Effect of Montmorency tart cherry juice on cognitive performance in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Daily tart cherry juice consumption may improve cognitive abilities.


Effects of saffron supplementation on improving sleep quality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The pooling of the effect sizes showed that saffron group achieve a notable treatment effect on PSQI (MD: -2.14; 95% CI: -2.86 to -1.42; P < 0.01), ISI (MD: -2.63; 95% CI: -3.70 to -2.55; P < 0.01) and RSQ (MD: 7.05; 95% CI: 1.48 to 12.62; P = 0.01) compared with placebo group.


Crocus Sativus for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Although there is limited evidence of a very low- to moderate-quality, Crocus sativus may benefit people with insomnia.


The effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on mental health parameters and C-reactive protein: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

This meta-analysis demonstrated that saffron intake significantly reduced BDI, BAI and PSQI scores, but did not affect HDRS-D, HARS-A scores and CRP levels.


Nutritional interventions and sleep quality in obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.

Eleven RCTs involving 637 participants demonstrated that compared with the controls, the nutritional intervention significantly improved sleep quality (OR = 2.52, 95% CI [1.57, 4.03], P = 0.000). Specific interventions, such as saffron supplementation (OR = 11.10, P = 0.000), showed varying degrees of effectiveness.


Effects of saffron on sleep quality in healthy adults with self-reported poor sleep: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Based on data collected from 55 participants, saffron was associated with greater improvements in ISI total score (P = .017), RSQ total score (P = .029), and PSD sleep quality ratings (P = .014) than the placebo.

unfavorable-cue: "associated with greater" | favorable-cue: "improvements"


An investigation into an evening intake of a saffron extract (affron®) on sleep quality, cortisol, and melatonin concentrations in adults with poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose study.

Compared to the placebo, saffron supplementation was associated with greater improvements in sleep quality ratings (primary outcome measure), mood ratings after awakening, the ISQ total score, and ISQ-insomnia classifications.


Effect of a saffron extract on sleep quality in adults with moderate insomnia: A decentralized, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Among 150 completers, saffron extract led to a greater reduction in insomnia symptoms (AIS) than the placebo (between-group adjusted mean difference= -0.95 [95 % CI: -1.79, -0.11],< .05).


A standardised saffron extract improves subjective and objective sleep quality in healthy older adults with sleep complaints: results from the gut-sleep-brain axis randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.

In summary, four-weeks saffron supplementation improved both subjective and objective sleep quality in older adults with sleep complaints, and modulated gut microbiota composition, particularly increasing short-chain fatty acids producing bacteria.


Effect of crocetin on quality of sleep: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Delta power was significantly increased with crocetin compared with placebo. There were no significant differences in the other sleep parameters, including sleep latency, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and wake after sleep onset.

no-difference-cue: "no significant differences"


Evaluation of sedative effects of an intranasal dosage form containing saffron, lettuce seeds and sweet violet in primary chronic insomnia: A randomized, double-dummy, double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial.

The mean ISI scores in week 8 decreased significantly for the intervention group (P = 0.001) and also the placebo group (P < 0.01) when compared with baseline.


An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

In exploratory analyses across various strata and assumptions, improvements in sleep disturbances (β: -2.72 points; 95% confidence interval: -4.99, -0.46 points; Cohen's d = 0.44) were identified in a subset of participants with a greater severity of sleep disturbance.


Saffron improves life and sleep quality, glycaemic status, lipid profile and liver function in diabetic patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial.

The saffron group showed more significant improvements in PSQI scores than the placebo group, such that at the post-intervention analysis, only the saffron group achieved a "good" sleep band.


Effect of a nutraceutical combination on sleep quality among people with impaired sleep: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Among adults with impaired sleep, a nutraceutical combination did not improve objective or subjective sleep parameters more than a placebo infusion.

unfavorable-cue: "impaired" | no-difference-cue: "did not improve"


An examination into the mental and physical effects of a saffron extract (affron®) in recreationally-active adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Based on data collected from all participants, there were no statistically significant between-group differences in changes in any of the outcome measures.

no-difference-cue: "no statistically significant between-group differences"


Effects of Supplementation with the Standardized Extract of Saffron (affron) on the Kynurenine Pathway and Melatonin Synthesis in Rats.

Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol increase the metabolism of tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway and reduce its availability for the synthesis of melatonin and serotonin, which may cause alterations in mood and sleep.


The Effects of Combined Scutellaria and Saffron Supplementation on Mood Regulation in Participants with Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

The results confirmed the beneficial effects of saffron extract on depressive and anxious symptoms, as well as its role in improving sleep quality.


Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28.

A direct analysis of lutein/zeaxanthin vs beta carotene showed the HR for late AMD was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.73-0.98; P = .02).


Oral Antioxidant and Lutein/Zeaxanthin Supplements Slow Geographic Atrophy Progression to the Fovea in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Oral micronutrient supplementation slowed GA progression toward the central macula, likely by augmenting the natural phenomenon of foveal sparing.


Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration.

Xanthophyll carotenoids supplementation was associated with significant decrease in logMAR levels compared with the placebo group (WMD, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.06 to -0.03), and during intervention, each 1-mg/day increase in these carotenoids supplementation was related to a 0.003 reduction in logMAR level of VA.


Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density.

Twenty RCTs involving 938 AMD patients and 826 healthy subjects were identified. Xanthophyll carotenoids supplementation was associated with significant increase in MPOD in AMD patients (WMD, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.11) and healthy subjects (WMD, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.14).


Efficacy of different nutrients in age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The nutrient of zinc and carotenoids (lutein/zeaxanthin) supplementation were associated with better improvement in VA.


The Effect of Dietary Supplementations on Delaying the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Multifocal electroretinogram results (mfERG) were significantly improved overall (SMD: 4.59, 95% CI: 1.75, 7.43) after lutein plus zeaxanthin supplementation.


From Supplements to Sight: Quantifying the Impact of Lutein and Carotenoid on Age-Related Macular Degeneration-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Improvements were predominantly observed in early-stage AMD, whereas no statistically significant benefit was detected in late-stage disease.

no-difference-cue: "no statistically significant benefit" | favorable-cue: "improvements"


A dose-response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract.

Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake is associated with a reduced risk of ARC, especially nuclear cataract in a dose-response manner, indicating a beneficial effect of lutein and zeaxanthin in ARC prevention.


Omega-3 fatty acid, carotenoid and vitamin E supplementation improves working memory in older adults: A randomised clinical trial.

These results support a biologically plausible rationale whereby these nutrients work synergistically, and in a dose-dependent manner, to improve working memory in cognitively healthy older adults.


Effects of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Combination with Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Episodic Memory in Healthy Older Adults.

The results showed that supplementation with LCPUFAs + LZ did not significantly affect memory function in healthy, non-demented, older individuals with memory complaints whereas it improved memory function in healthy, non-demented, older individuals with cognitive decline.

no-difference-cue: "did not significantly affect" | favorable-cue: "improved"


Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual-Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study.

Our findings suggest that L and Z may impact brain health and cognition in older adults by enhancing neurobiological efficiency in a variety of regions that support visual perception and decision-making.


Increased Macular Pigment Optical Density and Visual Acuity following Consumption of a Buttermilk Drink Containing Lutein-Enriched Egg Yolks: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

MPOD increased significantly from 0.45 to 0.52 and BCVA improved significantly from -0.04 to -0.09 LogMar.


Visual Function and Macular Carotenoid Changes in Eyes with Retinal Drusen-An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare a Micronized Lipid-Based Carotenoid Liquid Supplementation and AREDS-2 Formula.

The LM group demonstrated greater and faster benefits in visual performance as measured by CSF when compared to the PV group.


The effect of nutritional supplementation on the multifocal electroretinogram in healthy eyes.

Although the results were not clinically significant, the reported trend for improvement in MPOD and mfERG outcomes warrants further investigation.


The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial.

The primary long-term endpoint was reached by 15% of the patients in the CoQ10 group versus 26% in the placebo group (hazard ratio: 0.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.32 to 0.80; p = 0.003) by intention-to-treat analysis.


Cardiovascular mortality and N-terminal-proBNP reduced after combined selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation: a 5-year prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among elderly Swedish citizens.

During a follow up time of 5.2 years a significant reduction of cardiovascular mortality was found in the active treatment group vs. the placebo group (5.9% vs. 12.6%; P=0.015).


Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.

coenzyme Q10 supplementation decreased all-cause mortality events (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49-0.94).

favorable-cue: "decreased all-cause mortality"


Effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on blood pressure and heart rate in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This meta-analysis indicates that CoQ10 supplementation may be an effective adjunctive therapy for reducing systolic blood pressure, especially at doses below 200 mg/day and with longer treatment durations.


Dose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (-4.77 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.57, -2.97) in patients with cardiometabolic diseases

favorable-cue: "significantly reduced systolic"


Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension.

This review provides moderate-quality evidence that coenzyme Q10 does not have a clinically significant effect on blood pressure.


Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The results demonstrated significant increases in Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) after CoQ10 supplementation (WMD: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.36; p < 0.02)


Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Coenzyme Q10 supplementation is associated with significant improvement in endothelial function.


Six-month supplementation with high dose coenzyme Q10 improves liver steatosis, endothelial, vascular and myocardial function in patients with metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Six-month treatment with high-dose coenzyme-Q10 reduces liver steatosis and improves endothelial, vascular and left ventricle myocardial function in patients with MASLD, demonstrating significant improvements in micro- and macro-vasculature function.


Associations of coenzyme Q10 with endothelial function in hemodialysis patients.

A significant correlation was observed between FMD and plasma CoQ10 level (r = 0.727, P < 0.001).


Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Serum of High Sensitivity c-reactive Protein Level in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Results of the pooled analysis revealed that the CoQ10 supplementation had no significant effect on the serum level of hs-CRP compared with the placebo group

no-difference-cue: "no significant effect"


Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on myopathy in statin-treated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Supplementation of CoQ10 can reduce muscle pain in patients with SAMS, which is relevant for their well-being and treatment continuation.


Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on statin-associated myalgia and adherence to statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis did not demonstrate that CoQ10 supplementation was beneficial for patients with statin-associated muscle pain or improved adherence to statin therapy.

no-difference-cue: "did not demonstrate" | favorable-cue: "improved"


Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Reducing Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Based on the results of this meta-analysis, we conclude that CoQ10 is an effective and safe supplement for reducing fatigue symptoms.


Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Based on current evidence, coenzyme Q10 may assist glycemic control, decrease TG, and improve HDL-C in patients with T2DM.


Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

CoQ10 supplementation decreased the TC, LDL-C, and TG levels, and increased HDL-C levels in adults, and the dosage of 400 to 500 mg/day achieved the greatest effect on TC.


Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic profile in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CoQ10 supplementation has no beneficial effects on glycemic control, lipid profile or blood pressure in patients with diabetes. However, it may reduce triglycerides levels.


The impact of six-week dihydrogen-pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation on mitochondrial biomarkers, brain metabolism, and cognition in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial.

Dihydrogen-PQQ resulted in a significant elevation in serum BDNF levels at the six-week follow-up (P = 0.01); conversely, no changes in BDNF levels were observed in the placebo group throughout the study duration (P = 0.27).


Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt improves brain function in both younger and older adults.

In younger adults (aged 20-40 years), PQQ improved cognitive function (cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and execution speed) after 8 weeks. Only older adults (aged 41-65 years) showed improvements in complex and verbal memory after 12 weeks.


Effect of the Antioxidant Supplement Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt (BioPQQ™) on Cognitive Functions.

The results suggest that PQQ can prevent reduction of brain function in aged persons, especially in attention and working memory.


Effects of Antioxidant Supplements (BioPQQ™) on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism in the Prefrontal Cortex.

These results suggest that PQQ causes increased activity in the right PFC associated with increases in rCBF and oxygen metabolism, resulting in enhanced cognitive function.


Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Indices of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Untrained Men.

Supplementation of PQQ does not appear to elicit any ergogenic effects regarding aerobic performance or body composition but appears to impact mitochondrial biogenesis by way of significant elevations in PGC-1α protein content.


The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone and nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on interoception following acute exhaustive exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Body listening was the only domain that demonstrated a significant group × time interaction (p = 0.016), with the PQQ group showing significant improvement (p < 0.001).


Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt Intake on the Serum Cholesterol Levels of Healthy Japanese Adults.

In the stratification analysis of the high LDL-chol subgroup (baseline LDL-chol level ≥140 mg/dL), the mean LDL-chol levels decreased significantly from the baseline values in the PQQ group compared to the placebo group.


Consumption of Sylimarin, Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Sodium Salt and Myricetin: Effects on Alcohol Levels and Markers of Oxidative Stress-A Pilot Study.

Changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, particularly a TAC (range +9-12%) increase and an 8-isoprostane (marker of lipidic peroxidation) decrease (range -22-27%), were observed too.


The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on brain function and physiological processes.

PQQ has redox properties and exerts antioxidant, neuroprotective, and mitochondrial biogenesis effects.


Mechanisms Behind Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Possible Synergistic Effects with Exercise.

There is emerging evidence to support that PQQ supplementation can upregulate the molecular signaling responses indicative of mitochondrial biogenesis within skeletal muscle.


Pyrroloquinoline quinone stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha expression.

The induction of this process occurred through the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), a pathway known to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis.


Pyrroloquinoline Quinone, a Redox-Active o-Quinone, Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway.

The exposure of NIH/3T3 cells to 10-100 nM PQQ for 48 h resulted in increased levels of Mitotracker staining, mitochondrial DNA content, and mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (MTCO1) protein.


Altering pyrroloquinoline quinone nutritional status modulates mitochondrial, lipid, and energy metabolism in rats.

Collectively, these data demonstrate that PQQ deficiency impacts a number of parameters related to normal mitochondrial function.


Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents knee osteoarthritis by inhibiting oxidative stress and chondrocyte senescence.

This study demonstrated that PQQ supplementation can prevent ACLT-induced OA by inhibiting oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell senescence and the development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.


PQQ ameliorates D-galactose induced cognitive impairments by reducing glutamate neurotoxicity via the GSK-3β/Akt signaling pathway in mouse.

D-gal-induced mouse showed increased MDA and ROS levels, and decreased T-AOC activities in the hippocampus, these changes were reversed by PQQ supplementation.


Mitochondrial regulation by pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease models.

Our findings indicated that PQQ could prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion, which might contribute to its neuroprotective effect in PD models.


Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults-a meta-analysis.

Cr + RT increased total body mass (P = 0.004) and fat-free mass (P < 0.0001) with no effect on fat mass as compared with RT alone.


Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength Gains in Adults <50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

creatine supplementation with resistance training enhances upper- and lower-body muscle strength in adults aged < 50, with greater benefits likely to be seen in males than females.


The Effects of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Regional Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

the results suggest that creatine supplementation combined with RT promotes a small increase in the direct measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in both the upper and lower body.


Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis.

Creatine supplementation resulted in greater increases in lean tissue mass (mean difference =1.37 kg [95% CI =0.97-1.76];<0.00001), chest press strength (standardized mean difference [SMD] =0.35 [0.16-0.53];=0.0002), and leg press strength (SMD =0.24 [0.05-0.43];=0.01).


Meta-Analysis Examining the Importance of Creatine Ingestion Strategies on Lean Tissue Mass and Strength in Older Adults.

Overall, creatine (independent of dosing strategy) augments lean tissue mass and strength increase from RT vs. placebo.


Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass in Older Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Overall, Cr significantly increased measures of upper-body strength (7 studies,= 142,= 0.04), with no effect on lower-body strength or measures of muscle mass.

no-difference-cue: "no effect" | favorable-cue: "significantly increased measures of upper-body strength"


Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations.

Accumulating research shows that CrM, primarily when combined with exercise training, is safe and has beneficial effects on measures of whole-body lean body mass, regional muscle size, muscle strength, bone area and thickness, functional ability, glucose kinetics, cognition and memory.


Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Muscle, Bone and Brain- Hope or Hype for Older Adults?

the combination of creatine monohydrate supplementation and resistance training provides 'hope' for older adults as it improves measures of lean mass, regional (limb) muscle thickness, upper- and lower-body muscle strength and functional ability.


Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old.

The benefits afforded to older adults through creatine ingestion are substantial, can improve quality of life, and ultimately may reduce the disease burden associated with sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction.


Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review.

Based on the included studies, mainly performed on well-nourished subjects, the interactive effect of dietary supplementation on muscle function appears limited.


A 2-yr Randomized Controlled Trial on Creatine Supplementation during Exercise for Postmenopausal Bone Health.

Two years of creatine supplementation and exercise in postmenopausal women had no effect on BMD; yet, it improved some bone geometric properties at the proximal femur.

no-difference-cue: "no effect" | favorable-cue: "improved"


Effects of Creatine and Resistance Training on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women.

Twelve months of Cr supplementation during a resistance training program preserves femoral neck BMD and increases femoral shaft superiosteal width, a predictor of bone bending strength, in postmenopausal women.


Creatine Supplementation (3 g/d) and Bone Health in Older Women: A 2-Year, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Creatine supplementation more than 2 years did not improve bone health in older, postmenopausal women with osteopenia, nor did it affect lean mass or muscle function in this population.


Creatine Supplementation During Resistance Training Does Not Lead to Greater Bone Mineral Density in Older Humans: A Brief Meta-Analysis.

Our meta-analyses revealed no significant effect on whole body, hip, femoral neck, or lumbar spine BMD when comparing creatine and resistance training to resistance training alone.


Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Oral creatine administration may improve short-term memory and intelligence/reasoning of healthy individuals but its effect on other cognitive domains remains unclear.


Creatine supplementation enhances corticomotor excitability and cognitive performance during oxygen deprivation.

Dietary creatine monohydrate supplementation augments neural creatine, increases corticomotor excitability, and prevents the decline in attention that occurs during severe oxygen deficit.


Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?

Furthermore, evidence-based research shows that creatine supplementation is relatively well tolerated, especially at recommended dosages (i.e. 3-5 g/day or 0.1 g/kg of body mass/day).


Experimental Evidence Against Taurine Deficiency as a Driver of Aging in Humans.

No association between circulating taurine levels and age, muscle mass, strength, physical performance, or mitochondrial function was observed, thereby challenging the implication of taurine deficiency as a primary driver of aging in humans.


Effects of Oral Taurine Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Taurine supplementation may effectively improve cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, underscoring its potential to reduce the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases.


Insights into the cardiovascular benefits of taurine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Taurine showed noteworthy effects in preventing hypertension and enhancing cardiac function.


Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Taurine supplementation exhibits positive effects on multiple MetS-related factors, making it a potential dietary addition for individuals at risk of or already experiencing MetS.


The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

These findings indicate that, in patients with liver dysregulation, taurine supplementation can lower blood pressure and improve the lipid profile by reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.


Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Taurine supplementation significantly decreased the clinic and 24-hour ambulatory BPs, especially in those with high-normal BP.


Taurine in Type 2 Diabetes: Plasma Concentrations, Metabolic Pathways, and Potential as a Therapeutic Adjuvant.

Plasma taurine concentrations have been found to be reduced in individuals with T2DM, likely due to impaired reabsorption, increased renal excretion, and elevated tissue demand caused by hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation.


Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by the pancreatic and extra-pancreatic actions of taurine.

The beneficial actions of L-taurine (Tau) against glucose intolerance, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and non-alcoholic fat liver disease (NAFLD) have been linked to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which ameliorate tissue insulin sensitivity.


Taurine as a supplement for treating type II diabetes mellitus with metformin and DPP4 inhibitor.

It could be concluded that taurine was a useful supplement for treating T2DM with metformin and DPP4 inhibitor.


Taurine: A Regulator of Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Skeletal Muscle Function.

Taurine affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and taurine-deficient mice exhibit an impaired exercise performance.


Taurine Administration Counteracts Aging-Associated Impingement of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

We showed that, in injured muscle, taurine enhances the regenerative process by downregulating the inflammatory response and preserving muscle fiber integrity.


Taurine Alleviates Pancreatic β-Cell Senescence by Inhibition of p53 Pathway.

Pretreatment with taurine inhibited naturally aging, chemically induced senescent and inflammatory program, oxidative stress, and defective insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells.


NMR-based metabonomic analysis of HUVEC cells during replicative senescence.

Furthermore, we observed taurine retarded oxidative damage resulting from senescence.


Effects of taurine on markers of muscle damage, inflammatory response and physical performance in triathletes.

Taurine supplementation did not provide benefits on performance and muscle damage in triathletes.


New therapeutic strategy for amino acid medicine: glycine improves the quality of sleep.

We recently reported that glycine ingestion before bedtime significantly ameliorated subjective sleep quality in individuals with insomniac tendencies.


The sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of glycine are mediated by NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

These data suggest that exogenous glycine promotes sleep via peripheral vasodilatation through the activation of NMDA receptors in the SCN shell.


Collagen peptide supplementation before bedtime reduces sleep fragmentation and improves cognitive function in physically active males with sleep complaints.

CP supplementation did not influence sleep quantity, latency, or efficiency, but reduced awakenings and improved cognitive function in physically active males with sleep complaints.


Nutritional Modulation of Sleep Latency, Duration, and Efficiency: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Double-Blind Deception Study.

The intervention trial reduced sleep onset latency (-24 ± 25 min; P = 0.002), increased total sleep time (22 ± 32 min; P = 0.01), and increased sleep efficiency (2.4% ± 3.9%; P = 0.03), while also reducing morning sleepiness ( P = 0.02).


Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation.

Glycine Powder;GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)

Dietary supplementation with the glutathione precursors cysteine and glycine fully restores glutathione synthesis and concentrations and lowers levels of oxidative stress and oxidant damages.

favorable-cue: "lowers levels of oxidative stress"


Glutathione synthesis is diminished in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and restored by dietary supplementation with cysteine and glycine.

Dietary supplementation with GSH precursor amino acids can restore GSH synthesis and lower oxidative stress and oxidant damage in the face of persistent hyperglycemia.


Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes: From biochemistry to gerontology and successful aging.

Notably, GSH levels decline during aging, an alteration generally related to impaired GSH biosynthesis and leading to cell dysfunction.


Effects of glycine on metabolic syndrome components: a review.

Glycine supplementation improves various components of metabolic syndrome including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension.


Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis.

Subjects who took 15 g gelatin 1 h before exercise showed double the amino-terminal propeptide of collagen I in their blood, indicating increased collagen synthesis.


Collagen Peptide Supplementation during Training Does Not Further Increase Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates.

Collagen peptide supplementation (2 × 15 g daily) does not increase myofibrillar or muscle connective protein synthesis rates during 1 wk of intense resistance exercise training in young, recreational athletes.


Improvement of nitrogen retention by arginine and glycine supplementation and its relation to collagen synthesis in traumatized mature and aged rats.

The beneficial effect of arginine and glycine supplementation on improving N retention in traumatized rats appears to be due, at least in part, to increased collagen synthesis in wounds.


Disrupted liver oxidative metabolism in glycine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice is mitigated by dietary methionine restriction.

One-carbon metabolism is routinely dysregulated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This includes decreased glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), a critical regulator of s-adenosylmethionine (SAM).


Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.

Meta-analysis showed a significant advantage for Alcar compared to placebo for the integrated summary effect [ES =0.201, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.107-0.295] and CGI-CH (ES =0.32, 95% CI=0.18-0.47).


L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment.

Due to the limited number of included trials, short-term treatment, and inadequate reporting, we were unable to draw any conclusions about the efficacy or safety of L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults.


Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Pooled data across nine RCTs (231 treated with ALC versus 216 treated with placebo and 20 no intervention) showed that ALC significantly reduced depressive symptoms (SMD = -1.10, 95% CI = -1.65 to -0.56, I = 86%).


Role of dietary factors in the prevention and treatment for depression: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective studies.

omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (SMD: -0.28, 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.09, I = 75.0%) and acetyl-L-carnitine (SMD: -1.10, 95% CI, -1.65 to -0.56, I = 86.0%) supplementations.


A randomised controlled trial comparing duloxetine and acetyl L-carnitine in fibromyalgic patients: preliminary data.

these preliminary findings confirm the efficacy of duloxetine, and suggest that acetyl L-carnitine is also efficacious in improving depressive symptoms, pain, and the quality of life of FMS patients.


Role of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Subjects who received at least 2 g daily of ALC showed decreases in pain scores. One study showed improvements in electrophysiologic factors such as nerve conduction velocities, while the other did not.


Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Dementia and Other Cognitive Disorders: A Critical Update.

The underlying mechanisms may include restoring of cell membranes and synaptic functioning, enhancing cholinergic activity, promoting mitochondrial energy metabolism, protecting against toxins, and exerting neurotrophic effects.


Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid: possible neurotherapeutic agents for mood disorders?

Preliminary controlled trials in depressed geriatric populations also suggest an antidepressant effect with acetyl-L-carnitine.


Acetyl-L-carnitine-mediated neuroprotection during hypoxia is attributed to ERK1/2-Nrf2-regulated mitochondrial biosynthesis.

We here demonstrate that administration of ALCAR to hypoxic rats for a period of 2 weeks effectively protected hippocampal neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neurodegeneration.


Acetyl-L-carnitine and Alzheimer's disease: pharmacological considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere.

pharmacological studies with ALCAR in animals have demonstrated its facility to maximize energy production and promote cellular membrane stability, particularly its ability to restore membranal changes that are age-related.


A Nutritional Formulation for Cognitive Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Placebo-Controlled Trial with an Open-Label Extension.

The NF cohort improved in the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS; effect size >0.7) and maintained baseline performance in CLOX-1.


L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial.

Significant differences were also found in physical fatigue (-4.10 compared with -1.10; P < 0.01), mental fatigue (-2.70 compared with 0.30; P < 0.001), fatigue severity (-23.60 compared with 1.90; P < 0.001), and MMSE (4.1 compared with 0.6; P < 0.001).


Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

The benefits of ALC in comparison with placebo are demonstrated in greater reductions in serum ammonia levels, as well as in improvements of neuropsychological functioning.


Acetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in severe hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized and controlled clinical trial.

The improvement of cognitive deficits, the reduction of ammonia, and the modification of EEG in patients treated with ALC suggest that ALC could represent a new tool in the treatment of severe hepatic encephalopathy.


Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

This study shows that ALC treatment is associated with significant improvement in patient energy levels, general functioning and well-being.


Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites.

Some of this decay can be reversed in aged animals by feeding them the mitochondrial metabolites acetylcarnitine and lipoic acid.


Efficacy and Safety of MMFS-01, a Synapse Density Enhancer, for Treating Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

With MMFS-01 treatment, overall cognitive ability improved significantly relative to placebo (p = 0.003; Cohen's d = 0.91). Cognitive fluctuation was also reduced.


The effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) on cognitive performance and sleep quality in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

The purpose of this two-arm, 6-week, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) supplementation on cognitive performance, cognitive age, sleep quality, and selected physiological indicators in adults.


Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial.

This showed MgT improved sleep quality, especially deep/REM sleep stages, improved mood, energy, alertness, and daily activity and productivity.


Oral application of magnesium-L-threonate enhances analgesia and reduces the dosage of opioids needed in advanced cancer patients-A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

L-TAMS outperforms a placebo in enhancing the analgesic effect of opioids and reducing the necessary opioid dosage. Moreover, L-TAMS can significantly relieve opioid-induced constipation.


Effects of magnesium supplementation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function in patients undergoing fluoxetine therapy for depression.

Magnesium supplementation as an adjunct to fluoxetine was associated with greater improvement in cognitive function than fluoxetine alone in patients with depression.

unfavorable-cue: "associated with greater" | favorable-cue: "improvement"


Magnesium and Cognitive Health in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Evidence from the limited number of RCTs was insufficient to draw conclusions on the effects of Mg supplements. Cohort studies showed inconsistent dose-response relationships between dietary Mg and cognitive disorders, with high heterogeneity across populations.


Relations of magnesium intake to cognitive impairment and dementia among participants in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a prospective cohort study.

Participants in Q3 had a significantly lower risk of MCI/PD (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.91) and MCI (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87) after multivariate adjustments.

favorable-cue: "significantly lower risk"


Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium.

Here, we show that increasing brain magnesium using a newly developed magnesium compound (magnesium-L-threonate, MgT) leads to the enhancement of learning abilities, working memory, and short- and long-term memory in rats. The pattern completion ability was also improved in aged rats.


Targeting the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B for treating or preventing age-related memory decline.

Accumulating evidence suggests that elevated brain magnesium levels, via dietary supplementation, can boost NR2B in the brain, consequently reversing memory deficits and enhancing cognitive abilities.


Magnesium-L-threonate Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit by Attenuating Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Impairment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

In conclusion, MgT treatment improved cognitive decline by ameliorating adult hippocampal neurogenesis impairment in this AD model, possibly via ERK/CREB activation.

unfavorable-cue: "impairment" | favorable-cue: "improved"


Chronic Oral Administration of Magnesium-L-Threonate Prevents Oxaliplatin-Induced Memory and Emotional Deficits by Normalization of TNF-α/NF-κB Signaling in Rats.

The OXA-induced behavioral and synaptic changes were prevented by chronic oral administration of magnesium-L-threonate (L-TAMS, 604 mg/kg per day, from 2 days before until the end of experiments).


Magnesium L-Threonate Reduces Hippocampal Amyloid-β Load without Cognitive Improvement in a PTU-induced Hypothyroidism Model in Young Rats.

We report that while MgT supplementation did not significantly improve cognitive performance in behavioral tasks or inflammatory markers in hypothyroid rats, it did increase hippocampal BDNF levels in euthyroid animals and reduced hippocampal amyloid-β load under both euthyroid and hypothyroid conditions.

no-difference-cue: "did not significantly improve"


Magnesium-L-threonate treats Alzheimer's disease by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Previously, we reported that magnesium-L-threonate treatment improved cognition and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in a double-transgenic line of Alzheimer's disease model mice expressing the amyloid-β precursor protein and mutant human presenilin 1 (APP/PS1).


Magnesium (Mg): Essential Mineral for Neuronal Health: From Cellular Biochemistry to Cognitive Health and Behavior Regulation.

Supplementation with Mg, particularly in the form of bioavailable compounds such as Magnesium-L-Threonate (MgLT), Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate (MgAT), and other Magnesium salts, has shown some promising results in enhancing synaptic density, improving memory function, and alleviating symptoms of mental health disorders.


Enhanced Neurophysiological Benefits of Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate Over Magnesium-L-Threonate: A Comparative pre-clinical Study on Bioavailability, Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Functions.

Behavioral tests indicated that MAT and the combined therapy of MLT and MAT significantly improved spatial learning, memory, and anxiety-related behaviors.


Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia.

A primary end-point event occurred in 17.2% of the patients in the icosapent ethyl group, as compared with 22.0% of the patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.83; P<0.001)


Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.

Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids did not result in a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events or cancer than placebo.


Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This dose-response meta-analysis demonstrates that combined intake of omega-3 fatty acids near linearly lowers triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.


Marine Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving 127 477 Participants.

Marine omega-3 supplementation lowers risk for myocardial infarction, CHD death, total CHD, CVD death, and total CVD, even after exclusion of REDUCE-IT. Risk reductions appeared to be linearly related to marine omega-3 dose.


Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Moderate evidence showed that the use of omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death.


Effect of Long-Term Marine ɷ-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In RCTs examining cardiovascular outcomes, marine ɷ-3 supplementation was associated with an increased risk of AF. The risk appeared to be greater in trials testing >1 g/d.


Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This dose-response meta-analysis demonstrates that the optimal combined intake of omega-3 fatty acids for BP lowering is likely between 2 g/d and 3 g/d.


Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials.

There is a dose-response effect of fish oil on blood pressure of -0.66/-0.35 mm Hg/g omega-3 fatty acids. The hypotensive effect may be strongest in hypertensive subjects and those with clinical atherosclerotic disease or hypercholesterolemia.


Effect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on heart rate: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Compared to placebo, n-3 PUFA supplementation mildly but significantly reduced HR (-2.23 bpm; 95% CI: -3.07, -1.40 bpm).


Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology.

This Review covers the mechanisms of specialized pro-resolving mediators and omega-3 essential fatty acid pathways that could help us to understand their physiological functions.


Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators.

These are the resolvins, protectins, and maresins: bioactive metabolomes that each stimulate self-limited innate responses, enhance innate microbial killing and clearance, and are organ-protective.


Impact of α-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable ω-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition.

RCTs have shown that dietary ALA reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, and epidemiologic studies and some trials also have shown an anti-inflammatory effect of ALA, which collectively account for, in part, the cardiovascular benefits of ALA.


Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial.

Oral treatment with ALA for 5 weeks improved neuropathic symptoms and deficits in patients with DSP. An oral dose of 600 mg once daily appears to provide the optimum risk-to-benefit ratio.


Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy.

In conclusion, intravenous treatment with alpha-lipoic acid (600 mg/day) over 3 weeks is safe and effective in reducing symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and oral treatment with 800 mg/day for 4 months may improve cardiac autonomic dysfunction in NIDDM.


Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy.

These findings indicate that a 3-week intravenous treatment with alpha-lipoic acid, followed by a 6-month oral treatment, had no effect on neuropathic symptoms distinguishable from placebo to a clinically meaningful degree, possibly due to increasing intercenter variability in symptom scoring during the study.


A systematic review and meta-analysis of α-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

The results of this meta-analysis provide evidence that treatment with ALA (300-600 mg/day i.v. for 2-4 weeks) is safe and that the treatment can significantly improve both nerve conduction velocity and positive neuropathic symptoms.


The effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on glucose control and lipid profiles among patients with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Overall, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that ALA administration may lead to an improvement in glucose homeostasis parameters and lipid profiles except HDL-cholesterol levels.


Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

ALA supplementation may improve certain cardiometabolic risk factors by ameliorating anthropometric and glycemic parameters, as well as through its potential lipid-lowering effects.


The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

ALA supplementation improves FBS and HOMA-IR levels in women with PCOS. ALA consumption is an effective complementary therapy for the management of women with PCOS.


Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Alpha-lipoic acid treatment showed small, yet significant short-term weight loss compared with placebo.


Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation effects on serum values of some oxidative stress biomarkers in women with gestational diabetes.

The current study showed that ALA supplementation at a dosage of 300 mg/day in women with GDM had improving effects on maternal circulating values of FBS, TAC, OSI, TAG, TOS, glutathione and catalase.


Randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial examining the effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men.

ALA supplementation also resulted in a significant improvement in seminal levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde compared with the placebo.


Supplementation with α-Lipoic Acid Alone or in Combination with Eicosapentaenoic Acid Modulates the Inflammatory Status of Healthy Overweight or Obese Women Consuming an Energy-Restricted Diet.

Dietary supplementation with LA improves some systemic inflammatory and cardiovascular disease-related risk markers in healthy overweight or obese women independently of weight loss, whereas EPA modulates inflammation-related genes in adipose tissue.


Effect of add-on alpha lipoic acid on psychopathology in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

ALA supplementation improved psychopathology and decreased oxidative stress in patients with TRS. This study thus shows the potential of adjunctive ALA in TRS.


α-Lipoic Acid as Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.

We found no significant improvement in body mass index, cognition, psychopathology, antipsychotic adverse effects, or oxidative stress and inflammation in the experimental group compared with placebo.

no-difference-cue: "no significant improvement"


Comparison of the effect of low-dose supplementation with L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid on plasma homocysteine: a randomized placebo-controlled study.

L-MTHF was more effective than was folic acid in lowering tHcy (P < 0.05). At 24 wk, the increases in plasma folate and RCF concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 supplemented groups.

no-difference-cue: "did not differ" | favorable-cue: "effective"


The folic acid metabolite L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate effectively reduces total serum homocysteine level in orthotopic liver transplant recipients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

We observed only a significant decrease of total serum HCY in the L-5-MTHF group during the study period (at week 0: 15+/-7.7 microM; after 8 weeks treatment: 9.41+/-2.6 microM, P<0.001).


l-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Supplementation Increases Blood Folate Concentrations to a Greater Extent than Folic Acid Supplementation in Malaysian Women.

These findings suggest differential effects of l-5-MTHF compared with folic acid supplementation on blood folate concentrations but no differences on plasma total homocysteine lowering in Malaysian women.


Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid equally reduces serum homocysteine concentrations in older adults.

Supplementation with [6 S]-5-MTHF was slightly less effective, but not significantly, in Hcy lowering than FA (p = .243 between the groups), that is, by 7.8% and 13.4%, respectively. The [6 S]-5-MTHF was shown to be an adequate alternative to FA in reducing Hcy concentrations.


Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing.

Naturally occurring 5-MTHF has important advantages over synthetic folic acid - it is well absorbed even when gastrointestinal pH is altered and its bioavailability is not affected by metabolic defects.


MTHFR 677 C>T Polymorphism reveals functional importance for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, not homocysteine, in regulation of vascular redox state and endothelial function in human atherosclerosis.

Vascular 5-MTHF, rather than plasma or vascular homocysteine, is a key regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling and nitric oxide bioavailability in human vessels, suggesting that plasma homocysteine is an indirect marker of 5-MTHF rather than a primary regulator of endothelial function.


Is 5-methyltetrahydrofolate an alternative to folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects?

Carriers of certain polymorphisms in genes related to folate metabolism or absorption can better benefit from 5-methylTHF instead of FA.


5-MTHF enhances the portal pressure reduction achieved with propranolol in patients with cirrhosis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.

In patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, 5-MTHF administration significantly enhanced the HVPG reduction achieved with propranolol. This effect appears to be mediated by improved nitric oxide bioavailability in the hepatic microcirculation.


Influence of Dietary Supplementation for Hyperhomocysteinemia Treatments.

Every supplementation induced significant (range <0.05-0.0001) reductions of Hcy level and Cys concentration after the three protocols adopted.


Homocysteine lowering interventions for peripheral arterial disease and bypass grafts.

Currently, no recommendation can be made regarding the value of treatment of hyperhomocysteinaemia in peripheral arterial disease.


L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials.

In the second trial, adjunctive L-methylfolate at 15 mg/day showed significantly greater efficacy compared with continued SSRI therapy plus placebo on both primary outcome measures (response rate and degree of change in depression symptom score) and two secondary outcome measures of symptom severity.


A Review of l-Methylfolate as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder.

These studies support the use of LMF as an adjunctive treatment in patients with MDD not responding to antidepressant monotherapy. The most effective dose tested was 15 mg/day.


Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Our meta-analysis indicated a 10% lower risk of stroke and a 4% lower risk of overall CVD with folic acid supplementation.


Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in cardiovascular disease prevention: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This meta-analysis suggests that there might be a potentially modest benefit of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention.


The effect of folate fortification on folic acid-based homocysteine-lowering intervention and stroke risk: a meta-analysis.

Folic acid supplementation might have a modest benefit on stroke prevention in regions without folate fortification.


Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging.

In high-functioning older adults, low folate levels appear to be a risk factor for cognitive decline. The risk of developing cognitive decline might be reduced through dietary folate intake.


Effect of Vitamin Intake on Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Evaluation of the Evidence.

Evaluation of the totality of the currently available evidence indicates that intake of the above vitamins, either as a monotherapy, or in combination with other vitamins, has no clinically-relevant effect on delaying cognitive decline or delaying the onset of dementia in older adults.


Meta-analysis of folic acid supplementation trials on risk of cardiovascular disease and risk interaction with baseline homocysteine levels.

Overall, FA supplementation did not affect primary cardiovascular clinical end points (relative risk 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 1.13, p = 0.66) or stroke (relative risk 0.95, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.08, p = 0.43).


Inositol for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Inform the 2023 Update of the International Evidence-based PCOS Guidelines.

Evidence suggests benefits for myo-inositol or D-chiro-inositol (DCI) for some metabolic measures and potential benefits from DCI for ovulation, but inositol may have no effect on other outcomes.

no-difference-cue: "no effect" | favorable-cue: "benefits"


Efficacy of myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol combination on menstrual cycle regulation and improving insulin resistance in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized open-label study.

Myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol in combination (3.6:1 ratio) are effective in regularizing menstrual cycles and improving insulin resistance.


Myoinositol/metformin pretreatment in GnRH-antagonist cycle for women with PCOS undergoing IVF: a double-blinded randomized controlled study.

Myo had improvement in fasting insulin, HOMA, Sr.AMH, and SHBG suggesting decreased insulin resistance.


Comparison of metformin plus myoinositol vs metformin alone in PCOS women undergoing ovulation induction cycles: randomized controlled trial.

Live birth rate was significantly higher in the Group I as compared to Group II [55% (33/60); 26.67% (16/60); p = .002].


Inositols in PCOS.

The available clinical data suggest that MI, DCI, and their combination in physiological ratio 40:1 with or without other compound could be beneficial for improving metabolic, hormonal, and reproductive aspects of PCOS.


Myo-Inositol and D-Chiro-Inositol as Modulators of Ovary Steroidogenesis: A Narrative Review.

Noticeably, experimental data have shown that myo-inositol and its most relevant epimer D-chiro-inositol are both necessary to permit a faithful transduction of insulin and of other molecular factors.


Lifestyle management in polycystic ovary syndrome - beyond diet and physical activity.

Research investigating inositol supplementation have produced the most promising findings, showing improved metabolic profiles and reduced hyperandrogenism.


Myo-inositol supplementation for the prevention of gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Compared with control group in pregnant women, myo-inositol supplementation could lead to remarkably reduced incidence of gestational diabetes (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.72; P = 0.005)


Inositol for the prevention of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

ISL supplementation was associated with lower rate of GDM (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-1.03, p = 0.01) and lower preterm delivery rate (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17-0.74, p = 0.006).


Inositol supplementation for the prevention and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The meta-analysis found that inositol supplementation resulted in a significantly lower incidence of GDM in the inositol versus the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-0.67; P = 0.0005).

favorable-cue: "significantly lower incidence"


The efficacy of myo-inositol supplementation to reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis.

Myo-inositol supplementation is effective to reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes, 2-h glucose OGTT, HOMA-IR and preterm delivery, which suggested that myo-inositol supplementation should be recommended to prevent gestational diabetes.


Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Myo-inositol plus diet improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HOMA index, cholesterol, and triglyceride serum levels with highly significant differences, compared with the groups treated only with diet and placebo.


Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analysis supports the advantage of a lower dose of betaine supplementation (<4 g/d) on homocysteine concentrations without the lipid-augmenting effect observed with a higher dosage.


Orally administered betaine has an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum betaine and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy humans

a single dose of orally administered betaine had an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum betaine concentration and resulted in lowered plasma tHcy concentrations within 2 h in healthy subjects.


A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia

At endline (our primary endpoint), the drink powder and UNIMMAP reduced mean plasma homocysteine by 23.6% (-29.5 to -17.1) and 15.5% (-21.2 to -9.4), respectively (both p < 0.001), compared with the controls.


Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects

A hypoenergetic diet with betaine supplementation (6 g daily for 12 wk) decreased the plasma homocysteine concentration but did not affect body composition more than a hypoenergetic diet without betaine supplementation did.


Long-term effect of betaine on risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in healthy subjects

Betaine had no effect on serum lipid profile in long term in young healthy subjects. The lowering effect on plasma homocysteine concentration was weak.


Dietary and supplementary betaine: acute effects on plasma betaine and homocysteine concentrations under standard and postmethionine load conditions in healthy male subjects

Dietary betaine and supplementary betaine acutely increase plasma betaine, and they and choline attenuate the postmethionine load rise in homocysteine concentrations.


Dietary and supplementary betaine: effects on betaine and homocysteine concentrations in males

Supplemental or dietary betaine similarly increase circulating betaine concentrations and attenuate the post-methionine load rise in homocysteine concentrations.


Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations

Concentrations of tHcy were inversely related to the betaine concentration (r = -0.17, P < 0.01), and the association was independent of age, sex, and serum concentrations of folate, creatinine, and cobalamin.


The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people

betaine was positively associated with better performance of construction, sensomotor speed and executive function, whereas elevated concentrations of methionine were positively associated with sensomotor speed.


Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health

Studies in healthy volunteers with plasma homocysteine concentrations in the normal range show that betaine supplementation lowers plasma fasting homocysteine dose-dependently to up to 20% for a dose of 6 g/d of betaine.


Betaine in human nutrition

As a methyl donor, betaine participates in the methionine cycle-primarily in the human liver and kidneys.


Homocysteine metabolism

Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid whose metabolism stands at the intersection of two pathways: remethylation to methionine, which requires folate and vitamin B12 (or betaine in an alternative reaction); and transsulfuration to cystathionine, which requires pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.


Preventive and therapeutic role of betaine in liver disease: A review on molecular mechanisms

In recent years, a large number of literatures have shown that betaine has good preventive and therapeutic effects on many liver diseases, including chemical or drug-induced liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.


One-Carbon Metabolism in Fatty Liver Disease and Fibrosis: One-Carbon to Rule Them All

Many animal models have demonstrated that one-carbon metabolism is strongly associated with NAFLD.


Dietary betaine intake and risk of mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: the prospective Guangdong Coronary Artery Disease Cohort

Higher dietary betaine intake was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular death after fully adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, other potential confounders and plasma methionine metabolites and vitamins.

favorable-cue: "associated with a decreased"


Prognostic value of choline and betaine depends on intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide

Elevated plasma levels of choline and betaine are each associated with incident MACE risk independent of traditional risk factors. However, high choline and betaine levels are only associated with higher risk of future MACE with concomitant increase in TMAO.


Zinc for the treatment of the common cold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Compared with patients given placebo, those receiving zinc had a shorter duration of cold symptoms (mean difference -1.65 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.50 to -0.81); however, heterogeneity was high (I(2) = 95%).


Zinc for prevention and treatment of the common cold.

When zinc is used for cold treatment, there may be a reduction in the mean duration of the cold in days (MD -2.37, 95% CI -4.21 to -0.53; I² = 97%; 8 studies, 972 participants; low-certainty evidence)


Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration of colds: a systematic review.

Three trials used zinc acetate in daily doses of over 75 mg, the pooled result indicating a 42% reduction in the duration of colds (95% CI: 35% to 48%).


Zinc Supplementation Reduces Common Cold Duration among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials with Micronutrients Supplementation.

However, zinc supplementation was observed to potentially reduce cold duration by 2.25 days (when zinc is provided singly, 95% CI: -3.39, -1.12).


Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta-analysis.

The one stage meta-analysis gave an overall estimate of 2.73 days (95% CI 1.8, 3.3 days) shorter colds by zinc acetate lozenge usage.


Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Compared with the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean overall duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 8.1 days), cough (3.1 [95% CI, 2.1 to 4.1] vs. 6.3 [CI, 4.9 to 7.7] days), and nasal discharge (4.1 [CI, 3.3 to 4.9] vs. 5.8 [CI, 4.3 to 7.3] days)


Zinc lozenges reduce the duration of common cold symptoms.

The median time to complete resolution of cold symptoms was 4.4 days in the zinc group compared with 7.6 days in the placebo group.


Effect of zinc sulfate on common cold in children: randomized, double blind study.

Zinc sulfate had no effect on the duration of cold symptoms. However, it appears to be effective in reducing the severity of the cold symptoms in healthy children.

no-difference-cue: "no effect" | favorable-cue: "effective"


Quantile Treatment Effect of Zinc Lozenges on Common Cold Duration: A Novel Approach to Analyze the Effect of Treatment on Illness Duration.

In the Mossad (1996) trial, zinc gluconate lozenges shortened common cold duration on average by 4.0 days (95% CI 2.3-5.7 days).


Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

High doses of intranasal zinc preparation (2.1 mg zinc/day) were reported in two studies to shorten the duration and reduce the symptom severity of common cold in healthy adults, when started within 24 to 48 hours of onset of illness.


Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months.

Analysis showed that zinc supplementation reduced the incidence of pneumonia by 13% (risk ratio (RR) 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 0.94, fixed-effect, six studies)


Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases.

Indeed, zinc has demonstrated potential to improve immune responses, decrease inflammation, and mitigate the risk of age-related conditions including diabetes, depression, cardiovascular disease, and vision loss.


Zinc supplementation boosts the stress response in the elderly: Hsp70 status is linked to zinc availability in peripheral lymphocytes.

Short term zinc supplementation resulted in a marked increase in both basal as well as stress-induced Hsp70 levels in lymphocytes from healthy elderly donors with a higher impact on CD3+ cells.


Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course.

Immune function may be improved by restoring deficient micronutrients to recommended levels, thereby increasing resistance to infection and supporting faster recovery when infected.


Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions.

These trials document that adequate intakes of vitamin C and zinc ameliorate symptoms and shorten the duration of respiratory tract infections including the common cold.


Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality 10 Years after Supplementation with Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 for Four Years: Follow-Up Results of a Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial in Elderly Citizens.

A multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated a reduced cardiovascular mortality risk in the active treatment group (HR: 0.51; 95%CI 0.36-0.74; P = 0.0003).

favorable-cue: "reduced cardiovascular mortality"


Still reduced cardiovascular mortality 12 years after supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for four years: A validation of previous 10-year follow-up results of a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in elderly.

After 12 years a significantly reduced CV mortality could be seen in those supplemented with selenium and coenzyme Q10, with a CV mortality of 28.1% in the active treatment group, and 38.7% in the placebo group.

favorable-cue: "significantly reduced cv mortality"


Levels of sP-selectin and hs-CRP Decrease with Dietary Intervention with Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 Combined: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

CRP and sP-selectin showed significant changes reflecting effects on inflammation and atherosclerosis in those given selenium and coenzyme Q10 combined.


Less fibrosis in elderly subjects supplemented with selenium and coenzyme Q10-A mechanism behind reduced cardiovascular mortality?

Compared with placebo, in those receiving supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10, all biomarkers except ST2 showed significant decreased concentrations in blood.


Recent Developments in the Role of Coenzyme Q10 for Coronary Heart Disease: a Systematic Review.

Current evidence does not support routine use of CoQ10 in patients with coronary heart disease.


Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

In people with HT without THRT, selenium was effective and safe in lowering TSH, TPOAb, and MDA levels. Indications for lowering TPOAb were found independent of THRT.


Selenium Supplementation Significantly Reduces Thyroid Autoantibody Levels in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Selenium supplementation reduced serum TPOAb levels after 3, 6, and 12 months in an LT4-treated AIT population, and after three months in an untreated AIT population. Whether these effects correlate with clinically relevant measures remains to be demonstrated.


Effect of selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and regulatory T cells in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A prospective randomized-controlled trial.

The results showed that SYT treatment significantly decreased TPOAb, TGAb, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, accompanied with the increased Se, GPx3, and SePP1, compared with the control group.


Selenium supplementation for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

The current level of evidence for the efficacy of selenium supplementation in the management of people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis is based on four randomised controlled trials assessed at unclear to high risk of bias; this does not at present allow confident decision making about the use of selenium supplementation for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.


Selenium, Iodine and Iron-Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism.

The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors.


Selenium and endocrine systems.

Well-characterized selenoenzymes are the families of glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), thioredoxin reductases (TRs) and iodothyronine deiodinases (Ds). These selenoenzymes are capable of modifying cell function by acting as antioxidants and modifying redox status and thyroid hormone metabolism.


From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health.

The function of most selenoproteins is currently unknown; however, thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and thyroid hormone deiodinases (DIO) are well characterised selenoproteins involved in redox regulation of intracellular signalling, redox homeostasis and thyroid hormone metabolism.


Effects of L-carnitine administration on left ventricular remodeling after acute anterior myocardial infarction: the L-Carnitine Ecocardiografia Digitalizzata Infarto Miocardico (CEDIM) Trial.

A significant attenuation of left ventricular dilation in the first year after acute myocardial infarction was observed in patients treated with L-carnitine compared with those receiving placebo.


A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnitine in suspected acute myocardial infarction.

At the end of the 28-day treatment period, the mean infarct size assessed by cardiac enzymes showed a significant reduction in the carnitine group compared to placebo.


High doses of L-carnitine in acute myocardial infarction: metabolic and antiarrhythmic effects.

Similar fatty acid accumulation occurs during myocardial ischaemia because of the decreased rate of beta-oxidation, and this has been put forward as a cause of ventricular arrhythmias.


L-carnitine as an adjunct therapy to percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.

In the treatment group, the peak values of creatine kinase-MB were significantly lower than the control group at 12 h and 24 h after PCI (P < 0.01).


l-Carnitine and heart disease.

l-Carnitine facilitates transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, triggering cardioprotective effects through reduced oxidative stress, inflammation and necrosis of cardiac myocytes.

favorable-cue: "reduced oxidative stress"


L-Carnitine prevents the development of ventricular fibrosis and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in hypertensive heart disease.

L-carnitine supplementation attenuates cardiac fibrosis by increasing prostacyclin production through arachidonic acid pathway, and may be a promising therapeutic option for HFpEF.


The propionyl-L-carnitine hypothesis: an alternative approach to treating heart failure.

In a randomized study of 50 patients with mild CHF, PLC increased the maximal exercise time, reduced lactate production, and improved left ventricular ejection fraction.


Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy.

Collectively, CENs have demonstrated favorable clinical effects in CVDs, including chronic heart failure, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and in CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and lipoprotein(a).


Effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress in adult patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review.

Out of the 15 RCTs, nine reported on supplemental antioxidants (i.e., L-carnitine and melatonin), and two reported on dietary antioxidants (Khorasan wheat diet and wine) that were effective at lowering OS (P < 0.05).


L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis failed to confirm the previous findings regarding the effects of l-carnitine on hemoglobin and the erythropoietin dose but showed that l-carnitine significantly decreased serum LDL and CRP.

favorable-cue: "significantly decreased serum ldl"


Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.

Individuals with elevated concentrations of TMAO precursors (l-carnitine, choline, or betaine) had an approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times higher risk for MACE compared to those with low concentrations.


Impact of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Magnesium Glycinate;Mineral Remineralization Drops

The findings of the present umbrella meta-analysis showed an overall decrease of SBP and DBP with magnesium supplementation, particularly at doses of ≥400 mg/day for ≥12 weeks.


The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

there was an apparent dose-dependent effect of magnesium, with reductions of 4.3 mm Hg systolic BP (95% CI 6.3 to 2.2; P < .001) and of 2.3 mm Hg diastolic BP (95% CI 4.9 to 0.0; P = .09) for each 10 mmol/day increase in magnesium dose.


The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure in individuals with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or noncommunicable chronic diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Magnesium supplementation resulted in a mean reduction of 4.18 mm Hg in SBP and 2.27 mm Hg in DBP.


Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials.

the weighted mean post-intervention fasting glucose was significantly lower in the treatment groups compared with the placebo groups [-0.56 mmol/l (95% CI, -1.10 to -0.01); P for heterogeneity = 0.02].


Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease.

As the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium, it is involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism and protein synthesis.


Serum magnesium and the incidence of coronary artery disease over a median 27 years of follow-up in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and a meta-analysis.

Overall, low serum Mg was associated with higher CAD risk after adjustment for demographics, lifestyle factors, and other CAD risk factors than was higher serum Mg (HR Q1 compared with Q5: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.47; P-linear trend <0.001).


Quantitative Association Between Serum/Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease/Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

Increasing dietary magnesium or serum magnesium level is linearly and inversely associated with the risk of total CVD and CHD events.


Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies involving 536,318 participants and 24,516 cases detected a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk [RR] 0.78 [95% CI 0.73-0.84]).


Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.

The overall relative risk for a 100 mg day(-1) increase in magnesium intake was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.92).


Total, Dietary, and Supplemental Magnesium Intakes and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

higher intake of dietary magnesium was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cancer mortality, but not CVD mortality.

favorable-cue: "associated with a reduced"


Oral Magnesium Supplementation for Treating Glucose Metabolism Parameters in People with or at Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials.

Compared with placebo, Mg supplementation reduced fasting plasma glucose in people with diabetes. In people at high risk of diabetes, Mg supplementation significantly improved plasma glucose per se, and after a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test.


The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Profiles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized Clinical Trial.

We could not find any significant difference in anthropometric parameters as well as the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures before and after intervention between the two groups.


Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis.

The median effect of β-alanine supplementation is a 2.85% (-0.37 to 10.49%) improvement in the outcome of an exercise measure, when a median total of 179 g of β-alanine is supplemented.


Effect of Carnosine or β-Alanine Supplementation on Markers of Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Supplementation with carnosine or β-alanine may reduce fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in humans and rodents, and fasting insulin in humans; both compounds show potential as therapeutics to improve glycemic control and insulin resistance.


Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis Provides No Evidence of Intervention Response Variation in Individuals Supplementing With Beta-Alanine.

Analyses showed a group effect of BA supplementation on TTE (7.7, 95% credible interval [CrI] [1.3, 14.3] s) and muscle carnosine (18.1, 95% CrI [14.5, 21.9] mmol/kg DM).


Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review.

Caffeine and high protein supplement with beta-alanine may provide positive effects in the older population.


Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance.

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that chronic beta-alanine supplementation can augment intramuscular carnosine content.


Can the Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation Be Optimized?

Oral beta-alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content although large variation in response to supplementation exists and the amount of ingested beta-alanine converted into muscle carnosine appears to be low.


Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance.

In conclusion, beta-alanine supplementation seems to be a safe nutritional strategy capable of improving high-intensity anaerobic performance.


Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training.

Muscle carnosine content is lower in women, declines with age and is probably lower in vegetarians, whose diets are deprived of beta-alanine.


beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters.

beta-Alanine supplementation significantly increased the carnosine content in both the soleus (+47%) and gastrocnemius (+37%).


Beta-Alanine for Improving Exercise Capacity, Muscle Strength, and Functional Performance of Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

Overall, exercise capacity may be improved following supplementation protocols with dosages ranging from 2.4 to 3.2 g/day. Muscle strength and functional performance do not seem to be improved by beta-alanine since these tasks are not significantly impacted by acidosis buildup.


Beta-alanine (Carnosyn™) supplementation in elderly subjects (60-80 years): effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity.

In summary, the current data indicate for the first time, that beta-alanine supplementation is effective in increasing the muscle carnosine content in healthy elderly subjects, with subsequent improvement in their exercise capacity.


The Top 5 Can't-Miss Sport Supplements.

Beta-alanine, when combined with the amino acid histidine, elevates intramuscular carnosine, which acts as a buffer in skeletal muscles and delays fatigue during high-intensity exercise by neutralizing hydrogen ions.


Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine.

For several pathologies, such as diabetes and its complications, ocular disease, aging, and neurological disorders, promising preclinical and clinical results have been obtained.


Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Aerobic tests could be improved with the use of taurine, caffeine, and beta-alanine.


Two Years of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The findings of this study suggest that supplementation with MK-7 for 2 years may slow calcification in noncalcified plaques of patients with symptomatic CAD. The clinical significance of this finding in terms of plaque stability remains to be determined.


Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial.

In conclusion, long-term use of MK-7 supplements improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women, especially in women having a high arterial stiffness.


Effect of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

Vitamin K supplements provided a beneficial impact in lowering the rate of arterial stiffness progression in chronic hemodialysis patients with diabetes.


Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women.

Post-menopausal women with an increased stiffness benefit most from MK-7 supplementation, with a significantly improved blood pressure.


Vitamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipients-a single-arm, single-center clinical trial.

Supplementation was associated with a 14.2% reduction in mean cfPWV at 8 weeks


Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study.

Intake of menaquinone was also inversely related to all-cause mortality [RR = 0.91 (0.75, 1.09) and 0.74 (0.59, 0.92), respectively] and severe aortic calcification [odds ratio of 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) and 0.48 (0.32, 0.71), respectively].


A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease.

we observed an inverse association between vitamin K(2) and risk of CHD with a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 0.91 [95% CI 0.85-1.00] per 10 microg/d vitamin K(2) intake.


Dietary intake of vitamin K is inversely associated with mortality risk.

An increase in dietary intake of vitamin K is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular, cancer, or all-cause mortality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk.


Cardiovascular Disease Death Before Age 65 in 168 Countries Correlated Statistically with Biometrics, Socioeconomic Status, Tobacco, Gender, Exercise, Macronutrients, and Vitamin K.

Female and male cohorts in countries that have vitamin K2 < 5µg per 2000 kcal/day per capita (n = 70) had about 2.2 times the rate of early CVD deaths as people in countries with > 24 µg/day of vitamin K2 per 2000 kcal/day (n = 72).


Vitamin KDependent Matrix Gla Protein Relating to Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Overall Mortality: A Combined Case Control and Cohort Study.

For people with an AAA, dp-ucMGP was correlated with an increased mortality risk for the highest tertile of dp-ucMGP.


Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The results of this meta-analysis seem to indicate that VK2 supplementation has a positive effect on the maintenance and improvement of BMD LS in postmenopausal women, and it can also reduce the fracture incidence, serum uc-OC levels and the ratio of uc-OC to cOC.


Efficacy and safety of vitamin K2 for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at a long-term follow-up: meta-analysis and systematic review.

Vitamin K2 supplementation is beneficial and safe in the treatment of osteoporosis for postmenopausal women.


The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on bone turnover biochemical markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Vitamin K2 supplementation improves key bone turnover biomarkers, particularly OC and ucOC. These findings support its role in bone metabolism, though further long-term studies are needed to confirm clinical benefits, such as increased bone mineral density.


Vitamin K Supplementation for Prevention of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Are We There Yet?

Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), one the most powerful naturally occurring inhibitors of arterial calcification, requires vitamin K as a co-factor in order to undergo post-translational γ-carboxylation and phosphrorylation and become biologically active.


Vitamin K-dependent proteins involved in bone and cardiovascular health (Review).

Carboxylated matrix Gla protein effectively protects blood vessels and may prevent calcification within the vascular wall.


Effect of carnosine or beta-alanine supplementation therapy for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Our analysis indicated that supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD: -0.53; 95% CI: -0.75 to -0.31; p < 0.00001) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (SMD:-0.36; 95% CI:-0.59 to -0.12; p = 0.003) compared to placebo.

favorable-cue: "significantly reduced fasting blood glucose"


Carnosine supplementation improves glucose control in adults with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial.

Carnosine supplementation decreased blood glucose at 90 min (-1.31 mmol/L; p = 0.02) and 120 min (-1.60 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and total glucose area under the curve (-3.30 mmol/L; p = 0.04) following an oral glucose tolerance test.

favorable-cue: "decreased blood glucose"


Effects of carnosine supplementation on glucose metabolism: Pilot clinical trial.

An increase in fasting insulin and insulin resistance was hampered in individuals receiving carnosine compared to placebo, and this remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and change in body weight (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, respectively).


l-Carnosine supplementation attenuated fasting glucose, triglycerides, advanced glycation end products, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.

A significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (13.1 mg/dL); glycated hemoglobin (.6%); and serum levels of triglycerides (29.8 mg/dL), carboxymethyl lysine (91.8 ng/mL), and tumor necrosis factor-α was detected in the l-carnosine group compared with the placebo group (P<.05).

favorable-cue: "reduction in fasting blood glucose"


The effect of 12 weeks carnosine supplementation on renal functional integrity and oxidative stress in pediatric patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Oral supplementation with L-Carnosine for 12 weeks resulted in a significant improvement of oxidative stress, glycemic control and renal function.


Effect of Oral carnosine supplementation on urinary TGF-β in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial.

Urinary TGF-β significantly decreased with carnosine supplement (- 17.8% of the baseline values), whereas it tended to increase with placebo (+ 16.9% of the baseline values) (between-group difference P < 0.05).


The Effect of Carnosine Supplementation on Musculoskeletal Health in Adults with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Fourteen weeks of carnosine supplementation did not improve muscle strength, body composition, or bone health in adults with prediabetes or T2D.


Carnosine supplementation does not affect serum concentrations of advanced glycation and precursors of lipoxidation end products in autism: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Carnosine supplementation did not significantly alter plasma concentrations of advanced glycation end products and precursors of advanced lipoxidation end products in autistic children.

no-difference-cue: "did not significantly alter"


Carnosine increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and reduces methylglyoxal-modified proteins in type-2 diabetic human skeletal muscle cells.

Treatment with 10 mM carnosine significantly increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in T2D cells (p = 0.047); with no effect in LHC cells. Insulin-stimulation increased MGO-modified proteins in T2D cells by 47%; treatment with carnosine attenuated this increase to 9.7% (p = 0.011).


Effects of thermal denaturation on protein glycation.

Carnosine prevented Glyc-induced AGE formation in both native and denatured AAT suggesting that carnosine's anti-inflammatory activity may be due in part to carnosine's ability to prevent glycation of denatured protein.


Carnosine protects against the inactivation of esterase induced by glycation and a steroid.

Carnosine significantly inhibited the inactivation of esterase induced by all four compounds. Carnosine decreased the extent of the cross-linking. These results provide further evidence for carnosine's role as an anti-glycation compound.


Bacterial processing of glucose modulates C. elegans lifespan and healthspan.

These negative effects are abrogated when the E. coli is not able to process the additional glucose and by the addition of the anti-glycation compound carnosine.


Carnosine Prevents Aβ-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Microglial Cells: A Key Role of TGF-β1.

Carnosine is involved in cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, including the inhibition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation and the scavenging of reactive species.


Mechanistic Integration of Beta-Alanine-Carnosine Buffering and Glutamine Metabolism in Exercise-Induced Muscle-Brain Crosstalk: Implications for Aging, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline.

BA, through its involvement in the biosynthesis of carnosine, augments intracellular buffering capacity and maintains pH stability during metabolic stress scenarios such as exercise and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.


Hydrogen Sulfide and Carnosine: Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Kidney and Brain Axis.

endogenous dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and hydrogen sulfide (HS) exert cytoprotective actions through the modulation of redox-dependent resilience pathways during oxidative stress and inflammation.


Muscle Carnosine Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Humans.

Our data shows that higher carnosine content in human skeletal muscle is positively associated with insulin resistance and fasting metabolic preference for glucose.


Association of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Individuals With and Without Atherosclerosis: Distinguishing Between Particle Concentration, Type, and Content.

However, when assessed together, only apoB was associated (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per 1 SD, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.15-1.40; P < .001). Similarly, only apoB was associated with MI in the secondary prevention cohort.


Evaluating the relationship between circulating lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins with risk of coronary heart disease: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis.

In multivariable MR, only apolipoprotein B (OR 1.92; 95% CI: 1.31-2.81; P < 0.001) retained a robust effect, with the estimate for LDL cholesterol (OR 0.85; 95% CI: 0.57-1.27; P = 0.44) reversing and that of triglycerides (OR 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.23; P = 0.01) becoming weaker.


Discordance among apoB, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides: implications for cardiovascular prevention.

None of the residuals of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or of log triglycerides remained significant when apoB was included in the model.