystatin C avoids the limitations related to both diet and muscle mass that affect serum creatinine. Cystatin C may be more accurate than serum creatinine in estimating GFR, and is more strongly associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.


Kidney Disease, Race, and GFR Estimation.

We also suggest mindful use of cystatin C as a confirmatory test as well as clearance measurements.


Cystatin C-based CKD-EPI estimated glomerular filtration rate equations as a better strategy for mortality stratification in acute heart failure: A STROBE-compliant prospective observational study.

In patients with AHF, our study demonstrates the eGFR calculated by CKD-EPI cystatin C-based equation improved the risk stratification of mortality over both creatinine-based and creatinine/cystatin C-based equations.


Impact of cystatin C-derived glomerular filtration rate in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

eGFR (cystatin C) was associated with 3-year all-cause mortality in patients who underwent TAVI, and it was superior to eGFR (creatinine) as a prognostic biomarker.


Glomerular filtration rate estimated using creatinine, cystatin C or both markers and the risk of clinical events in HIV-infected individuals.

Of the three CKD-EPI GFR equations, GFR(cys) had the strongest associations with mortality, CVE and OD.


A Meta-Analysis on the Performance of Cystatin C- versus Creatinine-based eGFR Equations in Predicting Vancomycin Clearance.

Cystatin C-based eGFR equations are better than creatinine-based eGFR equations in predicting the clearance of vancomycin.


Performance of creatinine- or cystatin C-based equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in sub-Saharan African populations.

The creatinine-based FAS and CKD-EPI equations performed reasonably well and were comparable when GFR was ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m. Cystatin C did not improve performance.


Difference between kidney function by cystatin C versus creatinine and association with muscle mass and frailty.

Higher eGFRDiff is associated with lower odds of frailty among late-life men.


Association Between Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Cystatin C and Grip Strength in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults.

Low kidney function as assessed by eGFRcys was associated with muscle weakness in community-dwelling Japanese older adults.


Cystatin C enhances glomerular filtration rate estimating equations in kidney transplant recipients.

eGFR (CKD-EPI-Creat+CysC) is more precise and reflects GFR change over time reasonably well.


Efficacy and safety of the pulsed electromagnetic field in osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis.

The PEMF group showed more significant pain alleviation than the sham group in knee OA (standardised mean differences (SMD)=-0.54, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.04, p=0.03) and hand OA (SMD=-2.85, 95% CI -3.65 to -2.04, p<0.00001), but not in cervical OA.


Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in People with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Though statistically significant, these improvements may not reach thresholds for clinical meaningfulness.


Efficacy and safety of low- and high-intensity magnetic field therapies for orthopedic pain: a systematic review.

Magnetic field therapies appear to be safe and well tolerated, with potential benefits for pain and function for the management of musculoskeletal pain.


Current Evidence Using Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.

Pain reduction, assessed through VAS and WOMAC scores, showed significant improvement (60% decrease in VAS, 42% improvement in WOMAC).


Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on outcomes associated with osteoarthritis : A systematic review of systematic reviews.

The PEMF therapy appears to be effective in the short term to relieve pain and improve function in patients with OA.


Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field on knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review.

When the efficacy of PEMF was evaluated for function, a significant improvement was observed 8 weeks after the treatment initiation, with a standardized mean difference of 0.30 (95% CI 0.07, 0.53).


Pain and Functional Scores in Patients Affected by Knee OA after Treatment with Pulsed Electromagnetic and Magnetic Fields: A Meta-Analysis.

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy effectively relieves knee OA symptoms at short term, but it is not superior to other conservative therapies such as physiotherapy.


Short-term efficacy of physical interventions in osteoarthritic knee pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials.

Pulsed electromagnetic fields offered a small reduction in pain of 6.9 mm [95% CI: 2.2 to 11.6] (n = 487).


[Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review].

The results showed that compared with placebo control treatment, pulsed electromagnetic field therapy had little clinical benefit in relieving the pain of knee osteoarthritis [WMD=0.12, 95%CI (-0.46,0.69)]


Therapeutic effects of whole-body devices applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF): a systematic literature review.

We conclude that the scientific evidence for therapeutic effects of whole-body PEMF devices is insufficient.


Effectiveness of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Moderate quality evidence suggested that PEMF increased healing rate and relieved pain of fracture, and very low-quality evidence showed that PEMF accelerated healing time.


Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone fractures: a systematic review update.

This systematic review update does not support the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields for improving the bone healing process in patients with acute fractures.


Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on mandibular fracture healing: A randomized control trial, (RCT).

PEMF therapy postoperatively leads to increased bone density, faster recovery, increased formation of new bone, a further opening of the mouth, and decreased pain.


Hexokinase 2 Suppression Alleviates the Catabolic Properties in Osteoarthritis via HMGA2 and Contributes to Pulsed Electromagnetic Field-mediated Cartilage Protection.

PEMF dramatically inhibited the increase in glycolytic activity and catabolic metabolism level in OA and could alleviate the OA phenotype by modulating the HK2/HMGA2 signaling axis.


Protective effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy attenuates autophagy and apoptosis in osteoporotic osteoarthritis model rats by activating PPARγ.

The research demonstrates that PEMF can effectively prevent cartilage and subchondral bone destruction in OPOA rats.


Effectiveness of whole-body vibration on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The present study observed significant effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, with high-quality evidence for high-frequency, low-magnitude, and high-cumulative-dose use.


Whole Body Vibration Treatments in Postmenopausal Women Can Improve Bone Mineral Density: Results of a Stimulus Focussed Meta-Analysis.

Whole body vibration was shown to produce significant BMD improvements on the hip and spine when compared to no intervention. Conversely, treatment associated with exercise training resulted in negligible outcomes when compared to exercise training or to placebo.


Effects of whole body vibration on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Despite WBV presenting potential to act as a coadjuvant in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis, especially for aBMD of the lumbar spine, the ideal intervention is not yet clear.


Effects of whole body vibration exercises on bone mineral density of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis without medications: novel findings and literature review.

Among the twelve articles analyzed, seven of them have shown an improvement of the BMD of some bone of postmenopausal women exposed to whole body vibration exercises not associated to medications; as well as modifications in biomarkers.


The Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Bone Density in Osteoporotic Patients.

WBV seems to provide good results, especially in improving balance and reducing the risk of falling; in this, WBV appears more efficient than simply walking.


Impacts of Whole-Body Vibration on Muscle Strength, Power, and Endurance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

WBV was effective in increasing lower limb muscle strength. However, no significant results were observed for upper limb strength, lower limb power, and lower and upper limb muscle endurance in older adults.


Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Lower Limb Muscle Strength and Physical Performance Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

WBVT may be an effective intervention to improve lower limb muscle strength and physical performance in older adults.


Resistance Exercise, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, and Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Whole-Body Vibration Plate;Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit

The results showed that RT and WBV are comparably effective for improving muscle strength, while the effects of EMS remains debated.


Effects of resistance training, endurance training and whole-body vibration on lean body mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Resistance training and whole-body vibration were associated with greater physical performance improvement compared with usual care (2.6 times greater [95% CI: 1.3-3.9] and 2.1 times greater [95% CI: 0.5-3.7], respectively).

unfavorable-cue: "associated with greater" | favorable-cue: "improvement"


Falls prevention interventions for community-dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits, harms, and patient values and preferences.

Whole-Body Vibration Plate;Balance and Strength Trainer

Whole-body vibration or home-hazard assessment (HHA) plus exercise provided to everyone showed moderate certainty for some benefit.


The effect of whole-body vibration on glucose and lipid profiles in type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomized trials.

WBV may have potential advantages for glycemic control in type-2 diabetes. However, uncertainties in the findings remain due to the limited number of studies and their heterogeneity.


Whole body vibration therapy and diabetes type 2: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

WBV may be an effective therapy to improve glycemic control in DM 2 patients. More studies with more patients and longer follow-up are needed.


Effects of Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Whole-body vibration could be a useful strategy in the management of the symptoms and disabilities associated with type 2 diabetes; however, it is necessary to perform further studies to reinforce the reported findings.


Arterial stiffness acutely decreases after whole-body vibration in humans.

These results suggest that WBV acutely decreases arterial stiffness.

favorable-cue: "decreases arterial stiffness"


Whole body vibration therapy: a novel potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Collectively, our findings suggest that daily, short duration WBV may improve glycemic control, polydipsia, polyuria, and urine osmolality in T2DM in association with reduced inflammation.


Association of Grip Strength With Risk of All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancer in Community-Dwelling Populations: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

For lowest versus highest category of grip strength, the HRs (95% CIs) were 1.41 (1.30-1.52) for all-cause mortality, 1.63 (1.36-1.96) for cardiovascular diseases and 0.89 (0.66-1.20) for cancer.


Associations Between Handgrip Strength and Disease-Specific Mortality Including Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Diseases in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis.

Thirty studies with a total of 194,767 older adult participants were included in this meta-analysis. Higher handgrip strength was associated with an 18% decrease in all-cause mortality.

favorable-cue: "decrease in all-cause mortality"


Prognostic value of handgrip strength in people aged 60 years and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Handgrip strength has a predictive validity for decline in cognition, mobility, functional status and mortality in older community-dwelling populations.


Handgrip strength and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

In patients with CKD, better HGS is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. This study supports using HGS as a strong predictor of mortality in this population.

favorable-cue: "associated with a lower"


Grip Strength: An Indispensable Biomarker For Older Adults.

Consequently, the routine use of grip strength can be recommended as a stand-alone measurement or as a component of a small battery of measurements for identifying older adults at risk of poor health status.


The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates.

Based on the analyses presented in this series, the final recommended cutpoints for weakness are grip strength <26kg for men and <16kg for women, and for low lean mass, appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index <0.789 for men and <0.512 for women.


Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype.

Frailty was defined as a clinical syndrome in which three or more of the following criteria were present: unintentional weight loss (10 lbs in past year), self-reported exhaustion, weakness (grip strength), slow walking speed, and low physical activity.


A Coordinated Multi-study Analysis of the Longitudinal Association Between Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function in Older Adults.

Meta-analytic results from nine longitudinal studies showed consistently positive associations between linear rates of change in grip strength and changes in cognitive functioning.


GWAS analysis of handgrip and lower body strength in older adults in the CHARGE consortium.

A common genetic variant in a chromosomal region that regulates myotube differentiation and muscle repair may contribute to variability in grip strength in the elderly.


A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training on Quality of Life, Depression, Muscle Strength, and Functional Exercise Capacity in Older Adults Aged 60 Years or More.

Moreover, depression (SMD, -1.13;0.01), upper-limb muscle strength (mean difference (MD), 15.26 kg;0.002), lower-limb muscle strength (MD, 48.46 kg;0.02), and handgrip muscle strength (MD, 1.35 kg;0.003) significantly improved following resistance training.


Age- and gender-specific normative data of grip and pinch strength in a healthy adult Swiss population.

Analysis of the data from 1023 tested subjects between 18 and 96 years revealed a curvilinear relationship of grip and pinch strength to age, a correlation to height, weight and significant differences between occupational groups.


Reproducibility and agreement between three positions for handgrip assessment.

Reproducibility was nearly perfect in all positions (ICC 0.95-0.97).


Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

Self-monitoring alone is not associated with lower BP or better control, but in conjunction with co-interventions (including systematic medication titration by doctors, pharmacists, or patients; education; or lifestyle counselling) leads to clinically significant BP reduction which persists for at least 12 months.


Efficacy of self-monitored blood pressure, with or without telemonitoring, for titration of antihypertensive medication (TASMINH4): an unmasked randomised controlled trial.

Self-monitoring, with or without telemonitoring, when used by general practitioners to titrate antihypertensive medication in individuals with poorly controlled blood pressure, leads to significantly lower blood pressure than titration guided by clinic readings.

favorable-cue: "significantly lower blood pressure"


Home and Online Management and Evaluation of Blood Pressure (HOME BP) using a digital intervention in poorly controlled hypertension: randomised controlled trial.

Mean blood pressure dropped from 151.7/86.4 to 138.4/80.2 mm Hg in the intervention group and from 151.6/85.3 to 141.8/79.8 mm Hg in the usual care group, giving a mean difference in systolic blood pressure of -3.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval -6.1 to -0.8 mm Hg).


Effect of Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure on Blood Pressure Control in Pregnant Individuals With Chronic or Gestational Hypertension: The BUMP 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Among pregnant individuals with chronic or gestational hypertension, blood pressure self-monitoring with telemonitoring, compared with usual care, did not lead to significantly improved clinic-based blood pressure control.


Self-Measured Blood Pressure-Guided Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of United States-Based Telemedicine Trials.

Differences in systolic and diastolic BP and BP control rate were -7.3 mm Hg (95% CI, -9.4 to -5.2), -2.7 mm Hg (-4.0 to -1.5), and 10.1% (0.4%-19.9%), respectively, favoring telemedicine.


Is antihypertensive treatment based on home blood pressure recommended rather than that based on office blood pressure in adults with essential hypertension? (meta-analysis).

Based on nine studies employing a lower target BP for home BP than for office BP, the differences in the averages of the ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP changes between the two groups were 3.62/2.16 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.0001).


Systematic Review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults.

There is a modest but significant improvement in systolic BP in randomized controlled trials of self-measured BP versus usual care at 6 but not 12 months, and for selected patients and their providers self-measured BP may be a helpful adjunct to routine office care.


Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Home BP remained a significant predictor of cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events after adjusting for office BP suggesting it is an important prognostic variable over and above that of office BP.


Predictive values of automated blood pressure measurement: what can we learn from the Japanese population - the Ohasama study.

The Ohasama study showed that the level and variability of hypertension as assessed by ABP and HBP are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality.


Incorporating self-blood pressure measurements at home in the guideline from the Ohasama study.

We demonstrated that home BP more accurately and reliably reflect target organ damage and the prognosis of cardiovascular disease than conventional BP, whereas the predictive value of home BP increased progressively with the number of measurements.


Home blood pressure monitoring: how good a predictor of long-term risk?

Home BP has been shown to significantly predict important end points including all-cause mortality, progression of chronic kidney disease, and functional decline in the elderly.


Blood pressure variability assessed by home measurements: a systematic review.

Overall, these preliminary data largely based on heterogeneous studies indicate an important and independent role of day-by-day HBPV in the pathogenesis of hypertension-induced cardiovascular damage.


Validation of an automated home blood pressure measurement device in oldest-old populations.

The Omron HEM-7080IC passed the ISO requirements for oldest-old individuals aged 85 years or older. This device can be recommended for clinical and self/home use in oldest-old populations.


Accuracy of automated blood pressure measurements in the presence of atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Due to heterogeneity between devices, they should be evaluated on individual performance. We found no evidence that devices with AF detection measure BP more accurately in AF than other devices.


Validation of the Globalcare GCE603 automated blood pressure monitor for self-measurement according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol revision 2010.

According to the validation results on the basis of the ESH international protocol revision 2010, the Globalcare GCE603 automated upper-arm BP monitor can be recommended for home measurement in general population.


A multi-trial, retrospective analysis of the antihypertensive effects of high-resistance, low-volume inspiratory muscle strength training.

In young-to-older adult men and women, 6 wk of high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training lowers casual systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 9 mmHg and 4 mmHg, respectively


Effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with hypertension: a meta-analysis.


Time-efficient, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training increases cerebrovascular reactivity in midlife and older adults.

High-resistance IMST may be a promising strategy to improve cerebrovascular and cognitive function in midlife/older adults with above-normal SBP, a population at risk for future cognitive decline and dementia.


Time-efficient, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training for cardiovascular aging.

High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is an emerging, time-efficient (5 min/day) lifestyle intervention. Early research suggests high-resistance IMST may promote adherence, lower blood pressure and potentially improve vascular endothelial function.


Effects of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

IMT using threshold devices improves inspiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life, decreases dyspnea. However, there is no added effect of IMT on dyspnea during PR (compared with PR alone).

no-difference-cue: "no added effect" | favorable-cue: "improves"


Inspiratory muscle training compared with other rehabilitation interventions in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

IMT results in improved inspiratory muscle strength and endurance compared to education.


Effect of respiratory muscle training in asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis showed a significant increase in PImax after IMT in adults with asthma and reinforced the relevance of the dose-response principle of training.


Effect of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

RMT improves endurance exercise performance in healthy individuals with greater improvements in less fit individuals and in sports of longer durations.


The effects of inspiratory muscle training in older adults.

These novel data indicate that in healthy older adults, IMT elicits some positive changes in inspiratory muscle function and structure but neither attenuates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress nor improves exercise performance, PAL, or QoL.


A comparison of the effects of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance training on exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and quality of life in pacemaker patients with heart failure: A randomized study.

Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance training similarly improves respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, exercise capacity, QoL, physical activity level, and decreases dyspnea and fatigue and are safe and effective in pacemaker patients with HF.


Effectiveness and safety of inspiratory muscle training in patients with pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Based on currently limited evidence, IMT is an effective physical therapy for increasing respiratory muscle function and exercise capacity, but still a lack of evidence on dyspnea and fatigue levels, pulmonary function, and QoL in PH patients.


Effects of photobiomodulation, intermittent pneumatic compression and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle recovery: Systematic review with meta-analysis.

There is moderate-certainty evidence that IPC does not reduce muscle soreness at 24h post-intervention (MD: -2.20 points, 95 % CI -10.08 to 5.68; I= NA).


Effects of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in Long Distance Runners.

Subjective pain ratings indicated no significant difference in pain between control and treatment runs. In conclusion, there appear to be no substantial benefits of IPC in promoting recovery.

no-difference-cue: "no significant difference"


Sequential Pulse Compression's Effect on Blood Flow in the Lower-Extremity.

SPC significantly increased THb (P < .001, d = 0.505) and oxygenated hemoglobin (P < .001, d = 0.745) change scores compared with the control condition.


Peripheral conduit and resistance artery function are improved following a single, 1-h bout of peristaltic pulse external pneumatic compression.

Acutely, whole limb, lower pressure EPC improves conduit artery endothelial function systemically, but only improves RH blood flow locally (i.e., compressed limbs).


The case for intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower extremity as a novel treatment in arterial claudication.

Implementation of IPC(foot) and IPC(foot + calf) for 3 to 5 months (> or = 2.5 hours/day) has been shown to improve the walking capacity and the ankle pressure indices of patients with intermittent claudication, with a significant beneficial impact on the quality of life.


Stratified meta-analysis of intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower limbs to prevent venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients.

IPC was more effective than no IPC prophylaxis in reducing deep vein thrombosis (7.3% versus 16.7%; absolute risk reduction, 9.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9-10.9; relative risk, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.36-0.52; P<0.01; I(2)=34%)


VTE Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

Compressive devices may reduce risk of DVT compared with control treatments; however, this is based on low-certainty evidence (OR, 0.85 [95% CrI, 0.50-1.50]).


The use of intermittent pneumatic compression to prevent venous thromboembolism in neurosurgical patients-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Reduction in VTE incidence was demonstrated by the IPC group (OR 0.40 [0.31, 0.52], p < 0.001; I: 44 %). IPC was shown to reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (OR 0.43 [0.32, 0.57], p < 0.001; I: 0 %) compared to the control group.

favorable-cue: "reduction in vte incidence"


Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis and intermittent pneumatic compression for prevention of venous thromboembolism in adult undergoing neurosurgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Both IPC (RR, 0.41; 95% CrI, 0.26-0.60) and chemical prophylaxis (RR, 0.48; 95% CrI, 0.28-0.68) were found to be more efficacious than the placebo in reducing the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).


Systematic review and meta-analysis of high-pressure intermittent limb compression for the treatment of intermittent claudication.

On meta-analysis, the mean difference of ACD from baseline to follow-up among subjects receiving compression compared with controls was 125 m (95% confidence interval, 58.38-191.63 m; P < .01).


Non-Invasive Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease.

Over 4.5-6 months IPC increased intermittent claudication distance (ICD) (97-150 %) and absolute walking distance (AWD) (84-112 %), with an associated increase in quality of life.


Effect of High-pressure, Intermittent Pneumatic Compression for the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Critical Limb Ischemia in Patients Without a Surgical Option.

At the 16-week time point the percent change from baseline in PWT was significantly different between treatment arms (35.5% for the standard care group and 54.7% for the group receiving HPIPC [P = 0.043]).


Intensive complex physical therapy combined with intermittent pneumatic compression versus Kinesio taping for treating breast cancer-related lymphedema of the upper limb: A randomised cross-over clinical trial.

The RVC reduction was greater with CPT + IPC (-2.2%, SD = 4.7) versus KT (-0.9%, SD = 1.7) (P = 0.002).


The Effects of Complete Decongestive Therapy or Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Therapy or Exercise Only in the Treatment of Severe Lipedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

However, when the difference between treatments was investigated, CDT administered in addition to the exercises has been shown to provide significant improvements in reducing limb volumes, pain, and physical function.


The effect of fascia gun on relaxation of exercise-induced muscle fatigue in athletes: a randomized controlled trial.

Fascia gun percussive massage, by reducing perceived fatigue, alleviating muscle swelling, and accelerating muscle strength recovery, appears to promote recovery from exercise-induced muscle fatigue more effectively than static stretching in this study.


Acute Effects of a Percussive Massage Treatment on Movement Velocity during Resistance Training.

Percussion therapy is an effective method to delay the loss of movement velocity in the bench press exercise.


Percussive Massage Improved Quadriceps Pain Intensity, Fatigue, and Perceived Recovery After Habitual Running but had No Effect on Vertical Jump: Randomized Trial.

Percussive massage improved pain intensity, fatigue, and perceived recovery after running but had no effect on vertical jump.

no-difference-cue: "no effect" | favorable-cue: "improved"


Acute Effect of Percussive Massage on Cross-Section Area, Muscle Strength, and Late Muscle Pain of the Quadriceps Muscle Following a Fatigue Protocol in Physically Active Men: Randomized Clinical Trial.

The findings suggest potential preliminary benefits for symptom relief without acute performance deficits.


Comparison of the effects of cold water immersion and percussive massage on the recovery after exhausting eccentric exercise: A three-armed randomized controlled trial.

Neither CWI nor PM showed any significant improvement in performance recovery over the 72-h period following strenuous eccentric exercise compared to PR.


Acute effect of percussion and foam roller massage on flexibility, reactive and explosive strength, and muscular endurance in young adult males: a crossover pilot study.

PM provides an immediate enhancement in hamstring flexibility superior to FR and no treatment, but none of the interventions acutely improve muscle reactive/explosive strength or endurance.


Foam Rolling or Percussive Massage for Muscle Recovery: Insights into Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS).

Foam rolling and percussive massage accelerate recovery of muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity after DOMS as compared to passive rest but offer no added benefit for pain relief.


The Acute Effects of a Percussive Massage Treatment with a Hypervolt Device on Plantar Flexor Muscles' Range of Motion and Performance.

Similar to a conventional massage by a therapist, ROM can be increased by a handheld percussive massage treatment without having an effect on muscle strength.


The Acute Effects of Theragun™ Percussive Therapy on Viscoelastic Tissue Dynamics and Hamstring Group Range of Motion.

PT therapy can provide an acute increase in hamstring group ROM following a resultant decrease in tissue stiffness.

favorable-cue: "decrease in tissue stiffness"


Comparison of the impacts of percussion massage therapy, dynamic stretching, and kinesiology taping techniques on functional performance, muscular strength, and proprioception in the shoulder.

PMT and KT were more effective for proprioception, PMT and DS were more effective for functionality, and DS was most efficient in enhancing muscle strength.


Advances in Non-Pharmacological Strategies for DOMS: A Scoping and Critical Review of Recent Evidence.

Emerging strategies such as cryosauna, vibration therapy, percussive massage, and polyphenol supplementation demonstrated significant benefits in reducing DOMS-related symptoms and enhancing recovery.


The Effects of Massage Therapy on Sport and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review.

The data revealed that massages, in general, do not affect motor abilities, except flexibility.


Vibration Therapy Is No More Effective Than the Standard Practice of Massage and Stretching for Promoting Recovery From Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise.

Cycloidal vibration therapy is no more effective than the standard practice of stretching and massage to promote muscle recovery after the performance of muscle-damaging exercise.


Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community.

Exercise reduces the rate of falls by 23% (rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71 to 0.83; 12,981 participants, 59 studies; high-certainty evidence).

favorable-cue: "reduces the rate of falls"


Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.

Interventions with a total weekly dose of 3+ h that included balance and functional exercises were particularly effective with a 42% reduction in rate of falls compared to control (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 0.58, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.76).


Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Exercise as a single intervention can prevent falls in community-dwelling older people. Exercise programmes that challenge balance and are of a higher dose have larger effects.


Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community.

Multiple-component group exercise significantly reduced rate of falls (RaR 0.71, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.82; 16 trials; 3622 participants) and risk of falling (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.96; 22 trials; 5333 participants)

favorable-cue: "significantly reduced rate of falls"


Interventions for preventing falls and fall-related fractures in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The following single interventions, compared with usual care, were associated with reductions in number of fall-related fractures: basic falls risk assessment (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.39-0.94) and exercise (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.42-0.90).


The Effect of Exercise Intervention on Reducing the Fall Risk in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

In conclusion, an integrated intervention with a frequency of more than five times a week and a duration of more than 32 weeks are more effective in reducing the fall risk.


Effects of exercise intervention on falls and balance function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Exercise intervention can enhance fall efficacy, reduce the number of falls, and improve balance function in older adults, and have a certain preventive effect on falls.


Step training improves reaction time, gait and balance and reduces falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The findings indicate that both reactive and volitional stepping interventions reduce falls among older adults by approximately 50%.


Comparison between the effects of exergame intervention and traditional physical training on improving balance and fall prevention in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The exergame intervention, especially the combination of EI and PT, is a promising strategy to improve balance control and reduce falls in healthy older adults.


Effectiveness of exercise on fall prevention in community-dwelling older adults: a 2-year randomized controlled study of 914 women.

A 14.3% fall rate reduction was detected in the exercise group (Incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.86; CI 95% 0.77-0.95) compared with the control group.


Heavy Strength Training in Older Adults: Implications for Health, Disease and Physical Performance.

strength training can substantially improve maximal strength (1RM), rate of force development (RFD) and power, contributing to improved health, physical performance and fall prevention


Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults.

Muscle power declines earlier and more precipitously with advancing age compared with muscle strength. Peak muscle power also has emerged as an important predictor of functional limitations in older adults.


Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR).

Multicomponent exercise interventions that include cognitive tasks significantly enhance the hallmarks of frailty (low body mass, strength, mobility, PA level, and energy) and cognitive function, thus preventing falls and optimizing functional capacity during aging.


Risk factors for recurrent falls in older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Four domains predicted recurrent falls: balance and mobility (RR:1.32;95 % CI:[1.10, 1.59]), medication (RR:1.53;95 % CI:[1.11, 2.10]), psychological (RR:1.35;95 % CI:[1.03, 1.78]), and sensory and neuromuscular (RR:1.51;95 % CI:[1.18, 1.92]).


Nerve stimulation and neuromodulation for painful nerves: a narrative review.

According to this theory, non-painful sensory input carried by low-threshold large-diameter Aβ fibres disrupt the transmission of pain signals in small pain fibers (Aδ and C fibres).


Remote Analgesic Effects Of Conventional Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: A Scientific And Clinical Review With A Focus On Chronic Pain.

There is scientific and clinical evidence that conventional TENS has remote analgesic effects. This may occur through modulation of pain processing at the level of the dorsal horn, in brainstem centers mediating descending inhibition, and within the pain matrix.


Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Relieving Neuropathic Pain: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.

Most clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of TENS in attenuating neuropathic pain and suggested that appropriate stimulation parameters (e.g., stimulation frequency and intensity) were critical to improving the analgesic effects of TENS.


Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Reduces Movement-Evoked Pain and Fatigue: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

After 4 weeks, a greater reduction in movement-evoked pain was reported in the active TENS group versus the placebo TENS group (group mean difference -1.0 [95% confidence interval -1.8, -0.2]; P = 0.008)

favorable-cue: "reduction in movement-evoked pain"


[Analgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in patients with fibromyalgia: A systematic review].

Treatment with TENS is effective for reducing pain in people with fibromyalgia. In addition, the inclusion of TENS in therapeutic exercise programs seems to have a greater effect than practicing therapeutic exercise in isolation.


Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postoperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

TENS could significantly reduce pain and opioid consumption after total knee arthroplasty. In addition, there were fewer adverse effects in the TENS groups.


High-frequency, high-intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation compared with opioids for pain relief after gynecological surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

There was no detectable difference in postoperative pain relief between HFHI TENS and iv opioids after gynecological surgery. Moreover, HFHI TENS decreases recovery time and opioid consumption in PACU.

no-difference-cue: "no detectable difference"


Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Postoperative Pain, Pulmonary Function, and Opioid Consumption Following Cardiothoracic Procedures: A Systematic Review.

The addition of TENS therapy to multimodal analgesia significantly decreases pain following cardiothoracic surgery, increases the recovery of pulmonary function, and decreases the use of analgesics.

favorable-cue: "significantly decreases pain"


Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in people with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

TENS could significantly relieve pain, decrease dysfunction and improve walking ability in people with KOA, but it is not effective for stiffness.


Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Treating Chronic Back Pain.

These results suggest that TENS does not improve symptoms of lower back pain, but may offer short-term improvement of functional disability.


Systematic Review to Inform a World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Practice Guideline: Benefits and Harms of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Chronic Primary Low Back Pain in Adults.

Based on very low certainty evidence, TENS resulted in brief and marginal reductions in pain (not deemed clinically important) and a short-term reduction in pain catastrophizing in adults with CPLBP, while little to no differences were found for other outcomes.


A comparison of the effects of electroacupuncture versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control in knee osteoarthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Among the four treatments, H-TENS was found to be the optimal treatment choice for the management of KOA pain in the short-term, and EA the second best treatment option.


Foam Rolling Training Effects on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Our main analysis of 290 participants with a mean age of 23.9 (± 6.3 years) indicated a moderate effect of foam-rolling training on ROM increases in the experimental compared to the control group (ES = 0.823; Z = 3.237; 95% CI 0.325-1.322; p = 0.001; I = 72.76).


Acute Effects of Foam Rolling on Range of Motion in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Multilevel Meta-analysis.

Compared to NEX, FR had a large positive effect on ROM (SMD: 0.74, 95% CI 0.42-1.01, p = 0.0002), but was not superior to stretching (SMD: - 0.02, 95% CI - 0.73 to 0.69, p = 0.95).


A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of foam rolling on range of motion, recovery and markers of athletic performance.

Foam rolling increases range of motion, appears to be useful for recovery from exercise induced muscle damage, and there appear to be no detrimental effect of foam rolling on other athletic performance measures.


A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Foam Rolling on Performance and Recovery.

Overall, it was determined that the effects of foam rolling on performance and recovery are rather minor and partly negligible, but can be relevant in some cases (e.g., to increase sprint performance and flexibility or to reduce muscle pain sensation).


The Effects of Foam Rolling Training on Performance Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis including Controlled and Randomized Controlled Trials.

In conclusion, there were no significant performance changes with FR training and no specific circumstances leading to performance changes following FR training exceeding two weeks.

no-difference-cue: "no significant performance changes"


Foam rolling and stretching do not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements compared to any other warm-up intervention: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Results showed no significant differences in ROM (ES = 0.01, p = 0.88), stiffness (ES = 0.09, p = 0.67), or passive peak torque (ES = -0.30, p = 0.14) between stretching or foam rolling and the other identified activities.

no-difference-cue: "no significant differences"


Foam Rolling Acute Effects on Myofascial Tissue Stiffness and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Foam rolling increases the knee extensor concentric torque, but it does not acutely change the myofascial tissue stiffness and isometric muscle strength.


Effect of vibration foam rolling on the range of motion in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The VFR may be an additional option to improve the ROM in healthy adults and athletes.


DURATION OF MYOFASCIAL ROLLING FOR OPTIMAL RECOVERY, RANGE OF MOTION, AND PERFORMANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.

The most evidence-based benefit of MR is the alleviation of muscle soreness; seven of eight studies assessing pain/soreness resulted in a short-term reduction, and a minimum dose of 90 seconds per muscle appeared beneficial.


Static Stretch Training versus Foam Rolling Training Effects on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Static stretch (ES = - 1.006; p < 0.001), as well as foam rolling training (ES = - 0.729; p = 0.001), can increase joint ROM with a moderate magnitude compared with a control condition.


A Comparison of the Effects of Foam Rolling and Stretching on Physical Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

We found no significant overall effect, and the analysis revealed only a trend of the performance parameters in favor of foam rolling when compared to stretching (when considering all techniques).

no-difference-cue: "no significant overall effect"


Acute effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roller on arterial function.

These results indicate that SMR using a foam roller reduces arterial stiffness and improves vascular endothelial function.


Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures.

Foam rolling effectively reduced DOMS and associated decrements in most dynamic performance measures.


Effects of Vibration and Non-Vibration Foam Rolling on Recovery after Exercise with Induced Muscle Damage.

The results suggest that the VFR group achieved greater short-term benefits in pain perception and passive extension hip joint ROM. Both protocols were effective in improving PPT, SmO2, CMJ and knee joint ROM.


The effectiveness of three different recovery methods on blood lactate, acute muscle performance, and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomized comparative study.

This study showed that AR, NMES, and FR have similar effects on Bla removal, performance recovery, and DOMS reduction in healthy young individuals.


Effects of Different Recovery Modalities on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, Recovery Perceptions, and Performance Following a Bout of High-Intensity Functional Training.

The use of the FR technique during the cooldown phase of a HIFT session may be helpful in improving an individual's perception of recovery.


Low intensity blood flow restriction training: a meta-analysis.

The mean overall effect size (ES) for muscle strength for LI-BFR was 0.58 [95% CI: 0.40, 0.76], and 0.00 [95% CI: -0.18, 0.17] for low intensity training.


Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy for Muscular Strength, Hypertrophy, and Endurance in Healthy and Special Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Blood flow restriction training produced increases in muscular strength, hypertrophy, and endurance. Comparing LI-BFR training with HIRT, HIRT was a significantly better training modality for increasing muscle hypertrophy and strength.

favorable-cue: "increases in muscular strength"


Potential Moderators of the Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis Based on a Comparison with High-Load Resistance Training.

Compared to HL-RT, training status is an important factor influencing the effects of the BFR-RT, in which trained can obtain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy gains in BFR-RT, while untrained individuals can obtain greater strength gains and similar hypertrophy in HL-RT.


Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The results indicated that AT + BFR was more beneficial for inducing muscle hypertrophy than aerobic training without BFR (SMD [95% CI] = 0.86 [0.37-1.35]; I2 = 42%). Furthermore, AT + BFR was associated with greater improvements in muscle strength (SMD [95% CI] = 0.41 [0.10-0.72]; I2 = 0%).

unfavorable-cue: "associated with greater" | favorable-cue: "improvements"


Effectiveness of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction vs. conventional high-intensity resistance training in older people diagnosed with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial.

By comparison, CRT seems more effective in improving muscle mass, while LRT-BFR may be more beneficial for improving cardiovascular health in this population. Therefore, LRT-BFR is a potential alternative to CRT for aging sarcopenia.


Low-Load Resistance Training With Blood-Flow Restriction in Relation to Muscle Function, Mass, and Functionality in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BFRT and HL-RT were similarly effective in increasing maximum dynamic strength in both leg press (22.8% and 24.2%, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all) and knee extension (19.7% and 23.8%, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all).


Functional and molecular adaptations of quadriceps and hamstring muscles to blood flow restricted training in patients with ACL rupture.

Similarly, change in peak torque of knee extensors was significantly (p < 0.05) larger in BFR (14%) compared with SHAM-BFR (-1%).


Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Analysis of pooled data indicated low-load BFR training had a moderate effect on increasing strength (Hedges' g=0.523, 95% CI 0.263 to 0.784, p<0.001), but was less effective than heavy-load training (Hedges' g=0.674, 95% CI 0.296 to 1.052, p<0.001).


Selected Methods of Resistance Training for Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia.

At present, there is much research evidence that blood-flow-restricted low-load resistance training (20-30% of one repetition maximum (1RM)) has been reported as a sarcopenia countermeasure in older adults.


Effects of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Anabolism Biomarkers and Thrombotic Biomarkers Compared with Traditional Training in Healthy Adults Older Than 60 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

LL-BFRT is a safe training methodology for older adults, showing moderate-quality evidence of no increase in thrombotic biomarkers compared with traditional LL training.


Investigating the autoregulation of applied blood flow restriction training pressures in healthy, physically active adults: an intervention study evaluating acute training responses and safety.

Autoregulation appears to enhance safety and performance in both fixed and failure BFR-training protocols. AUTO BFR training did not seem to affect cardiovascular stress differently, but was associated with lower DOMS, perceived effort and discomfort compared with NAUTO.


Acute safety, cardiovascular, perceptual and neuromuscular responses to autoregulated and non-autoregulated blood flow restriction training during elbow rehabilitation in people with hemophilia.

BFR at 50%LOP during arm exercise with either AUTO or NAUTO appears to be equally safe in PWH, but AUTO showed trends for improved cardiovascular and neuromuscular responses.