{"study_key":"nmn_trial","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36482258","doi":"10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00705-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/","title":"The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial.","journal":"GeroScience","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN);NAD⁺ Activation Stack (NMN + Resveratrol + Pterostilbene);All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn;nadstack;stack","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;12;13;17","linked_product_count":7,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily NMN supplementation up to 900 mg is safe and increases NAD levels, physical performance, and subjective health in middle-aged adults, with 600 mg showing the highest efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/nmn_trial.html","research_question":"Can β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation increase NAD concentrations and improve health in middle-aged healthy adults, and what are its safety and efficacy at different doses?","hypothesis":"NMN supplementation will increase NAD concentrations and improve healthspan parameters in humans, similar to findings in animal studies, and will be safe and well-tolerated.","methods":"This was a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. 80 healthy middle-aged adults were randomized to receive daily oral doses of placebo, 300 mg, 600 mg, or 900 mg NMN for 60 days. Blood NAD concentration was the primary outcome, while secondary outcomes included safety, tolerability, physical performance (six-minute walking test), blood biological age, HOMA-IR, and subjective general health (SF-36).","results":"Blood NAD concentrations significantly increased in all NMN-treated groups at days 30 and 60 compared to placebo and baseline, with the highest concentrations in the 600 mg and 900 mg groups. No safety issues were observed, and NMN was well tolerated. Walking distance significantly increased in all NMN groups compared to placebo, with the longest distances in the 600 mg and 900 mg groups. Blood biological age increased in the placebo group but remained unchanged in NMN groups. HOMA-IR showed no significant differences, while SF-36 scores indicated significantly better health in all NMN groups compared to placebo.","conclusion":"NMN supplementation increases blood NAD concentrations and is safe and well tolerated at oral doses up to 900 mg daily in healthy middle-aged adults. Clinical efficacy, including improvements in physical performance and subjective health, appears highest at a dose of 600 mg daily.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"nmn_update","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37619764","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37619764/","title":"The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update.","journal":"Advances in Nutrition","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN);Intracellular NAD⁺ & Longevity Marker Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn;nad_test","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"While NMN shows promise in animal and cell studies for antiaging, human clinical trial data is still largely pending.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/nmn_update.html","research_question":"What are the safety and antiaging effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in human clinical trials?","hypothesis":"NMN supplementation, by increasing NAD concentration, could mitigate aging-related disorders such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory responses in humans, similar to findings in cell and animal models.","methods":"This is a review article summarizing the current progress of human clinical trials investigating NMN supplementation and its effects, along with an overview of NMN/NAD biology.","results":"The review notes that a dozen human clinical trials with NMN supplementation are currently underway. It highlights that in vitro/in vivo studies have demonstrated NMN supplementation increases NAD concentration and could mitigate aging-related disorders.","conclusion":"The review aims to clarify the potential effects of NMN supplementation and suggest future study directions, acknowledging that most existing evidence comes from cell or animal models, with human trial results still emerging.","limitations":"Most studies evaluating the effects of NMN have been conducted in cell or animal models, leading to a concern regarding the safety and physiological effects of NMN supplementation in the human population.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"resv_sirt1","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"25824609","doi":"10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25824609/","title":"Caloric restriction, resveratrol and melatonin: Role of SIRT1 and implications for aging and related-diseases","journal":"Mechanisms of Ageing and Development","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN);NAD⁺ Activation Stack (NMN + Resveratrol + Pterostilbene);Trans-Resveratrol;All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn;nadstack;resveratrol;stack;polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":5,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;6;12;13;17;19","linked_product_count":9,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Caloric restriction, resveratrol, and melatonin may combat aging and age-related diseases by activating sirtuins and scavenging free radicals.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/resv_sirt1.html","research_question":"What roles do caloric restriction, resveratrol, and melatonin play in aging and age-related diseases, particularly concerning sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation?","hypothesis":"Free radicals contribute to aging through oxidative damage, but also modulate signaling pathways like those related to sirtuins. Caloric restriction extends lifespan by inducing sirtuins. Resveratrol and melatonin, both sirtuin activators and free radical scavengers, may offer synergistic benefits for health and longevity.","methods":"This abstract is a review and does not describe specific experimental methods. It synthesizes existing research on caloric restriction, resveratrol, and melatonin.","results":"Caloric restriction extends lifespan and improves healthspan, partly by inducing sirtuins. Resveratrol, a polyphenol, has antioxidant, antifungal, and sirtuin-activating properties. Melatonin, an endogenous free radical scavenger that declines with age, also activates sirtuins and has anti-inflammatory and circadian rhythm regulatory functions. Both melatonin and resveratrol are present in foods and may have synergistic effects.","conclusion":"Caloric restriction, resveratrol, and melatonin are implicated in modulating aging processes, partly through their effects on sirtuins, particularly SIRT1. Their presence in diet and potential synergistic actions suggest they could promote health and longevity.","limitations":"This abstract does not present new experimental data or discuss specific limitations of the reviewed studies. It is a conceptual overview.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"resv_limits","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33271594","doi":"10.1093/advances/nmaa148","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa148","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33271594/","title":"The Potential of Resveratrol to Act as a Caloric Restriction Mimetic Appears to Be Limited: Insights from Studies in Mice","journal":"Advances in Nutrition","year":2021,"primary_compound":"NAD⁺ Activation Stack (NMN + Resveratrol + Pterostilbene)","linked_compounds":"NAD⁺ Activation Stack (NMN + Resveratrol + Pterostilbene);Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"nadstack;resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resveratrol's ability to mimic caloric restriction and provide significant health benefits in mice is largely unproven and inconsistent across studies.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/resv_limits.html","research_question":"Can resveratrol (RSV) mimic the effects of caloric restriction (CR) in mice to counteract age- and obesity-related diseases?","hypothesis":"It has been hypothesized that resveratrol (RSV) may counteract age- and obesity-related diseases similarly to caloric restriction (CR), potentially by activating molecular targets like SIRT1, AMPK, and PPARGC1A.","methods":"The authors conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed (on April 15, 2020) to identify trials that directly compared resveratrol (RSV) application to caloric restriction (CR) feeding in mice.","results":"In most studies identified, mice supplemented with resveratrol (RSV) did not show significant reductions in body weight, glucose, or insulin. Some studies also reported that RSV and caloric restriction (CR) treatments affected molecular targets differently, and findings on their impacts varied between trials. While there might be a moderate effect of RSV on insulin sensitivity, data are inconsistent.","conclusion":"Current evidence does not fully support the use of resveratrol (RSV) to prevent or treat age- or obesity-related diseases, although it may moderately mimic some aspects of caloric restriction (CR) under certain circumstances.","limitations":"The abstract notes that findings on resveratrol's effects vary between trials and that data are inconsistent, indicating a lack of clear, reproducible results across studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"spermidine_cardio","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27841876","doi":"10.1038/nm.4222","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4222","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27841876/","title":"Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine.","journal":"Nature Medicine","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Spermidine supplementation improves heart health and extends lifespan in animal models, and higher dietary intake is linked to better cardiovascular outcomes in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/spermidine_cardio.html","research_question":"Can oral spermidine supplementation extend lifespan and provide cardioprotection in aging mice and rats, and is there a correlation with cardiovascular health in humans?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that oral spermidine supplementation would extend lifespan and exert cardioprotective effects by improving cardiac function and reducing hypertrophy, potentially through mechanisms involving autophagy and titin phosphorylation.","methods":"The study involved oral spermidine supplementation in mice to assess lifespan, cardiac hypertrophy, and diastolic function. Cardiac autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial respiration, and cardiomyocyte mechano-elastical properties were also examined, along with titin phosphorylation and inflammation. Mice lacking Atg5 in cardiomyocytes were used to investigate the role of autophagy. Dahl salt-sensitive rats on a high-salt diet were used to model hypertension-induced congestive heart failure, with spermidine feeding assessed for effects on blood pressure, hypertrophy, and diastolic function. In humans, dietary spermidine levels were assessed via food questionnaires and correlated with blood pressure and cardiovascular disease incidence.","results":"Oral spermidine supplementation extended the lifespan of mice, reduced cardiac hypertrophy, and preserved diastolic function in old mice. It enhanced cardiac autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial respiration, and improved cardiomyocyte mechano-elastical properties, coinciding with increased titin phosphorylation and suppressed subclinical inflammation. Cardioprotection was not observed in mice lacking Atg5 in cardiomyocytes. In Dahl salt-sensitive rats, spermidine feeding reduced systemic blood pressure, increased titin phosphorylation, and prevented cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, delaying heart failure progression. In humans, high dietary spermidine levels correlated with reduced blood pressure and a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease.","conclusion":"Oral spermidine supplementation extends lifespan and provides cardioprotection in mice and rats, likely through mechanisms involving autophagy and titin phosphorylation. Higher dietary spermidine intake in humans is associated with better cardiovascular health.","limitations":"The human data relies on correlations from food questionnaires, which may not establish causality. The study did not specify the exact doses of spermidine used in animal models or the specific dietary intake levels in humans.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"spermidine_autophagy","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"19801973","doi":"10.1038/ncb1975","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1975","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19801973/","title":"Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity.","journal":"Nature Cell Biology","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract);All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Cellular Senescence & Inflammation Panel","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine;stack;senescence","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"7;12","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Spermidine extends lifespan and reduces oxidative stress by triggering autophagy through epigenetic changes in various organisms and human cells.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"extends lifespan\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/spermidine_autophagy.html","research_question":"Does spermidine administration affect the lifespan of various organisms and human cells?","hypothesis":"The study investigates whether spermidine, a natural polyamine, can extend lifespan and inhibit oxidative stress by inducing autophagy.","methods":"Spermidine was administered to yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells to observe its effect on lifespan. Its impact on oxidative stress was assessed in ageing mice. The study also examined the epigenetic effects of spermidine on histone H3 acetylation and the expression of autophagy-related transcripts in yeast, flies, worms, and human cells. The role of autophagy in polyamine-induced longevity was also investigated.","results":"Spermidine administration significantly extended the lifespan of yeast, flies, worms, and human immune cells. It also potently inhibited oxidative stress in ageing mice. In ageing yeast, spermidine treatment inhibited histone acetyltransferases (HAT), leading to epigenetic deacetylation of histone H3, which suppressed oxidative stress and necrosis. Depletion of endogenous polyamines resulted in hyperacetylation, increased reactive oxygen species, early necrotic death, and reduced lifespan. The altered chromatin acetylation status led to significant upregulation of autophagy-related transcripts, inducing autophagy in yeast, flies, worms, and human cells. Enhanced autophagy was found to be crucial for polyamine-induced suppression of necrosis and increased longevity.","conclusion":"Spermidine administration promotes longevity across multiple species and in human cells by inducing autophagy, which is mediated by epigenetic deacetylation of histone H3 and suppression of oxidative stress and necrosis.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"akg_krebs","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24910305","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24910305/","title":"Krebs cycle intermediates regulate DNA and histone methylation: epigenetic impact on the aging process","journal":"Ageing Research Reviews","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)","linked_compounds":"Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG);All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Methylation & MTHFR Genetic Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"akg;stack;methylation","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Krebs cycle intermediates influence DNA and histone methylation, suggesting a link between metabolism, epigenetics, and aging.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/akg_krebs.html","research_question":"How do Krebs cycle intermediates regulate DNA and histone methylation, and what is their epigenetic impact on the aging process?","hypothesis":"Age-related disturbances in Krebs cycle function induce stochastic epigenetic changes in chromatin structures, which promote the aging process.","methods":"This study is a review of existing literature concerning the epigenetic mechanisms by which Krebs cycle intermediates control DNA and histone methylation.","results":"Krebs cycle intermediates can shape the epigenetic landscape of chromatin by regulating DNA and histone methylation. Specifically, 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) is an obligatory substrate for 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDO), which include major enzymes for DNA and histone demethylation (TETs and JmjC demethylases). Conversely, succinate and fumarate, also Krebs cycle intermediates, are potent inhibitors of 2-OGDO enzymes. This balance of Krebs cycle reactions can affect the level of DNA and histone methylation and thus control gene expression.","conclusion":"Krebs cycle intermediates regulate DNA and histone methylation through their involvement with 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Disturbances in Krebs cycle function may lead to epigenetic changes that contribute to the aging process.","limitations":"This is a review article and does not present new experimental data. The proposed link between age-related Krebs cycle disturbances and stochastic epigenetic changes is a hypothesis based on existing evidence.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"akg_human","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34952764","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2021.11.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2021.11.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34952764/","title":"Alpha-Ketoglutarate dietary supplementation to improve health in humans","journal":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)","linked_compounds":"Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG);All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"akg;stack","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Alpha-ketoglutarate shows promise in animal studies for healthspan extension, but more recent human research is needed to confirm its benefits for aging and age-related diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/akg_human.html","research_question":"Can alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) dietary supplementation improve health and treat age-related diseases in humans?","hypothesis":"The pleiotropic functions of AKG, including its roles as an antioxidant and in metabolic, epigenetic, and immune regulation, suggest it may extend human healthspan and treat age-related diseases.","methods":"This is a review article discussing the regulatory role of AKG in aging and its potential therapeutic use in humans. It references past studies in worms, mice, and a few human studies from the 1980s and 1990s.","results":"Recent studies in worms and mice support the concept that AKG may extend healthspan. Older human studies suggested potential benefits of AKG in muscle growth, wound healing, and faster post-surgery recovery. However, there are no recently published human studies demonstrating AKG's role in treating aging and age-related diseases.","conclusion":"While AKG shows promise in animal models and older human studies suggested some benefits, further clinical studies are required to better understand its role in treating aging and age-related diseases in humans.","limitations":"There is a lack of recently published human studies demonstrating the role of AKG in treating aging and age-related diseases.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"berberine","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32353823","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110137","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110137","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353823/","title":"The effect of Berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic review","journal":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Berberine shows promise for obesity prevention and treatment by influencing gut bacteria, glucose, and fat metabolism.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/berberine.html","research_question":"What is the effect of Berberine on weight loss and obesity prevention?","hypothesis":"Berberine may be effective in managing obesity and its related metabolic consequences.","methods":"This systematic review critically overviewed experimental studies (in vitro, human, and animal) that evaluated Berberine's efficacy in obesity management and its metabolic effects.","results":"In preclinical models, Berberine affected gut microbiota (reducing diversity at 100 mg/kg/day), inhibited α-glycosidase (200 mg/kg/day), and decreased adipocyte differentiation (150 mg/kg/day). It also inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis and, when associated with Red Yeast Rice, decreased lipid levels in rats (40-380 mg/kg/day). Human studies confirmed gut microbe modulation (500 mg/day), beneficial impact on cholesterol absorption gene regulation (300 mg/day), and amelioration of glucose accumulation (1.0 g/day).","conclusion":"Berberine demonstrates an impact on obesity treatment and prevention through various mechanisms, including effects on gut microbiota, glucose metabolism, adipocyte differentiation, and lipid levels, as supported by both preclinical and human studies.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the systematic review itself.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"vitd_mortality","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31405892","doi":"10.1136/bmj.l4673","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4673","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31405892/","title":"Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"BMJ","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol);Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients;Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd;organ_support;bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"10;14;77","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce overall mortality but was associated with a 16% reduction in cancer-related deaths.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not reduce\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/vitd_mortality.html","research_question":"Is vitamin D supplementation associated with lower mortality in adults?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to investigate if vitamin D supplementation is associated with lower mortality.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis included 52 randomized controlled trials with 75,454 participants. The trials compared vitamin D supplementation to placebo or no treatment for mortality outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently, and meta-analyses used fixed and random effects models to calculate risk ratios for death.","results":"Vitamin D supplementation was not associated with all-cause mortality (risk ratio 0.98), cardiovascular mortality (0.98), or non-cancer, non-cardiovascular mortality (1.05). However, vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the risk of cancer death (0.84). Subgroup analyses showed all-cause mortality was significantly lower in trials with vitamin D supplementation, but neither vitamin D nor vitamin D alone significantly reduced all-cause mortality.","conclusion":"Vitamin D supplementation alone was not associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality in adults. However, vitamin D supplementation was found to reduce the risk of cancer death by 16%.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study beyond the need for additional large clinical studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"collagen_skin","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30122200","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2018.06.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2018.06.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30122200/","title":"Daily oral supplementation with collagen peptides combined with vitamins improves skin elasticity and has a beneficial effect on joint and general wellbeing","journal":"Nutrition Research","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Collagen Peptides","linked_compounds":"Collagen Peptides","linked_monograph_ids":"collagen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A daily supplement with collagen peptides and other nutrients improved skin elasticity and joint health in a 90-day study.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/collagen_skin.html","research_question":"Can daily oral supplementation with a liquid nutraceutical containing hydrolyzed fish collagen, vitamins, antioxidants, and other active ingredients improve skin texture and elasticity, and protect joint health?","hypothesis":"Daily oral supplementation with a liquid nutraceutical containing hydrolyzed fish collagen, vitamins, antioxidants, and other active ingredients could improve skin texture and elasticity, and have a protective effect on joint health.","methods":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted over 90 days. 120 subjects were randomized to consume either the test product or a placebo daily. Skin elasticity was measured, and histological analysis of skin biopsies was performed. Self-perception questionnaires were used to assess skin hydration, elasticity, joint pain, and joint mobility.","results":"Subjects consuming the test product showed a significant increase in skin elasticity (+40%) compared to placebo. Histological analysis revealed positive changes in skin architecture, including reduced solar elastosis and improved collagen fiber organization. Self-perception questionnaires confirmed subjects' perceptions of more hydrated and elastic skin. The test product also reduced joint pain by -43% and improved joint mobility by +39%.","conclusion":"Oral supplementation with collagen bioactive peptides combined with chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine, L-carnitine, vitamins, and minerals significantly improved clinical parameters related to skin aging and joint health.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"collagen_review","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37064452","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14961","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14961","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37064452/","title":"Collagen supplementation in skin and orthopedic diseases: A review of the literature","journal":"Heliyon","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Collagen Peptides","linked_compounds":"Collagen Peptides","linked_monograph_ids":"collagen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Collagen supplementation may improve skin elasticity and hydration, reduce wrinkles, and enhance bone and joint health.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/collagen_review.html","research_question":"What are the beneficial effects of collagen consumption in the treatment of skin and orthopedic diseases?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that collagen supplementation would show beneficial effects on skin and orthopedic health.","methods":"This study was a literature review, synthesizing existing scientific evidence on the effects of collagen consumption.","results":"Collagen supplementation was found to decrease wrinkle formation, increase skin elasticity, hydration, and collagen content, density, and synthesis. For orthopedic health, it increased bone strength, density, and mass, improved joint stiffness/mobility and functionality, and reduced pain.","conclusion":"Collagen supplementation demonstrates potential benefits for both skin and orthopedic health, addressing aging-related damage and issues from physical activity.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the review itself or the body of literature it synthesized.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"glutathione_glynac","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35975308","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glac135","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glac135","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35975308/","title":"Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial","journal":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A","year":2022,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients;Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend;Glutathione;Cellular Senescence & Inflammation Panel;Glycan-Based Inflammatory Age Testing;At-Home Food & Allergen Testing;Glycine Powder;GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;organ_support;polyphenol;glutathione;senescence;glycan;allergen;p125;glynac","linked_monograph_count":9,"linked_product_ids":"12;14;19;20;79;125;198","linked_product_count":7,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GlyNAC supplementation in older adults can improve several age-related health issues, including glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, and physical function.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/glutathione_glynac.html","research_question":"Can GlyNAC supplementation improve glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, physical function, and aging hallmarks in older adults?","hypothesis":"Supplementing GlyNAC in older adults will improve glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, physical function, and aging hallmarks, similar to observations in aged mice.","methods":"A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted with 24 older adults (OA) and 12 young adults (YA). OA were randomized to receive either GlyNAC (N=12) or an isonitrogenous alanine placebo (N=12) for 16 weeks. YA (N=12) received GlyNAC for 2 weeks. Participants were assessed before, after 2 weeks, and after 16 weeks for GSH concentrations, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, inflammation, insulin resistance, physical function, and aging hallmarks.","results":"Compared to young adults, older adults exhibited glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, multiple aging hallmarks, and impaired physical function. GlyNAC supplementation in older adults, but not placebo, improved or corrected these observed defects.","conclusion":"GlyNAC supplementation for 16 weeks in older adults was safe, well-tolerated, and effectively improved and reversed multiple age-associated abnormalities, suggesting it can promote health in aging humans.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"telomere_mortality","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30254001","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2018.09.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2018.09.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30254001/","title":"Telomere Length and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis","journal":"Ageing Research Reviews","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Telomere Support","linked_compounds":"Telomere Support;Epigenetic Age (DNA-Methylation Clock) Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"telomere;epigenetic","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Shorter telomere length is linked to a higher risk of death from all causes, though the strength of this link varies with age and measurement methods.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/telomere_mortality.html","research_question":"Is there an association between telomere length and all-cause mortality?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that shorter telomere length is associated with increased all-cause mortality risk, given the known association of telomere attrition with age-related diseases.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted using 25 cohort studies, including four unpublished cohorts from the Swedish Twin Registry (STR) and 21 published studies. The analysis included 12,083 individuals with 2517 deaths from STR studies and a total of 121,749 individuals with 21,763 deaths across all eligible studies. The association between telomere length and all-cause mortality risk was assessed, including stratified analyses by age.","results":"In STR studies, a one standard deviation decrement in leukocyte telomere length corresponded to a 13% increased all-cause mortality risk. Individuals in the shortest telomere length quarter had a 44% higher hazard than those in the longest quarter. Across all eligible studies, a one standard deviation telomere length decrement was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.09. Individuals in the shortest telomere length quarter had a 26% higher hazard compared to the longest quarter. The hazard ratio was smaller in individuals over 80 years old.","conclusion":"Short telomeres are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in the general population. However, heterogeneity in effect estimation was observed, which may be influenced by telomere length measurement techniques and age at measurement.","limitations":"The study noted between-study heterogeneity in the meta-analysis, and suggested that telomere length measurement techniques and age at measurement contribute to this heterogeneity.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"epigenetic_clock","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29676998","doi":"10.18632/aging.101414","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101414","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29676998/","title":"An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan","journal":"Aging","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Epigenetic Age (DNA-Methylation Clock) Testing","linked_compounds":"Epigenetic Age (DNA-Methylation Clock) Testing;Comprehensive Blood-Biomarker Testing;Intracellular NAD⁺ & Longevity Marker Testing;Methylation & MTHFR Genetic Testing;Optical Biomarker Scanning","linked_monograph_ids":"epigenetic;biomarkers;nad_test;methylation;optical","linked_monograph_count":5,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A new epigenetic biomarker, DNAm PhenoAge, is a more accurate predictor of various aging-related health outcomes than previous methods.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/epigenetic_clock.html","research_question":"Can a new epigenetic biomarker of aging, developed using composite clinical measures of phenotypic age, more accurately predict lifespan and healthspan outcomes compared to existing biomarkers?","hypothesis":"Incorporating composite clinical measures of phenotypic age, which capture differences in lifespan and healthspan, will identify novel CpGs and lead to a more powerful epigenetic biomarker of aging than those developed using chronological age alone.","methods":"The researchers developed a new epigenetic biomarker, DNAm PhenoAge, using an innovative two-step process. This biomarker was developed using data from whole blood. They then tested its correlation with age in various tissues and cells and performed an in-depth transcriptional analysis in sorted cells to understand associated pathways.","results":"DNAm PhenoAge strongly outperformed previous measures in predicting various aging outcomes, including all-cause mortality, cancers, healthspan, physical functioning, and Alzheimer's disease. This biomarker correlated strongly with age in every tissue and cell tested. Increased epigenetic age relative to chronological age was associated with increased activation of pro-inflammatory and interferon pathways, and decreased activation of transcriptional/translational machinery, DNA damage response, and mitochondrial signatures.","conclusion":"DNAm PhenoAge is a single epigenetic biomarker of aging that effectively captures risks for diverse outcomes across multiple tissues and cells and provides insights into important aging pathways.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"microbiome_aging","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28109835","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28109835/","title":"Gut microbiota: A player in aging and a target for anti-aging intervention","journal":"Ageing Research Reviews","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Glycan-Based Inflammatory Age Testing","linked_compounds":"Glycan-Based Inflammatory Age Testing;Gut Microbiome Testing;AI Nutrition Tracking;At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"glycan;microbiome;nutrition;allergen","linked_monograph_count":4,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Changes in gut bacteria are linked to aging, and modifying these bacteria through diet, probiotics, or fecal transplants may offer anti-aging benefits.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/microbiome_aging.html","research_question":"What role does gut microbiota play in aging, and what is the therapeutic potential of microbiome-targeted interventions for anti-aging?","hypothesis":"The abstract suggests that age-related changes in gut microbiota contribute to aging processes, and that interventions targeting the microbiota could favorably affect host health and aging.","methods":"This is a review article summarizing recent research findings on the role of gut microbiota in aging processes and the therapeutic potential of microbiome-targeted interventions.","results":"Aging is associated with alterations in gut microbiota composition, diversity, and function, potentially due to immunosenescence and inflammaging. Microbiota-targeted dietary and probiotic interventions have been shown to enhance antioxidant activity, improve immune homeostasis, suppress chronic inflammation, regulate fat deposition and metabolism, and prevent insulin resistance. Fecal microbiota transplantation has also demonstrated high effectiveness and safety in preventing and treating age-related conditions like atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and Parkinson's disease.","conclusion":"Gut microbiota plays a significant role in aging processes, and microbiome-targeted interventions, including dietary changes, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, hold therapeutic potential for anti-aging medicine and the management of age-related pathologies.","limitations":"As a review, this abstract does not present new experimental data or specific study limitations beyond what might be inherent in the reviewed literature. It summarizes existing findings without detailing the limitations of individual studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"cgm","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36231598","doi":"10.3390/ijerph191912296","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912296","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36231598/","title":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Physical Activity","journal":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM);At-Home Urine Analysis;AI Nutrition Tracking","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm;urine;nutrition","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Continuous glucose monitoring helps people with diabetes manage blood sugar during physical activity and prevents low blood sugar events.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/cgm.html","research_question":"What are the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for people with diabetes, particularly in relation to physical activity, and what are the guidelines for its use?","hypothesis":"The authors hypothesize that CGM use can enhance the benefits of physical activity for people with type 2 diabetes and help prevent adverse events like hypoglycemia.","methods":"This is a narrative review that synthesizes existing information to provide recommendations and an overview of guidelines regarding CGM use and physical activity for people with diabetes.","results":"The review notes that CGM use offers benefits such as increased time in range (TIR), optimized therapy, and improved documentation for diabetes management. For people with type 2 diabetes, physical activity improves glycemic control, glycemic variability, and reduces insulin resistance. The benefits of CGM are further increased when combined with physical activity, as CGM can help prevent adverse events like hypoglycemic events and nocturnal hypoglycemia after exercise.","conclusion":"CGM is a helpful tool for people with diabetes engaging in physical activity, as it can enhance the benefits of exercise and prevent adverse glycemic events.","limitations":"This is a narrative review, which synthesizes existing literature rather than presenting new experimental data. Specific quantitative data or direct comparisons are not provided.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"hrv","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38288511","doi":"10.1111/anec.13094","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.13094","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38288511/","title":"The impact of visit-to-visit heart rate variability on all-cause mortality","journal":"Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Comprehensive Blood-Biomarker Testing","linked_compounds":"Comprehensive Blood-Biomarker Testing;Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery);Heart-Rate-Variability & Autonomic Tools;Neurofeedback & Stress-Resilience Devices;Optical Biomarker Scanning;Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"biomarkers;wearable;hrv;meditation;optical;bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":6,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68;77","linked_product_count":9,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both very low and very high heart rate variability between doctor visits are linked to a higher risk of death in people with atrial fibrillation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/hrv.html","research_question":"What is the association between visit-to-visit heart rate variability (VVHRV) and all-cause mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)?","hypothesis":"The relationship between VVHRV and the prognosis of AF is uncertain, but previous studies suggest a correlation between VVHRV and adverse outcomes.","methods":"The study examined 3983 participants with AF from the AFFIRM study. VVHRV was measured using the standard deviation of heart rate (HRSD), and patients were divided into four quartiles based on HRSD. Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios for all-cause mortality.","results":"During an average follow-up of 3.5 years, 621 participants died. Both the lowest and highest quartiles of HRSD independently predicted an increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to the second and third quartiles, showing a U-shaped relationship. Specifically, the 1st quartile had hazard ratios of 2.28 (vs 2nd) and 2.23 (vs 3rd), while the 4th quartile had hazard ratios of 1.82 (vs 2nd) and 1.78 (vs 3rd).","conclusion":"In patients with AF, both lower and higher visit-to-visit heart rate variability are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, forming a U-shaped curve.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"sauna","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"25705824","doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25705824/","title":"Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events","journal":"JAMA Internal Medicine","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light)","linked_compounds":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light);Infrared & Traditional Saunas;Cold Plunge & Ice-Bath Systems","linked_monograph_ids":"contrast;sauna;cold","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"More frequent and longer sauna bathing sessions are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in middle-aged men.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a reduced\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/sauna.html","research_question":"What is the association between the frequency and duration of sauna bathing and the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), fatal coronary heart disease (CHD), fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality?","hypothesis":"The study aims to investigate the association of sauna bathing with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, as this relationship is currently unknown despite sauna bathing being linked to better hemodynamic function.","methods":"This was a prospective cohort study (Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study) involving 2315 middle-aged men (42-60 years) from Eastern Finland. Baseline examinations were conducted from March 1, 1984, through December 31, 1989, and the frequency and duration of sauna bathing were assessed at baseline. Participants were followed for a median of 20.7 years.","results":"During the follow-up, there were 190 SCDs, 281 fatal CHDs, 407 fatal CVDs, and 929 all-cause mortality events. Men who had 4 to 7 sauna sessions per week had a hazard ratio of 0.37 for SCD compared to those with 1 session per week, and similar inverse associations were found for CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality. For duration, sessions lasting more than 19 minutes had a hazard ratio of 0.48 for SCD compared to sessions less than 11 minutes, with similar findings for fatal CHDs and fatal CVDs, but not for all-cause mortality.","conclusion":"Increased frequency of sauna bathing is associated with a reduced risk of sudden cardiac death, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. Longer duration of sauna bathing is also associated with reduced risks of SCD, fatal CHD, and fatal CVD.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study. It does suggest that further studies are warranted to establish the potential mechanism linking sauna bathing and cardiovascular health.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"cold","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27704555","doi":"10.1113/JP272881","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272881","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27704555/","title":"The effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on inflammation and cell stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise","journal":"The Journal of Physiology","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light)","linked_compounds":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light);Cold Plunge & Ice-Bath Systems","linked_monograph_ids":"contrast;cold","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cold water immersion is not superior to active recovery for reducing muscle inflammation and stress after resistance exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"not more effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/cold.html","research_question":"Does cold water immersion reduce inflammation and cellular stress in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise more effectively than active recovery?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly tests the common assumption that cold water immersion reduces inflammation in skeletal muscle.","methods":"Nine active men performed unilateral lower-body resistance exercise on two separate days. After exercise, they either immersed their lower body in 10°C cold water for 10 minutes or cycled at a low intensity for 10 minutes (active recovery). Muscle biopsies were collected before, 2, 24, and 48 hours after exercise to assess inflammatory cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophins, and heat shock proteins.","results":"Exercise increased intramuscular neutrophil and macrophage counts, MAC1 and CD163 mRNA expression, and the mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, TNF, IL6, CCL2, CCL4, CXCL2, IL8, LIF). Neurotrophin expression (NGF and GDNF mRNA) also increased, and cytosolic αB-crystallin and HSP70 protein content decreased, with corresponding increases in cytoskeletal αB-crystallin and type II fiber staining. However, there were no significant differences in these inflammatory and stress responses between the cold water immersion and active recovery treatments.","conclusion":"Cold water immersion is not more effective than active recovery in minimizing inflammatory and cellular stress responses in human skeletal muscle after resistance exercise.","limitations":"The study involved a small sample size of nine active men, and the findings may not be generalizable to other populations or exercise types.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pbm","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28748217","doi":"10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28748217/","title":"Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation.","journal":"AIMS Biophysics","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light)","linked_compounds":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light);Photobiomodulation (Red & Near-Infrared Light);Red-Light Skin Therapy","linked_monograph_ids":"contrast;pbm;redlight_skin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Photobiomodulation uses red and near-infrared light to reduce inflammation by influencing cellular processes like energy production, antioxidant defenses, and gene expression.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduces inflammation\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/pbm.html","research_question":"What are the mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation (PBM)?","hypothesis":"The abstract does not explicitly state a hypothesis, but rather reviews the known mechanisms and applications of PBM's anti-inflammatory effects.","methods":"This is a review article summarizing existing research on the mechanisms and applications of photobiomodulation (PBM). It discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary effects of light absorption, as well as observed outcomes in various cell types and animal models.","results":"PBM's primary chromophores are cytochrome c oxidase and calcium ion channels. Secondary effects include increased ATP, a brief burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased nitric oxide, and modulated calcium levels. Tertiary effects involve activation of transcription factors, leading to improved cell survival, proliferation, migration, and new protein synthesis. PBM exhibits a biphasic dose response, with low light levels stimulating and high levels inhibiting. PBM can produce ROS in normal cells but lowers ROS in oxidatively stressed cells and disease models, up-regulating anti-oxidant defenses. It activates NF-kB in normal cells but decreases inflammatory markers in activated inflammatory cells. PBM reduces inflammation in joints, traumatic injuries, lung disorders, and the brain, and has been shown to reduce M1 phenotype markers in activated macrophages, as well as reactive nitrogen species and prostaglandins in animal models.","conclusion":"Photobiomodulation (PBM) effectively reduces inflammation through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of mitochondrial activity, calcium levels, reactive oxygen species, and transcription factors. Its anti-inflammatory effects are reproducible across various tissues and disease models, making it a promising therapeutic approach for inflammatory disorders.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the research reviewed or PBM itself, as it is a summary of known mechanisms and applications.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bluelight","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30311830","doi":"10.1080/07420528.2018.1527773","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2018.1527773","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30311830/","title":"Systematic review of light exposure impact on human circadian rhythm.","journal":"Chronobiology International","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Sleep Optimization & Circadian Systems","linked_compounds":"Sleep Optimization & Circadian Systems;Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"sleep_circadian;bluelight","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Even low levels of various light types, especially blue and violet light, can rapidly disrupt human circadian rhythms and melatonin production, informing future light pollution assessments.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/bluelight.html","research_question":"What is the impact of light exposure on human circadian rhythm, and how can this information be used to develop an evaluation method for light pollution in life cycle assessment (LCA)?","hypothesis":"Mistimed light exposure disrupts the human circadian rhythm, potentially leading to health impacts, and a systematic review is needed to synthesize existing research to inform light pollution evaluation in LCA.","methods":"A systematic literature search was conducted using the concepts 'light' and 'circadian rhythm,' with additional terms 'melatonin' and 'rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep.' The search yielded 128 articles. Data was collected and analyzed from these articles, with a focus on melatonin secretion (122 articles) and REM sleep (13 articles). Studies were categorized by light exposure type (specific vs. prevailing conditions). Quality criteria for further synthesis included a minimum sample size of 20 subjects and detailed light exposure information (spectrum/wavelength, illuminance/irradiance/photon density). This resulted in 13 qualified studies on melatonin and 2 on REM sleep for further analysis.","results":"A two-hour exposure to blue light (460 nm) in the evening suppressed melatonin, with the maximum suppression occurring at the shortest wavelengths (424 nm, violet). Melatonin concentration recovered within 15 minutes after light cessation. Melatonin secretion and suppression decreased with age, but light-induced circadian phase advance was not impaired by age. Light exposure in the evening, at night, and in the morning affected the circadian phase of melatonin levels. Even long wavelengths (631 nm, red) and intermittent light exposures induced circadian resetting, and low light levels (5-10 lux) at night with eyes closed also induced a circadian response.","conclusion":"Light exposure significantly impacts human circadian rhythm, with blue and violet light being particularly effective at suppressing melatonin. The effects are rapid and can occur even with long wavelengths, intermittent exposure, and low light levels during sleep. This review provides a basis for developing an evaluation method for light pollution in life cycle assessment concerning human circadian impacts.","limitations":"Many studies had small sample sizes (39 out of 128 studies had 10 or fewer subjects). The review focused primarily on adults in their twenties or thirties, with very few studies on children and elderly adults. The variety of methods used in individual experimental studies, including definitions of light exposure and outcomes, posed a challenge for synthesis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"airpollution","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36174399","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104282","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104282","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36174399/","title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is a risk factor for trajectory of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: A prospective study in the UK Biobank.","journal":"EBioMedicine","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Long-term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases, progressing to multimorbidity, and all-cause mortality, especially in certain vulnerable groups.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/airpollution.html","research_question":"Does long-term exposure to ambient air pollution affect the onset, progression, and prognosis of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM)?","hypothesis":"The study aims to investigate the association between air pollution and the trajectory of CMM, as this has not been previously studied.","methods":"This prospective analysis used data from the UK Biobank cohort, including 410,494 middle- and old-age participants. CMM was defined as the presence of at least two cardiometabolic diseases (type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease, or stroke). A multi-state model was used to analyze the association between air pollution and the trajectory of CMM.","results":"During a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 56,877 participants developed a first cardiometabolic disease (FCMD), 8,616 developed CMM, and 22,423 died. Per interquartile range increase of fine particulate matter, the risks of transitioning from baseline to FCMD, FCMD to CMM, and baseline to all-cause mortality increased by 3%, 3%, and 5% respectively. The risk of transitioning from FCMD to all-cause mortality increased by 2%. For nitrogen dioxide, the corresponding increases were 3%, 6%, 4%, and 6%. Older participants, males, and individuals with excessive alcohol drinking and lower economic levels were more susceptible to these risks.","conclusion":"Exposure to air pollution may play a significant role in nearly all transition phases of CMM development. Clean air could serve as an upstream strategy to reduce both the initiation and progression of CMM, particularly in vulnerable populations.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"water_metals","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28643849","doi":"10.1002/jcb.26234","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28643849/","title":"Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences.","journal":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Drinking water contaminated with heavy metals is a widespread problem causing significant health issues globally.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/water_metals.html","research_question":"What is the global prevalence of heavy metal contamination in drinking water and its associated health hazards?","hypothesis":"The abstract does not explicitly state a hypothesis, but it implies that heavy metal contamination in drinking water is a significant health concern leading to various adverse health outcomes.","methods":"This article is a review that discusses the global contamination of drinking water with heavy metals, assesses associated health hazards, reviews the relationship between exposure limits and responses, and discusses acute and chronic poisoning symptoms and mechanisms.","results":"Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, zinc, and lead are present in drinking water above recommended limits. The predominant source of human exposure is contaminated drinking water, leading to health issues including cardiovascular disorders, neuronal damage, renal injuries, and increased risk of cancer and diabetes. The general mechanism of toxicity involves the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage.","conclusion":"Consumption of heavy metal-contaminated water contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates globally due to the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative damage, leading to various adverse health effects.","limitations":"As a review article, this study synthesizes existing information and does not present new experimental data or specific quantitative findings on prevalence or health impacts.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"redlight_skin","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24286286","doi":"10.1089/pho.2013.3616","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2013.3616","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24286286/","title":"A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase.","journal":"Photomedicine and Laser Surgery","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Photobiomodulation (Red & Near-Infrared Light)","linked_compounds":"Photobiomodulation (Red & Near-Infrared Light);Red-Light Skin Therapy","linked_monograph_ids":"pbm;redlight_skin","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Red and near-infrared polychromatic light treatment can improve skin complexion, feeling, roughness, and collagen density, but a broader spectrum did not offer additional benefits over red light alone.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/redlight_skin.html","research_question":"Does polychromatic red and near-infrared light treatment improve skin feeling, appearance, and intradermal collagen density compared to controls?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that polychromatic light, covering a broader spectral region, would be favorable for skin rejuvenation and repair compared to narrower bandwidth light sources.","methods":"This was a prospective, randomized, and controlled study with 136 volunteers. 113 subjects were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, receiving either 611-650 nm or 570-850 nm polychromatic light twice a week for 30 sessions, normalized to approximately 9 J/cm² in the 611-650 nm range. These groups were compared to 23 controls. Data collected included blinded evaluations of clinical photography, ultrasonographic collagen density measurements, computerized digital profilometry, and patient satisfaction.","results":"Treated subjects showed significantly improved skin complexion, skin feeling, skin roughness (assessed profilometrically), and ultrasonographically measured collagen density. Blinded clinical evaluation of photographs confirmed significant improvement in the intervention groups compared to the control group. Broadband polychromatic PBM did not show an advantage over the red-light-only spectrum.","conclusion":"Both novel polychromatic light sources demonstrated efficacy and safety for skin rejuvenation and increasing intradermal collagen when compared with controls. However, broadband polychromatic PBM did not offer an advantage over the red-light-only spectrum.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"sleep_mortality","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30058510","doi":"10.1017/S2045796018000379","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000379","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30058510/","title":"Sleep duration and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Sleep Optimization & Circadian Systems","linked_compounds":"Sleep Optimization & Circadian Systems;Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting;Nasal-Breathing Sleep Tape;Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery);Neurofeedback & Stress-Resilience Devices","linked_monograph_ids":"sleep_circadian;bluelight;nasal;wearable;meditation","linked_monograph_count":5,"linked_product_ids":"58;61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":9,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sleeping more than 9 hours per night is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, but this might be due to underlying health issues.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher all-cause mortality\" | no-difference-cue: \"no significant association\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/sleep_mortality.html","research_question":"What is the association between sleep duration and the risk of all-cause mortality in adults?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to determine the association between sleep duration and all-cause mortality, with planned comparisons of sleep durations less than 7 hours and greater than 9 hours against a reference of 7-9 hours.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies were conducted using MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and LILACS databases, along with other databases and unpublished literature. The risk of bias was assessed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration's tool. A random effects analysis was performed, with all-cause mortality as the primary outcome and risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence intervals as the effect measure. Comparisons were made between <7 hours of sleep versus 7-9 hours, and >9 hours of sleep versus 7-9 hours.","results":"Thirty-nine studies were included in the qualitative analysis. For quantitative analysis, 19 studies compared <7 hours of sleep to 7-9 hours, and 18 studies compared >9 hours to 7-9 hours. Most studies showed a low risk of bias. The overall risk difference for all-cause mortality was 0.09 (95% CI 0.07-0.11) when comparing the >9 hours group to the 7-9 hours reference, favoring the reference group. No significant difference was found between the <7 hours group and the 7-9 hours reference group (RD 0.00, 95% CI 0.00-0.01).","conclusion":"There is a probable association between long sleep duration (>9 hours) and higher all-cause mortality. However, no significant association was found for short sleep duration (<7 hours) compared to the 7-9 hour reference.","limitations":"The observed association between long sleep duration and higher mortality might reflect underlying systemic or neurological diseases that cause sleep fragmentation, deterioration in quality, and micro-awakenings, rather than long sleep duration itself being a direct cause.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s101","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30279143","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30279143/","title":"Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan.","journal":"EBioMedicine","year":2018,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;p101","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"12;101","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fisetin, a natural flavonoid, acts as a potent senolytic in mice and human tissues, reducing age-related pathology and extending lifespan when administered late in life.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s101.html","research_question":"Can flavonoids be identified that have more potent senolytic activity than previously known combinations, and can these extend health and lifespan?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that certain flavonoid polyphenols would exhibit potent senolytic activity, potentially surpassing existing treatments, and that this activity could translate into improved health and extended lifespan in animal models.","methods":"A panel of 10 flavonoid polyphenols was screened for senolytic activity using senescent murine and human fibroblasts. The most potent flavonoid, fisetin, was then tested in mice modeling a progeroid syndrome and in aged wild-type mice to assess its effects on senescence markers, age-related histopathology, disease markers, health span, and lifespan. Human adipose tissue explants were also used to evaluate the translatability of the results.","results":"Fisetin was identified as the most potent senolytic among the 10 flavonoids tested. Acute or intermittent treatment with fisetin reduced senescence markers in multiple tissues in progeroid and old mice, indicating a 'hit-and-run' senolytic mechanism. Fisetin also reduced senescence in specific cell types within murine and human adipose tissue. In wild-type mice, late-life administration of fisetin restored tissue homeostasis, reduced age-related pathology, and extended both median and maximum lifespan.","conclusion":"The natural product fisetin possesses senotherapeutic activity in mice and human tissues. Intervention with fisetin late in life was sufficient to provide significant health benefits, suggesting its potential for translation into human clinical studies.","limitations":"The study primarily used mouse models and human tissue explants, which may not fully reflect the complexity of human aging and disease. The specific mechanisms of fisetin's cell-type specificity were not fully elucidated.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s102","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35584623","doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100633","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35584623/","title":"Urolithin A improves muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in a randomized trial in middle-aged adults.","journal":"Cell Rep Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure);Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p102;p110","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"102;110","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urolithin A supplementation improved muscle strength and exercise performance in middle-aged adults, along with markers of mitochondrial health.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s102.html","research_question":"Can Urolithin A improve muscle strength, exercise performance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial health in middle-aged adults?","hypothesis":"Targeting mitophagy to activate the recycling of faulty mitochondria during aging with Urolithin A will mitigate muscle decline.","methods":"This was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial where middle-aged adults received either Urolithin A (Mitopure) at two different doses or a placebo for 4 months. The study assessed muscle strength, aerobic endurance (peak oxygen consumption), physical performance (6-minute walk test), peak power output, plasma acylcarnitines, C-reactive proteins, and expression of proteins linked to mitophagy and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle.","results":"Urolithin A intake led to significant improvements in muscle strength (approximately 12%). Clinically meaningful improvements were observed in aerobic endurance (peak oxygen consumption) and physical performance (6-minute walk test). However, there was no significant improvement in peak power output. Plasma acylcarnitines and C-reactive proteins were significantly lower with Urolithin A, and there was a significant increase in the expression of proteins linked to mitophagy and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle.","conclusion":"Urolithin A improves muscle performance, muscle strength, aerobic endurance, and physical performance, and positively impacts biomarkers of mitochondrial health and inflammation in middle-aged adults.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s103","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39929977","doi":"10.1038/s41564-025-01932-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-025-01932-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39929977/","title":"Evidence: sulforaphane reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis","journal":"Nat Microbiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Broccoli sprout extract did not significantly lower fasting blood glucose in all prediabetic individuals, but a subgroup with specific characteristics showed a more positive response linked to gut microbiota.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not meet\" | favorable-cue: \"reduction in fasting blood glucose\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s103.html","research_question":"Can sulforaphane, delivered as a broccoli sprout extract (BSE), reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis and improve fasting blood glucose in individuals with prediabetes?","hypothesis":"Sulforaphane, provided as a broccoli sprout extract, will reduce fasting blood glucose in individuals with prediabetes.","methods":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with drug-naive individuals with prediabetes. Participants received either BSE (n=35) or placebo (n=39) once daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was a 0.3 mmol/l reduction in fasting blood glucose compared to placebo from baseline to week 12. Gastrointestinal side effects were monitored.","results":"BSE did not meet the prespecified primary outcome of a 0.3 mmol/l reduction. The overall effect in individuals with prediabetes was a 0.2 mmol/l reduction in fasting blood glucose. Exploratory analyses identified a subgroup of individuals with mild obesity, low insulin resistance, and reduced insulin secretion who had a 0.4 mmol/l reduction. Gut microbiota analysis showed responders had a different gut microbiota composition, with a higher abundance of a Bacteroides-encoded transcriptional regulator linked to sulforaphane activation and serum concentration.","conclusion":"While BSE did not meet its primary endpoint for the overall prediabetes population, a subgroup of individuals with specific pathophysiological and gut microbiota characteristics showed a more pronounced reduction in fasting blood glucose. This suggests a combined influence of host pathophysiology and gut microbiota on the metabolic response to sulforaphane.","limitations":"The primary outcome was not met for the overall study population. The findings regarding subgroups and gut microbiota are based on exploratory analyses and require confirmation in future trials.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s104","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34378053","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaa114","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa114","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34378053/","title":"Evidence: lowers CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2021,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Curcumin supplementation can reduce several markers of inflammation in humans, but more research is needed to determine optimal usage.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s104.html","research_question":"Does curcumin supplementation effectively reduce systemic inflammatory mediators in humans?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that curcumin, a known anti-inflammatory agent in preclinical research, will demonstrate efficacy in reducing systemic inflammatory mediators in humans.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis searched Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials from 1980 to May 2019. Eligible studies investigated dietary curcumin's effects on inflammatory mediators in humans not receiving anti-inflammatory treatment. Two authors independently screened articles, and evidence quality was appraised using the Quality Criteria Checklist for Primary Research. Thirty-two trials were included, and 28 were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model.","results":"Pooled data from 28 meta-analyzed trials (N = 2,038 participants) showed that curcumin supplementation significantly reduced C-reactive protein (-1.55 mg/L), interleukin-6 (-1.69 pg/mL), tumor necrosis factor \" (-3.13 pg/mL), IL-8 (-0.54 pg/mL), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (-2.48 pg/mL). It also increased IL-10 (0.49 pg/mL), but had no effect on intracellular adhesion molecule-1.","conclusion":"Curcumin supplementation demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by reducing several systemic inflammatory mediators and increasing IL-10. Further research is needed to optimize dose, duration, and formulation for chronic inflammation in humans.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the review, but it does highlight that clinical evidence for curcumin remains inconclusive due to discrepancies regarding optimal dosage, duration, and formulation, suggesting these are areas needing further clarification.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s105","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35948195","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101350","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101350","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35948195/","title":"Evidence: lowers systolic/diastolic blood pressure","journal":"Curr Probl Cardiol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quercetin supplementation can lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure depending on the individual's blood pressure status.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreases blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s105.html","research_question":"Does quercetin supplementation affect systolic and diastolic blood pressure?","hypothesis":"The meta-analysis aimed to summarize data on quercetin's impact on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) to clarify its effects.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted by searching Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for randomized controlled trials assessing quercetin's impact on blood pressure until May 2022. A random-effects model was used for data analysis, and subgroup analysis explored effects in (pre)hypertensive and normotensive adults. Ten trials with 841 participants were included.","results":"Quercetin supplementation significantly decreased SBP in the mixed population by 2.38 mmHg and in the normotensive subgroup by 1.82 mmHg. It also significantly decreased DBP in the (pre)hypertensive subgroup by 3.14 mmHg.","conclusion":"Quercetin supplementation decreases blood pressure in both normotensive and (pre)hypertensive patients.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the meta-analysis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s106","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"26577614","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201500428","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500428","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26577614/","title":"Evidence: activates AMPK, reduces lipid absorption","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Tea's health benefits may stem from reducing nutrient absorption and activating a key metabolic enzyme, AMPK.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s106.html","research_question":"What are the fundamental mechanisms by which tea consumption reduces body weight, alleviates metabolic syndrome, and prevents diabetes and cardiovascular diseases?","hypothesis":"The two major mechanisms for tea's beneficial effects are decreasing absorption of lipids and proteins in the intestine and activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by tea polyphenols in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues.","methods":"This study is a review of existing literature, proposing mechanisms based on previously published research.","results":"The proposed mechanisms are: (i) reduced absorption of lipids and proteins in the intestine by tea constituents, leading to decreased calorie intake; and (ii) activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by bioavailable tea polyphenols in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues. Activated AMPK would decrease gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis while increasing catabolism.","conclusion":"Tea's beneficial effects on body weight and metabolic syndrome are likely mediated by reduced lipid and protein absorption and activation of AMPK. The relative importance of these mechanisms may vary with tea type and diet.","limitations":"The study acknowledges that other mechanisms and the full health relevance of tea consumption's beneficial effects require further investigation.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s107","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37020589","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1144323","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1144323","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37020589/","title":"Evidence: raises antioxidant capacity, lowers MDA","journal":"Front Endocrinol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Astaxanthin supplementation improved markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and enhanced ART outcomes in infertile women with endometriosis.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s107.html","research_question":"What is the effect of Astaxanthin (AST) on pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress (OS) markers, and early pregnancy outcomes in infertile women with endometriosis undergoing assisted reproductive techniques (ART)?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that Astaxanthin (AST) treatment would modulate inflammation and oxidative stress markers, and improve early pregnancy outcomes in infertile women with endometriosis undergoing ART.","methods":"This was a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 50 infertile women with stage III/IV endometriosis who were candidates for ART. Participants received 6 mg of AST per day for 12 weeks. Blood serum and follicular fluid (FF) samples were collected before and after treatment to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and OS markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, TAC). ART outcomes were also compared between the groups.","results":"After AST therapy, the treatment group showed increased serum levels of TAC (398.661 vs. 364.746) and SOD (13.458 vs. 9.040), and decreased serum MDA (14.619 vs. 15.939). Significantly lower serum levels of IL-1β (4.515 vs. 6.8760), IL-6 (5.516 vs. 5.0543), and TNF-α (2.520 vs. 2.968) were also observed. Additionally, AST supplementation led to an improved number of oocytes retrieved (14.60 vs. 9.84), mature (MII) oocytes (10.48 vs. 6.72), and high-quality embryos (4.52 vs. 2.72).","conclusion":"AST pretreatment can modulate inflammation and oxidative stress in infertile patients with endometriosis, and improve ART outcomes after 12 weeks of therapy. These results suggest AST could be a potential therapeutic target for this patient population.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s108","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31672783","doi":"10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315485","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315485","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31672783/","title":"Evidence: plasma ergothioneine, cytoprotection","journal":"Heart","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher levels of the metabolite ergothioneine are linked to a lower risk of heart disease, diabetes, and death.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s108.html","research_question":"What are the molecular events linking a healthy food pattern to reduced risk of cardiometabolic disease?","hypothesis":"Plasma metabolites associated with a health conscious food pattern (HCFP) will predict cardiometabolic disease and mortality.","methods":"Plasma levels of 112 metabolites were measured in 3236 participants from the Malmö Diet and Cancer study using liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Participants had no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Multivariable adjusted linear regressions identified metabolites associated with the HCFP. These biomarkers were then related to the risk of cardiometabolic disease and mortality using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models during long-term follow-up.","results":"During a median follow-up of 21.4 years, 603 participants developed CVD, 362 developed diabetes mellitus, and 843 died. Five healthy dietary biomarkers were associated with the HCFP at baseline, and four of these predicted at least one of the studied endpoints. Ergothioneine was the metabolite most strongly connected to the HCFP and was associated with a lower risk of coronary disease (HR=0.85), cardiovascular mortality (HR=0.79), and overall mortality (HR=0.86) per 1 SD increment.","conclusion":"Higher plasma ergothioneine is an independent marker of lower risk of cardiometabolic disease and mortality, potentially influenced by a healthy dietary intake.","limitations":"The study identified associations but did not establish causality between ergothioneine levels and reduced risk. The specific dietary components of the HCFP that induce higher ergothioneine were not detailed.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s109","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"26951205","doi":"10.1007/s00394-016-1188-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1188-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26951205/","title":"Evidence: oleuropein lowers BP and LDL","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Olive leaf extract may help lower blood pressure and cholesterol in pre-hypertensive men.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s109.html","research_question":"What are the effects of a phenolic-rich olive leaf extract (OLE) on blood pressure and associated vascular and metabolic measures in pre-hypertensive males?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that a phenolic-rich olive leaf extract would favorably modify cardiovascular risk markers such as blood pressure, endothelial function, and plasma lipids.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial involving 60 pre-hypertensive males. Participants consumed either OLE (136 mg oleuropein; 6 mg hydroxytyrosol) or a polyphenol-free control daily for 6 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period before switching to the alternate arm.","results":"Compared to the control, OLE intake significantly lowered daytime SBP by 3.95 mmHg, 24-h SBP by 3.33 mmHg, daytime DBP by 3.00 mmHg, and 24-h DBP by 2.42 mmHg. OLE also reduced plasma total cholesterol by 0.32 mmol/L, LDL cholesterol by 0.19 mmol/L, triglycerides by 0.18 mmol/L, and interleukin-8 by 0.63 pg/ml. Other markers of inflammation, vascular function, and glucose metabolism were not affected.","conclusion":"The study concluded that olive leaf extract intake has hypotensive and lipid-lowering effects in pre-hypertensive males, supporting previous research.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s110","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34542202","doi":"10.1002/ptr.7290","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7290","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34542202/","title":"Evidence: precursor to urolithins, mitophagy","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure);Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p102;p110","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"102;110","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urolithins, derived from certain foods, show potential as therapeutic agents for various diseases and antiaging, partly by improving mitochondrial function.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s110.html","research_question":"What are the potential therapeutic roles and molecular mechanisms of urolithins, particularly urolithin A, in various diseases and antiaging?","hypothesis":"Urolithins, gut metabolites from ellagitannin-rich foods, possess various biological activities including cardiovascular protection, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiaging properties, mediated by several cellular mechanisms.","methods":"This is a comprehensive review of existing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on urolithins, focusing on their biological effects, molecular pathways, and pharmacokinetics.","results":"Urolithins exhibit beneficial effects in diseases like Alzheimer's, type 2 diabetes, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and various cancers. Their mechanisms include inhibiting MDM2-p53 interaction, modulating the MAPK pathway, and suppressing NF-κB activity. Urolithin A's antiaging activity is linked to activating mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. A clinical trial showed urolithin A is safe up to 2,500 mg/day and improves mitochondrial biomarkers in elderly patients.","conclusion":"Urolithins, particularly urolithin A, show promise as therapeutic agents due to their diverse biological activities and involvement in key cellular mechanisms, including mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. Further clinical research is warranted.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the reviewed studies or the review itself, but it emphasizes the need for further clinical trials.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s111","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33671310","doi":"10.3390/nu13020654","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020654","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33671310/","title":"Evidence: improves endothelial function, lowers BP","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A specific grape seed extract improved markers of endothelial function in cells and lowered blood pressure in healthy human volunteers, also showing a positive effect on perceived stress.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s111.html","research_question":"What are the effects of a specific grape seed extract (GSEe) on vascular inflammation, vasodilation, and blood pressure in both in vitro and human models?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that GSEe, a standardized grape seed extract, would positively modulate endothelial function and blood pressure.","methods":"The study used an in vitro human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) model to assess GSEe's effects on vascular inflammation and vasodilation markers. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was also conducted in healthy volunteers, with participants receiving 300 mg/day of GSEe tablets for 16 weeks, to investigate its benefits on blood pressure and mood.","results":"In HUVEC cells, GSEe significantly reduced the secretion/release of soluble Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (sICAM) and endothelin-1. In healthy human volunteers, GSEe supplementation significantly modulated blood pressure, showing a more pronounced effect compared to placebo. This blood pressure modulation was observed in the male subgroup, where no placebo effect was noted, unlike in the female group. Additionally, GSEe showed a positive modulation on mood related to stress perception.","conclusion":"GSEe beneficially modulates endothelial functionality and blood pressure. It also relieved perceived stress, suggesting potential for mood comfort.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s112","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38579127","doi":"10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101174","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101174","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38579127/","title":"Evidence: improves liver enzymes, lipids","journal":"Ann Hepatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Silymarin supplementation may improve liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and liver histology in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s112.html","research_question":"Does silymarin improve outcomes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that silymarin, a hepatoprotective extract, may be effective in slowing NAFLD progression.","methods":"This meta-analysis included 26 randomized controlled trials with 2,375 patients. Data were extracted from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Continuous values were pooled using standard mean difference (SMD) and dichotomous values using odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test (Istatistic), and statistical significance was set at P<0.05.","results":"Silymarin significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, FI, HOMA-IR, ALT, AST, fatty liver index, and fatty liver score. It also increased HDL-C and significantly improved hepatic steatosis based on liver histology. Specifically, ALT decreased by an SMD of -12.39, AST by -10.97, and hepatic steatosis showed an OR of 3.25 for improvement.","conclusion":"Silymarin can regulate energy metabolism, attenuate liver damage, and improve liver histology in patients with NAFLD.","limitations":"The abstract states that the effects of silymarin will need to be confirmed by further research.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s113","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27797708","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.116.136960","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.136960","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27797708/","title":"Evidence: lowers adhesion molecules, BP","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hesperidin 2S may offer cardiovascular benefits by reducing adhesion molecules and blood pressure, particularly in overweight individuals with a relatively healthy endothelium.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\" | favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s113.html","research_question":"Does hesperidin 2S supplementation improve endothelial function in overweight individuals?","hypothesis":"Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, may exert beneficial effects on endothelial function due to its antioxidant and other biological properties.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study where 68 overweight individuals received either 450 mg/d of hesperidin 2S or a placebo for 6 weeks. Researchers assessed flow-mediated dilation (FMD), soluble adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sP-selectin), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at baseline and after 6 weeks. Acute endothelial dysfunction was induced by a high-fat meal, with FMD and adhesion molecules measured postprandially. An exploratory analysis was also conducted in subjects with baseline FMD \"3%.","results":"No significant change in fasting or postprandial FMD was observed in the total study population after 6 weeks of hesperidin intake. However, there was a trend for a reduction in sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sP-selectin, SBP, and DBP after 6 weeks of hesperidin treatment. In the exploratory analysis of subjects with baseline FMD ≥3%, hesperidin protected individuals from postprandial endothelial dysfunction (P = 0.050) and significantly downregulated sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 (all P ≥0.030).","conclusion":"Six weeks of hesperidin 2S consumption did not improve basal or postprandial FMD in the overall study population, but showed a tendency to reduce adhesion molecules and blood pressure. In overweight and obese individuals with a relatively healthy endothelium (baseline FMD ≥3%), hesperidin 2S improved endothelial dysfunction after a high-fat meal and reduced adhesion molecules, suggesting cardiovascular health benefits.","limitations":"The results reported were not adjusted for multiplicity. The significant findings regarding FMD and adhesion molecules were from an exploratory analysis in a subgroup of participants.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s114","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32507768","doi":"10.18632/aging.103410","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103410","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32507768/","title":"Evidence: inhibits CD38, raises NAD/Sirt3","journal":"Aging","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inhibition of CD38 with apigenin can reduce diabetic kidney disease by improving the NAD/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s114.html","research_question":"What role does CD38 play in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and can its inhibition mitigate renal injuries?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that CD38 contributes to DKD pathogenesis by decreasing the NAD/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity, and that inhibiting CD38 with apigenin would reduce renal injuries.","methods":"The study used Zucker diabetic fatty rats to investigate the effects of the CD38 inhibitor apigenin on renal injuries, CD38 expression, NAD/NADH ratio, and Sirt3 activity. Additionally, renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells cultured under high-glucose conditions were used to examine the impact of CD38 inhibition or knockdown on NAD/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity.","results":"Apigenin significantly reduced renal injuries, including tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular cell damage, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in diabetic rats. Apigenin also down-regulated CD38 expression and increased the intracellular NAD/NADH ratio and Sirt3-mediated mitochondrial antioxidative enzyme activity in the kidneys of diabetic rats. In HK-2 cells, both apigenin and CD38 knockdown increased the NAD/NADH ratio and Sirt3 activity under high-glucose conditions.","conclusion":"CD38 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DKD by inhibiting Sirt3 activity and increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress in renal tubular cells. Inhibition of CD38 with apigenin can mitigate these effects and reduce renal injuries.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s115","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34267346","doi":"10.1038/s41401-021-00702-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-021-00702-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34267346/","title":"Evidence: inhibits neuroinflammation, ER stress","journal":"Acta Pharmacol Sin","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Luteolin improved memory and reduced brain inflammation and cellular stress in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s115.html","research_question":"Can luteolin improve memory deficits and reduce neuroinflammation in a triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease?","hypothesis":"Luteolin, a flavonoid with known anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, will have beneficial effects on memory deficits and neuroinflammation in 3xTg-AD mice.","methods":"Triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice were treated with luteolin at doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks. The study also used rat C6 glioma cells treated with luteolin (1 or 10 µM) to investigate its effects on LPS-induced cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokine release, and ER stress.","results":"Luteolin treatment dose-dependently improved spatial learning and memory deficits in 3xTg-AD mice. This was accompanied by inhibition of astrocyte overactivation (GFAP), reduced neuroinflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO, COX-2, iNOS protein), and decreased expression of ER stress markers (GRP78, IRE1α) in brain tissues. In rat C6 glioma cells, luteolin dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced cell proliferation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, and an increase in the ER stress marker GRP78.","conclusion":"Luteolin is an effective agent for treating learning and memory deficits in 3xTg-AD mice, likely due to its inhibition of ER stress in astrocytes and subsequent reduction of neuroinflammation.","limitations":"The study was conducted in a mouse model and rat glioma cells, which may not fully translate to human Alzheimer's disease. The specific mechanisms linking ER stress inhibition in astrocytes to improved memory were not fully elucidated.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s116","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36102337","doi":"10.1002/alz.12767","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12767","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36102337/","title":"Evidence: vascular flavanols, cognition","journal":"Alzheimers Dement","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily multivitamin-mineral supplementation, but not cocoa extract, improved global cognition, memory, and executive function in older adults over three years.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s116.html","research_question":"Does daily administration of cocoa extract (500 mg/day flavanols) or a commercial multivitamin-mineral (MVM) improve cognition in older women and men?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesized that either cocoa extract or a multivitamin-mineral supplement would improve cognition in older adults.","methods":"COSMOS-Mind was a 3-year randomized two-by-two factorial trial involving 2262 participants (mean age 73 years; 60% women; 89% non-Hispanic White). Cognition was assessed annually by telephone using a global cognition composite score derived from multiple tests. The primary outcome was the change in this composite with 3 years of cocoa extract use, and a pre-specified secondary outcome was the change with 3 years of MVM supplementation. Treatment effects were also examined for executive function and memory, and in pre-specified subgroups.","results":"Cocoa extract had no effect on global cognition (mean z-score = 0.03, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.08; P = .28). Daily MVM supplementation resulted in a statistically significant benefit on global cognition (mean z = 0.07, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.12; P = .007). This MVM effect was more pronounced in participants with a history of cardiovascular disease (no history: 0.06, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.11; history: 0.14, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.31; interaction, nominal P = .01). MVM benefits were also observed for memory and executive function. The interaction between cocoa extract and MVM was not significant.","conclusion":"Cocoa extract did not benefit cognition in older adults. However, daily multivitamin-mineral supplementation for 3 years improved global cognition, episodic memory, and executive function in older adults, with a potentially greater benefit for those with cardiovascular disease.","limitations":"Additional work is needed to confirm these findings in a more diverse cohort and to identify mechanisms for the MVM effects. The study population was predominantly non-Hispanic White.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s117","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"18037769","doi":"10.1291/hypres.30.775","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.30.775","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18037769/","title":"Evidence: augments NO, vasodilation","journal":"Hypertens Res","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pycnogenol increases blood vessel dilation by boosting nitric oxide production in healthy young men.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s117.html","research_question":"What are the effects of Pycnogenol on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans?","hypothesis":"Pycnogenol, an antioxidant-rich extract, may enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and subsequent nitric oxide release, thereby augmenting endothelium-dependent vasodilation.","methods":"This double-blind, randomized, placebo and active drug study evaluated forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in healthy young men. Participants received either 180 mg/day of Pycnogenol (n=8) or placebo (n=8) orally for 2 weeks. FBF was measured using strain-gauge plethysmography before and after treatment. The effect of an NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, on Pycnogenol-induced FBF response was also assessed.","results":"Neither placebo nor Pycnogenol altered forearm or systemic hemodynamics. Pycnogenol augmented the FBF response to ACh from 13.1 +/- 7.0 to 18.5 +/- 4.0 mL/min per 100 mL tissue (p<0.05), while placebo did not. SNP-stimulated vasodilation was similar before and after treatment in both groups. The NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine completely abolished the Pycnogenol-induced augmentation of the FBF response to ACh.","conclusion":"Pycnogenol augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide production. This suggests Pycnogenol could be useful for treating diseases involving endothelial dysfunction.","limitations":"The study was conducted on a small sample of healthy young men, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or conditions.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s118","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34068512","doi":"10.3390/nu13051586","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051586","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068512/","title":"Evidence: promotes sleep quantity","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Certain nutritional interventions like tart cherry juice, herbal supplements, kiwifruit, and protein can improve sleep in athletes and healthy adults, but more specific research is needed for athletic populations.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s118.html","research_question":"What nutritional interventions, foods, beverages, and supplements can improve sleep quality and quantity in athletes?","hypothesis":"Nutrition, including specific foods, beverages, and supplements, can improve sleep quality and quantity in athletes.","methods":"This narrative review used a semi-systematic approach to search six databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar) from inception to November 2020. The search focused on articles relevant to athletes and sporting environments. Due to limited athlete-specific research, inclusion criteria were expanded to include studies on nutritional interventions for sleep in otherwise healthy adults.","results":"High glycemic index carbohydrates showed small benefits for sleep. Tart cherry juice promoted sleep quantity. Herbal supplements enhanced sleep quality. Kiwifruit and protein interventions improved both sleep quality and quantity.","conclusion":"Nutritional interventions are effective for improving sleep quality and quantity. However, more research is needed to determine optimal dose, source, and timing for athletes.","limitations":"The review noted a paucity of sleep nutrition research specifically in the athlete population, necessitating the inclusion of studies on healthy adults. Further research is required to establish appropriate dosing, sources, and timing for athletes.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s119","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33925432","doi":"10.3390/nu13051473","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051473","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33925432/","title":"Evidence: improves sleep latency, duration","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Saffron extract improved objective and subjective measures of sleep quality and duration in people with mild to moderate sleep disorders and anxiety.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s119.html","research_question":"Does saffron extract improve sleep quality in individuals with mild to moderate sleep disorders associated with anxiety?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesized that saffron extract would improve sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep duration in subjects with mild to moderate sleep disorders associated with anxiety.","methods":"A randomized, double-blind, controlled study was conducted with 66 subjects experiencing mild to moderate sleep disorder associated with anxiety. Participants were randomized to receive either a placebo (maltodextrin) or 15.5 mg of saffron extract per day for 6 weeks. Objective sleep data was collected using actigraphy at baseline, mid-intervention, and end of intervention. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the LSEQ and PSQI questionnaires, and quality of life was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire.","results":"After 6 weeks, saffron supplementation increased time in bed (actigraphy), improved ease of getting to sleep (LSEQ), and improved sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, and global scores (PSQI). The placebo group showed no changes in these parameters.","conclusion":"Saffron extract may be a natural and safe nutritional strategy to improve sleep duration and quality.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s120","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29885291","doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29885291/","title":"Evidence: macular pigment, antioxidant","journal":"Arch Biochem Biophys","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carotenoids offer multiple health benefits, particularly for eye health, but more research is needed to confirm their efficacy across all areas.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s120.html","research_question":"What are the various health benefits of carotenoids, and what is the current state of evidence regarding their efficacy?","hypothesis":"The abstract does not state a specific hypothesis for a single study, but rather discusses existing evidence and the need for further research on carotenoids.","methods":"This abstract is a review of existing evidence and does not describe specific methods for a primary research study.","results":"Carotenoids primarily act as antioxidants. Lutein and zeaxanthin form macular pigment in the eye, and lutein shows strengthening evidence for reducing the progression of age-related macular eye disease and cataracts. Carotenoids also show evidence for improving cognitive function and cardiovascular health, and may help prevent some cancers. However, large population-based supplementation studies have yielded mixed results for some carotenoids.","conclusion":"Carotenoids offer various health benefits, including antioxidant effects, eye health improvements (especially lutein for macular degeneration and cataracts), cognitive function, cardiovascular health, and potential cancer prevention. More research, including clinical studies, is needed to establish and confirm the specific health benefits of different carotenoids.","limitations":"Large population-based supplementation studies have produced mixed results for some carotenoids, indicating a need for more research to confirm their health benefits.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s121","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31713723","doi":"10.1007/s40256-019-00384-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-019-00384-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31713723/","title":"Evidence: electron-transport cofactor","journal":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ubiquinol supplementation may improve endothelial function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s121.html","research_question":"Does ubiquinol improve peripheral endothelial function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?","hypothesis":"Ubiquinol improves peripheral endothelial function in patients with HFrEF.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study involving 14 patients with stable HFrEF. Patients received either ubiquinol 400 mg/day or placebo for 3 months, followed by a 1-month washout period and then crossover to the alternative treatment. Peripheral endothelial function was assessed using the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and analyzed using the natural logarithm of RHI (LnRHI) before and after each treatment.","results":"Peripheral endothelial function, as assessed by LnRHI, tended to improve with ubiquinol 400 mg/day for 3 months (p = 0.076). Original RHI values significantly improved with ubiquinol treatment (pre-RHI 1.57, post-RHI 1.74, p = 0.026), but not with placebo (pre-RHI 1.67, post-RHI 1.51, p = 0.198).","conclusion":"Ubiquinol 400 mg/day for 3 months significantly improved peripheral endothelial function in patients with HFrEF.","limitations":"This was a pilot study with a small sample size (14 patients).","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s122","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36030026","doi":"10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102156","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102156","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36030026/","title":"Evidence: promotes mitochondrial biogenesis","journal":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther","year":2022,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PQQ shows promise in preventing and treating pulmonary hypertension by improving mitochondrial function and reducing cellular proliferation and inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s122.html","research_question":"What are the effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on cellular proliferation, apoptosis resistance, mitochondrial and metabolic alterations associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH)?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesizes that PQQ, known to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, may have beneficial effects on the cellular and mitochondrial dysregulations contributing to pulmonary hypertension.","methods":"Human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs), endothelial cells (PAECs), and primary cultured cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxia to induce a PH-like phenotype. Sprague Dawley rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT) (60 mg/kg, SC, once) to induce pulmonary hypertension. PQQ treatment (2 mg/kg, PO, for 35 days) was administered to the MCT-treated rats.","results":"PQQ treatment attenuated cellular proliferation and promoted apoptosis via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway. In HPASMCs, PQQ prevented mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunctions, improved mitochondrial bioenergetics, preserved respiratory complexes, and reduced insulin resistance. In MCT-treated rats, PQQ treatment (both preventive and curative) significantly attenuated the increase in right ventricle pressure and hypertrophy, reduced endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary artery remodeling, prevented cardiac fibrosis, improved cardiac functions, and reduced inflammation.","conclusion":"PQQ can attenuate mitochondrial and metabolic abnormalities in PASMCs and prevent the development of PH in MCT-treated rats, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for PH.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s123","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35688360","doi":"10.1016/j.bone.2022.116467","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2022.116467","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35688360/","title":"Evidence: ATP/phosphocreatine energy buffer","journal":"Bone","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training may help improve muscle and bone health in older adults and could be a treatment for frailty and cachexia.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s123.html","research_question":"What are the effects of creatine supplementation on indices of aging muscle and bone, and can it be justified for treating frailty and cachexia in older adults?","hypothesis":"Creatine monohydrate supplementation, especially with resistance training, may have favorable effects on aging muscle and bone, potentially making it a viable intervention for frailty and cachexia.","methods":"This is a narrative review that updates existing research on creatine supplementation's effects on aging muscle and bone, including bone turnover markers. It also presents a rationale for its use in treating frailty and cachexia in older adults.","results":"The review indicates that creatine monohydrate supplementation, particularly when combined with resistance training, shows favorable effects on markers of aging muscle and bone. These musculoskeletal benefits suggest a potential role for creatine in addressing frailty and cachexia.","conclusion":"Creatine supplementation, especially with resistance training, appears to have beneficial effects on aging muscle and bone, providing a possible justification for its use in treating frailty and cachexia in older adults.","limitations":"This is a narrative review, which synthesizes existing literature but does not present new experimental data. The specific details of the 'evidence' are not quantified within this abstract.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s124","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37289866","doi":"10.1126/science.abn9257","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn9257","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/","title":"Evidence: conditionally essential amino acid","journal":"Science","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine levels decline with age, and supplementing taurine improved health and longevity in animals, suggesting it may play a role in human aging.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s124.html","research_question":"Does taurine deficiency contribute to aging, and can taurine supplementation improve health span and life span?","hypothesis":"Taurine deficiency is a driver of aging, and its reversal through supplementation can increase health span and life span.","methods":"The study observed circulating taurine levels in aging mice, monkeys, and humans. It then investigated the effects of taurine supplementation on health span and life span in mice and monkeys. Mechanistic studies examined taurine's impact on cellular senescence, telomerase deficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and inflammaging. Human data correlated taurine concentrations with age-related diseases and measured taurine levels after acute endurance exercise.","results":"Circulating taurine concentrations declined with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. Taurine supplementation increased health span and life span in mice, and health span in monkeys. Mechanistically, taurine reduced cellular senescence, protected against telomerase deficiency, suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased DNA damage, and attenuated inflammaging. In humans, lower taurine concentrations correlated with several age-related diseases, and taurine concentrations increased after acute endurance exercise.","conclusion":"Taurine deficiency may be a driver of aging, as its reversal through supplementation increased health span in worms, rodents, and primates, and life span in worms and rodents. Clinical trials are warranted to investigate this in humans.","limitations":"The study notes that human data showed correlations and an increase after exercise, but direct intervention trials in humans to assess taurine's impact on aging were not conducted. The findings in worms, rodents, and primates need to be confirmed in human clinical trials.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s125","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"22529837","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2012.00061","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00061","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22529837/","title":"Evidence: collagen and methylation substrate","journal":"Front Neurol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;p125","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"12;125","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glycine supplementation can reduce daytime sleepiness and fatigue and improve vigilance after acute sleep restriction, possibly by modulating SCN function.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not alter\" | favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s125.html","research_question":"Does glycine improve daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and performance in sleep-restricted healthy subjects, and does it affect circadian rhythms?","hypothesis":"Glycine may improve sleep quality and reduce daytime sleepiness and fatigue, potentially by modulating circadian rhythms.","methods":"Healthy subjects with sleep restricted to 25% less than usual for three nights ingested 3g of glycine or placebo before bedtime. Daytime sleepiness and fatigue were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire. Performance was evaluated using a PC performance test program. Additionally, plasma melatonin and the expression of circadian-modulated genes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were measured to assess effects on circadian rhythms.","results":"In subjects given glycine, VAS data showed a significant reduction in fatigue and a tendency toward reduced sleepiness. The questionnaire also indicated improved daytime sleepiness and fatigue. PC performance tests revealed significant improvement in psychomotor vigilance. Glycine did not significantly affect plasma melatonin concentrations or the expression levels of clock genes like Bmal1 and Per2. However, a glycine-induced increase in neuropeptides arginine vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was observed in the light period.","conclusion":"Glycine improves daytime sleepiness and fatigue induced by acute sleep restriction and enhances psychomotor vigilance. While it did not alter the circadian clock directly, glycine modulated SCN function by increasing certain neuropeptides, which may indirectly contribute to its beneficial effects on sleepiness and fatigue.","limitations":"The study involved acute sleep restriction and did not observe direct alterations in the circadian clock itself, suggesting an indirect mechanism for glycine's effects on sleepiness and fatigue.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s126","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"12804452","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003158","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003158","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12804452/","title":"Evidence: mitochondrial fatty-acid transport","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR);L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p126;p135","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"126;135","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acetyl-l-carnitine shows limited and potentially chance-driven benefits for global clinical impression in Alzheimer's disease, but no clear objective benefits for cognition or function.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s126.html","research_question":"Is Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) clinically effective in treating people with dementia?","hypothesis":"The efficacy of ALC in cognitive decline remains unclear, with early studies suggesting benefit and later, larger studies not supporting these findings.","methods":"This review identified 11 double-blind, randomized trials comparing ALC with placebo in people with Alzheimer's disease. Data were extracted and analyzed using Revman 4.1 software, primarily focusing on completers. Outcomes assessed included cognitive effects, severity of dementia, functional ability, and clinical global impression.","results":"Statistically significant treatment effects favoring ALC were observed at 12 and 24 weeks for the number of patients showing improvement as determined by Clinical Global Impression (OR 2.33 at 12 weeks, OR 3.91 at 24 weeks). However, no benefit was found at 52 weeks for Clinical Global Impression, nor for cognition, severity of dementia, or functional ability when measured continuously. There were no statistically significant differences in adverse events between ALC and placebo groups.","conclusion":"There is some evidence for ALC's benefit on clinical global impression, but no evidence from objective assessments in other outcome areas. The statistically significant results might be due to chance given the number of comparisons. Currently, there is no evidence to recommend ALC's routine use in clinical practice for dementia.","limitations":"All included trials focused only on Alzheimer's disease, not other types of dementia. Methodological differences and assessment tools varied widely across early and later studies, making comparisons difficult. The statistically significant findings for clinical global impression might be due to chance given the multiple comparisons. The review primarily used completers' data rather than intention-to-treat.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s127","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36558392","doi":"10.3390/nu14245235","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245235","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558392/","title":"Evidence: brain-penetrant magnesium","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A supplement containing magnesium L-threonate, phosphatidylserine, and vitamins C and D improved memory and cognition in healthy Chinese adults, with older individuals showing more benefit.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s127.html","research_question":"Does MagteinPS, a formulation containing magnesium L-threonate, phosphatidylserine, and vitamins C and D, improve cognitive function in healthy Chinese adults?","hypothesis":"MagteinPS will effectively raise magnesium levels in the brain and neurons, leading to improved memory and cognition.","methods":"This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 109 healthy Chinese adults aged 18-65 years. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 2 g/day of MagteinPS or a placebo (starch) for 30 days. Cognitive function was assessed using \"The Clinical Memory Test\" before and after the supplementation period.","results":"Subjects receiving MagteinPS showed significant improvements over the control group in all five subcategories of \"The Clinical Memory Test\" and in overall memory quotient scores. Older participants demonstrated greater improvement compared to younger participants.","conclusion":"MagteinPS significantly improved memory and cognition in healthy Chinese adults.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s128","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32114706","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32114706/","title":"Evidence: anti-inflammatory long-chain PUFAs","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Omega-3 supplements (LCn3) may slightly reduce coronary heart disease risk and triglycerides, while plant-based omega-3 (ALA) may slightly reduce overall cardiovascular events and arrhythmia.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduces the risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s128.html","research_question":"What are the effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 fats (LCn3 and ALA) on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, adiposity, and lipids?","hypothesis":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (LCn3) and plants (ALA) may benefit cardiovascular health.","methods":"This systematic review included 86 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 162,796 participants, lasting at least 12 months. Trials compared supplementation or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake versus usual or lower intake. Data were extracted and validity assessed by two independent reviewers, with separate random-effects meta-analyses for ALA and LCn3 interventions and meta-regression for dose-response relationships.","results":"Increasing LCn3 had little or no effect on all-cause mortality (RR 0.97), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.92), cardiovascular events (RR 0.96), stroke (RR 1.02), or arrhythmia (RR 0.99). It may slightly reduce coronary heart disease mortality (RR 0.90, NNTB 334) and coronary heart disease events (RR 0.91, NNTB 167). Increasing ALA intake probably made little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96), coronary heart disease mortality (RR 0.95), and coronary heart disease events (RR 1.00). Increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular disease events (NNTB 500) and probably slightly reduces risk of arrhythmia (RR 0.73, NNTB 91). Increasing LCn3 reduced triglycerides by approximately 15% in a dose-dependent manner.","conclusion":"Increasing LCn3 slightly reduces the risk of coronary heart disease mortality and events, and reduces serum triglycerides. Increasing ALA slightly reduces the risk of cardiovascular events and arrhythmia.","limitations":"The certainty of evidence for some outcomes, such as coronary heart disease mortality and events for LCn3, and cardiovascular disease events and arrhythmia for ALA, was low to moderate. Most LCn3 evidence came from supplement trials, and there was little evidence regarding the effects of eating fish.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s129","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37630823","doi":"10.3390/nu15163634","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163634","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37630823/","title":"Evidence: universal antioxidant, glucose metabolism","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral alpha-lipoic acid may reduce sensory symptoms and improve global satisfaction in diabetic neuropathy patients, with higher doses showing a greater effect on some outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s129.html","research_question":"What are the effects of orally administered alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) compared to a placebo in patients with diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy (DSPN), and what is the optimal dosage?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that oral ALA would improve symptoms in DSPN patients by reducing oxidative stress and improving microcirculation, and they aimed to determine an optimal dosage.","methods":"A meta-analysis of ten randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1242 patients was conducted. The studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Primary outcome was total symptoms' score (TSS), and secondary outcomes included neurological disability score (NDS), neuropathy impaired score (NIS), NIS-lower limb (NIS-LL), vibration perception threshold (VPT), nerve conduction study (NCS) results, and global satisfaction. A subgroup analysis was performed for ALA dosages of 600, 1200, and 1800 mg/day.","results":"ALA treatment showed favorable results for total symptoms' score (TSS), neurological disability score (NDS), and global satisfaction score. A dose-related trend was observed for TSS and global satisfaction. However, ALA did not produce favorable results for VAS, VPT, NIS-LL, and NCS results.","conclusion":"Oral ALA treatment has favorable effects on DSPN by reducing sensory symptoms, with a dose-dependent response observed for TSS and global satisfaction score. Further research is needed to investigate the use of ALA for preventing neurological symptoms.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, but it suggests that further research is needed to investigate ALA's role in preventing neurological symptoms.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s130","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38056998","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.09.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38056998/","title":"Evidence: active folate, methylation cofactor","journal":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","year":2023,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Folinic acid and l-methylfolate both lower homocysteine, but folinic acid may be more beneficial for individuals with the MTHFR 677CT genotype.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no overall difference\" | favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s130.html","research_question":"The study investigated the efficacy of folinic acid versus l-methylfolate in lowering total homocysteine (tHcy) levels in healthy Greek adults.","hypothesis":"The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of folinic acid and l-methylfolate in reducing tHcy levels.","methods":"Two hundred and seventy-two healthy Greek adults with tHcy levels ≥10 μmol/L were randomized to receive either folinic acid or l-methylfolate orally for three months. Participants with low cobalamin also received hydroxycobalamine. Serum folate, cobalamin, and tHcy levels were measured at the beginning and end of the study, and MTHFR C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms were genotyped.","results":"Both folinic acid and l-methylfolate significantly increased serum folate and cobalamin, and significantly decreased tHcy levels. Individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype showed a greater reduction in tHcy. While folinic acid led to a higher increase in serum folate than l-methylfolate, the reduction in tHcy levels between the two groups was not substantially different overall. However, individuals with the MTHFR 677CT genotype experienced a statistically significant higher reduction in tHcy when supplemented with folinic acid compared to l-methylfolate.","conclusion":"Folinic acid resulted in a greater increase in serum folate levels than l-methylfolate, but there was no overall difference in tHcy reduction between the two treatments. The MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism, but not MTHFR A1298C, influenced tHcy reduction, with MTHFR 677CT individuals benefiting more from folinic acid.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s131","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36703143","doi":"10.1186/s12958-023-01055-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-023-01055-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36703143/","title":"Evidence: insulin second-messenger","journal":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inositols are an effective and safe treatment for PCOS, showing similar benefits to metformin for many outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s131.html","research_question":"What is the efficacy and safety of inositols in treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) compared to metformin or placebo?","hypothesis":"Inositols may be a potential alternative to metformin for treating PCOS, with comparable efficacy and safety.","methods":"A systematic review was conducted by searching CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception until October 20th, 2021. Eligible RCTs included women diagnosed with PCOS and compared any inositols with metformin or placebo. Primary outcome was cycle normalization, and secondary outcomes included BMI, carbohydrate metabolism parameters, and clinical/laboratory hyperandrogenism. Results were reported as risk ratios or mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).","results":"Twenty-six RCTs with 1691 patients were identified (806 inositol, 311 placebo, 509 metformin). Inositol treatment resulted in a 1.79 times higher risk of regular menstrual cycles compared to placebo (CI: 1.13; 2.85) and showed non-inferiority to metformin for this outcome. Compared to placebo, inositol treatment led to greater decreases in BMI (MD = -0.45), free testosterone (MD = -0.41), total testosterone (MD = -20.39), androstenedione (MD = -0.69), glucose (MD = -3.14), and AUC insulin (MD = -2081.05). Inositol also significantly increased sex-hormone-binding globulin compared to placebo (MD = 32.06).","conclusion":"Inositol is an effective and safe treatment for PCOS. It demonstrated non-inferiority to metformin in most outcomes.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the systematic review itself, beyond the scope of the included studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s132","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36717385","doi":"10.1007/s00394-023-03087-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03087-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36717385/","title":"Evidence: methyl donor, homocysteine remethylation","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily low-dose B vitamins and betaine supplementation can reduce high homocysteine levels in Chinese adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s132.html","research_question":"Can daily low-dose B vitamins plus betaine supplementation reduce plasma homocysteine concentrations in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia who are not exposed to mandatory folic acid fortification?","hypothesis":"Daily supplementation with low-dose B vitamins plus betaine will significantly reduce plasma homocysteine concentrations in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia.","methods":"One hundred healthy Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia were randomly assigned to either a supplement group (400 μg folic acid, 8 mg vitamin B, 6.4 μg vitamin B, and 1 g betaine daily) or a placebo group for 12 weeks. Fasting blood was collected at baseline, week 4, and week 12 to measure homocysteine, folate, vitamin B, and betaine concentrations. Generalized estimation equations were used for statistical analysis.","results":"The supplement group showed significant increases in blood folate, vitamin B, and betaine concentrations, indicating good compliance. At baseline, homocysteine levels were similar between groups. After 12 weeks, the supplement group had a significant reduction in plasma homocysteine concentrations compared to the placebo group (mean group difference -3.87; reduction rate 10.1%). This decrease was associated with increased blood folate and betaine concentrations.","conclusion":"Daily supplementation with low-dose B vitamins plus betaine for 12 weeks effectively decreased plasma homocysteine concentrations in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s133","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"23775705","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23775705/","title":"Evidence: catalytic/structural cofactor, immunity","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Zinc may shorten the duration of common cold symptoms if taken early at a dose of ≥ 75 mg/day, but it can cause side effects like bad taste and nausea.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s133.html","research_question":"Is zinc effective in reducing the incidence, severity, and duration of common cold symptoms, and what are the potential sources of heterogeneity in study results?","hypothesis":"The study aims to assess the efficacy of zinc in reducing common cold symptoms and identify factors influencing study outcomes.","methods":"This updated systematic review searched multiple databases for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Trials included used zinc for at least five consecutive days for treatment or five months for prevention of the common cold. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality.","results":"The review included 16 therapeutic trials (1387 participants) and two preventive trials (394 participants). Zinc intake was associated with a significant reduction in the duration of common cold symptoms (mean difference -1.03 days) and a smaller proportion of participants symptomatic after seven days (odds ratio 0.45). The incidence rate of developing a cold (IRR 0.64), school absence, and antibiotic prescriptions were lower in the zinc group. However, zinc was not associated with a significant reduction in symptom severity. Adverse events, including bad taste (OR 2.31) and nausea (OR 2.15), were higher in the zinc group. High heterogeneity was observed across results.","conclusion":"Zinc administered within 24 hours of symptom onset reduces the duration of common cold symptoms in healthy individuals, but data heterogeneity requires caution. For treatment, zinc lozenges at a dose of ≥ 75 mg/day are suggested. No firm recommendation can be made for prophylactic zinc due to insufficient data. The benefits of zinc lozenges must be weighed against side effects like bad taste and nausea.","limitations":"The very high heterogeneity across the included studies means that the averaged estimates should be viewed with caution. Insufficient data prevented a firm recommendation for prophylactic zinc supplementation.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s134","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38714999","doi":"10.1186/s12916-024-03411-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03411-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38714999/","title":"Evidence: selenoprotein antioxidant plus CoQ10","journal":"BMC Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Supplementing with selenium and coenzyme Q10 improved thyroid function and related health outcomes in an elderly population with low selenium levels.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s134.html","research_question":"Does supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 affect thyroid hormonal status, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and health-related quality of life (Hr-QoL) in individuals with insufficient selenium intake?","hypothesis":"Supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 will have a beneficial effect on thyroid hormones, CV mortality, and Hr-QoL, particularly in individuals with low baseline selenium concentrations.","methods":"This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study involving 414 individuals. Participants received either selenium yeast (200 µg/day) and coenzyme Q10 (200 mg/day) or a placebo for 48 months. Thyroid hormones (Free T3, free T4, reverse T3, TSH), CV mortality, and Hr-QoL (using SF-36) were measured at baseline and after the intervention. Statistical analyses included T-tests, repeated measures of variance, and ANCOVA.","results":"At baseline, individuals with the lowest selenium concentration had significantly higher TSH and lower fT3. After 4 years, supplementation significantly increased fT3 and rT3, decreased fT4, and diminished the increase in TSH levels compared with placebo (p = 0.03). In the placebo group, TSH and fT4 values above the median were associated with increased 10-year CV mortality (p < 0.04) and a decline in mental Hr-QoL, which was not observed in the active intervention group.","conclusion":"Supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 had a beneficial effect on thyroid hormones, which was associated with improved CV mortality and Hr-QoL outcomes. The initial selenium deficiency in the elderly study population was linked to impaired thyroid function, and the observed changes in thyroid hormone levels are likely due to increased deiodinase activity.","limitations":"The study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01443780) because registration was not mandatory when it began.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s135","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"25044037","doi":"10.1186/1471-2261-14-88","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-88","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25044037/","title":"Evidence: fatty-acid mitochondrial shuttle","journal":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord","year":2014,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily L-carnitine doses above or below 3g do not offer additional benefits for mortality or cardiovascular events after a heart attack.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant marginal benefit\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s135.html","research_question":"What are the effects of various oral maintenance dosages of L-carnitine on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidities in patients with acute myocardial infarction?","hypothesis":"Higher doses of L-carnitine supplementation may not provide additional therapeutic benefits due to strict homeostatic regulation of plasma L-carnitine concentrations.","methods":"A meta-analysis of five controlled trials (n = 3108) was conducted after a systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to November 2013. The analysis determined the effects of L-carnitine on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidities in acute MI patients.","results":"There were no significant differences in the effects of 2 g, 3 g, 4 g, and 6 g daily oral L-carnitine doses on all-cause mortality (RR = 0.77, 95% CI [0.57-1.03], P = 0.08). A statistically insignificant trend favored the 3 g dose (RR = 0.48) over the 2 g dose (RR = 0.62), which was favored over the 4 g and 6 g doses (RR = 0.78, 0.78). No significant differences were found between 2 g and 6 g doses for heart failure (RR = 0.53, P = 0.10), unstable angina (RR = 0.90, P = 0.71), or myocardial reinfarction (RR = 0.74, P = 0.50).","conclusion":"There appears to be no significant marginal benefit for oral L-carnitine maintenance doses greater or less than 3 g per day in terms of all-cause mortality, heart failure, unstable angina, or myocardial reinfarction in acute MI patients.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s136","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27402922","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27402922/","title":"Evidence: enzymatic cofactor (300+ reactions)","journal":"Hypertension","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate;Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p136;p191","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"136;191","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral magnesium supplementation can modestly lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowering blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s136.html","research_question":"Does oral magnesium supplementation reduce blood pressure in adults?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that oral magnesium supplementation would reduce blood pressure.","methods":"This meta-analysis synthesized evidence from 34 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials published up to February 1, 2016, involving 2028 normotensive and hypertensive adults. Weighted mean differences of changes in blood pressure and serum magnesium were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis.","results":"Magnesium supplementation at a median dose of 368 mg/d for a median duration of 3 months significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 2.00 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.78 mm Hg. These reductions were accompanied by a 0.05 mmol/L elevation of serum magnesium. A dose of 300 mg/d or duration of 1 month was found sufficient to elevate serum magnesium and reduce blood pressure, and serum magnesium was negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure.","conclusion":"Magnesium supplementation has a causal effect on lowering blood pressure in adults.","limitations":"Residual heterogeneity may still exist even after considering factors like trial quality and dropout rates. Further well-designed trials are needed to validate the blood pressure-lowering efficacy of optimal magnesium treatment.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s137","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29996843","doi":"10.1186/s12970-018-0238-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0238-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29996843/","title":"Evidence: carnosine precursor, pH buffer","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Beta-alanine supplementation improved exercise endurance and prevented post-exercise cognitive decline in healthy older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s137.html","research_question":"Can beta-alanine supplementation improve exercise capacity and executive function in healthy older adults?","hypothesis":"Increasing systemic carnosine levels via beta-alanine supplementation will enhance anti-oxidant, neuro-protective, and pH buffering capabilities, leading to improved exercise capacity and executive function in aging populations.","methods":"Twelve healthy adults (average age 60.5 years) were randomized to receive either 2.4 g/d of beta-alanine (BA) or placebo (PL) for 28 days. Exercise capacity was assessed using a cycle ergometer at 70% VOpeak, and executive function was measured by Stroop Tests at four time points relative to exercise. Lactate, heart rate, and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were also recorded.","results":"Before supplementation, time-to-exhaustion (TTE) was not significantly different between groups. After supplementation, the BA group cycled significantly longer (14.6 minutes) than their pre-supplementation duration (11.1 minutes), while the PL group showed no significant change. Placebo subjects were slower in completing the Stroop test post-exercise at T4 compared to T3, a decline not observed in the BA group. The BA group produced 2.4 mmol/L more lactate than the PL group post-supplementation, showing a trend towards significance.","conclusion":"Beta-alanine supplementation increased exercise capacity and prevented the decline in executive function observed after endurance exercise in the placebo group. The extended exercise duration with similar lactate production suggests an improved ability to sustain exercise. This could allow older adults to maintain exercise benefits with improved safety.","limitations":"The study involved a small sample size of 12 healthy adults, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s138","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35465686","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465686/","title":"Evidence: matrix Gla-protein carboxylation","journal":"Circulation","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Two years of MK-7 and vitamin D supplementation did not slow aortic valve calcification progression in elderly men, despite improving a biomarker of vitamin K status.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s138.html","research_question":"Does menaquinone-7 (MK-7) supplementation, combined with vitamin D, reduce the progression rate of aortic valve calcification (AVC) in men with aortic stenosis?","hypothesis":"Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a cofactor for carboxylation of proteins inhibiting arterial calcification, may reduce the progression rate of aortic valve calcification (AVC) in patients with aortic stenosis.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial involving 365 men from the community with an AVC score >300 arbitrary units (AU). Participants were randomized to receive daily treatment with 720 µg MK-7 plus 25 µg vitamin D or a matching placebo for 24 months. The primary outcome was the change in AVC score, with secondary outcomes including changes in aortic valve area, peak aortic jet velocity, heart valve surgery, aortic and coronary artery calcification, and dp-ucMGP levels. Safety outcomes included all-cause death and cardiovascular events.","results":"The mean increase in AVC score was 275 AU in the intervention group and 292 AU in the placebo group, with a mean difference of 17 AU. There were no significant differences between groups in changes in aortic valve area, peak aortic jet velocity, or progression of aortic and coronary artery calcification. The rates of heart valve surgery (1 vs 2 patients), all-cause death (1 vs 4 patients), and cardiovascular events (10 vs 10 patients) were also not significantly different. However, a significant reduction in dp-ucMGP was observed in the MK-7 plus vitamin D group (-212 pmol/L) compared to the placebo group (45 pmol/L).","conclusion":"In elderly men with an AVC score >300 AU, 2 years of MK-7 plus vitamin D supplementation did not influence the progression of aortic valve calcification, despite a significant reduction in dp-ucMGP.","limitations":"The study was conducted on elderly men from the community with a specific AVC score, which may limit generalizability to other populations or those with different stages of aortic stenosis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s139","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28864708","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017691","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017691","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28864708/","title":"Evidence: anti-glycation dipeptide antioxidant","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study protocol outlines a trial to investigate if carnosine supplementation improves cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in individuals with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s139.html","research_question":"Does carnosine supplementation improve cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes?","hypothesis":"The study aims to investigate if carnosine supplementation improves cardiometabolic health and cognitive function in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.","methods":"This will be a parallel design randomized controlled trial. Fifty participants aged 18-70 with pre-diabetes or T2DM (HbA1c < 8%) will be randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving 2g of carnosine daily or a control group receiving an identical placebo for 14 weeks. Baseline and post-intervention measurements will include anthropometrics, oral glucose tolerance, cardiovascular parameters, cognitive function, physical activity, heart rate variability, liver fibroscan, and questionnaires on dietary habits, sleep, depression, and quality of life. Changes in these parameters will be compared between groups.","results":"This is a study protocol, and no results are available yet.","conclusion":"This is a study protocol, and no conclusions can be drawn yet.","limitations":"This is a study protocol, and limitations of the study design are not discussed in the abstract.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s140","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33736827","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33736827/","title":"Evidence: Apolipoprotein B particle count","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ApoB and non-HDL cholesterol are better indicators of residual risk for death and heart attack in statin-treated patients than LDL cholesterol.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s140.html","research_question":"Are elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) and/or non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol superior to elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in identifying statin-treated patients at residual risk of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction?","hypothesis":"The study sought to determine if elevated apoB and/or non-HDL cholesterol are superior to elevated LDL cholesterol in identifying statin-treated patients at residual risk of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction.","methods":"The study included 13,015 statin-treated patients from the Copenhagen General Population Study with a median follow-up of 8 years. Cox regressions were used to examine associations between apoB, non-HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol with all-cause mortality or myocardial infarction, both on continuous scales and by categories of concordant and discordant values defined by medians.","results":"High apoB and non-HDL cholesterol were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction, while high LDL cholesterol showed no such associations. Discordant high apoB with low LDL cholesterol yielded hazard ratios of 1.21 for all-cause mortality and 1.49 for myocardial infarction. Discordant high non-HDL cholesterol with low LDL cholesterol yielded hazard ratios of 1.18 for all-cause mortality and 1.78 for myocardial infarction. Discordant high apoB with low non-HDL cholesterol yielded a hazard ratio of 1.21 for all-cause mortality and 0.93 for myocardial infarction. Dual discordant high apoB and non-HDL cholesterol with low LDL cholesterol showed hazard ratios of 1.23 for all-cause mortality and 1.82 for myocardial infarction.","conclusion":"In statin-treated patients, elevated apoB and non-HDL cholesterol, but not LDL cholesterol, are associated with residual risk of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction. ApoB is a more accurate marker of all-cause mortality risk than LDL cholesterol or non-HDL cholesterol, and a more accurate marker of myocardial infarction risk than LDL cholesterol.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s141","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"19622820","doi":"10.1001/jama.2009.1063","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1063","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19622820/","title":"Evidence: Lipoprotein(a) concentration","journal":"JAMA","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher lipoprotein(a) levels are modestly and independently associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, but not with nonvascular deaths.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s141.html","research_question":"What is the relationship between lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) concentration and the risk of major vascular and nonvascular outcomes?","hypothesis":"Circulating concentration of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) may be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.","methods":"This study identified 36 long-term prospective studies published between January 1970 and March 2009 that recorded Lp(a) concentration and subsequent major vascular morbidity and/or cause-specific mortality. Individual records for 126,634 participants were analyzed, excluding those with preexisting CHD or stroke at baseline. Within-study regression analyses, adjusted for within-person variation, were combined using meta-analysis.","results":"During 1.3 million person-years of follow-up, 22,076 first-ever fatal or nonfatal vascular disease outcomes or nonvascular deaths were recorded. Lp(a) concentration showed weak correlation with conventional vascular risk factors and was highly consistent within individuals over several years. The rates of CHD in the top and bottom thirds of baseline Lp(a) distributions were 5.6 and 4.4 per 1000 person-years, respectively. The risk ratio for CHD was 1.16 per 3.5-fold higher usual Lp(a) concentration (adjusted for age and sex) and 1.13 after further adjustment for other risk factors. The adjusted risk ratio for ischemic stroke was 1.10, while for nonvascular mortality, cancer deaths, and nonvascular deaths other than cancer, the risk ratios were 1.01, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively.","conclusion":"Lp(a) concentration has continuous, independent, and modest associations with the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, and these associations appear to be exclusive to vascular outcomes.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s142","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40750895","doi":"10.1186/s12933-025-02835-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-025-02835-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40750895/","title":"Evidence: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein","journal":"Cardiovasc Diabetol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher CTI levels are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, particularly in individuals without diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s142.html","research_question":"What is the association between the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index (CTI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, CVD incidence, and all-cause mortality?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that CTI, an innovative composite marker for metabolic-inflammatory dysregulation, would be associated with CVD mortality, CVD incidence, and all-cause mortality.","methods":"This study analyzed data from 8,679 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2010, 2015-2018. The CTI was calculated as 0.412* Ln (CRP [mg/L]) + Ln (TG [mg/dl] FPG [mg/dl])/2, and participants were divided into quartiles. Kaplan-Meier curves, cox proportional hazards models, logistic regression analyses, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to assess associations across sex-stratified, age-specific, and glycemic subgroups.","results":"CTI was significantly and positively associated with CVD mortality, total CVD incidence, and all-cause mortality. CTI predicted CVD mortality (HR 2.28) and all-cause mortality (HR 2.14). The CTI index correlated with the risk of total CVD (OR 2.85), congestive heart failure (OR 3.66), coronary heart disease (OR 2.82), angina pectoris (OR 2.85), heart attack (OR 2.59), and stroke (OR 2.86). The association was similar across sexes and age groups, but high CTI was linked to increased CVD risk only in individuals without diabetes mellitus.","conclusion":"Elevated CTI levels are significantly associated with CVD incidence and mortality, suggesting CTI could be a unique predictive marker for CVD risk.","limitations":"The association between high CTI and increased CVD risk was not observed in individuals with diabetes mellitus.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s143","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33806218","doi":"10.3390/nu13041074","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041074","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806218/","title":"Evidence: Erythrocyte EPA+DHA percentage","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Maintaining an optimal Omega-3 Index (8-11%) is linked to better brain health and should be used to guide EPA and DHA supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s143.html","research_question":"What is the significance of the erythrocyte EPA+DHA percentage (Omega-3 Index) for brain health and how does it relate to the design and interpretation of EPA and DHA intervention trials?","hypothesis":"The abstract implies that an optimal Omega-3 Index is crucial for brain health and that using the Omega-3 Index to guide EPA and DHA interventions could improve trial outcomes and clarify their effects.","methods":"This is a review article summarizing existing evidence regarding the Omega-3 Index, its association with brain health outcomes from epidemiological studies, and its implications for the design and interpretation of EPA and DHA intervention trials.","results":"The Omega-3 Index ranges from 2% to 20%, with an optimal range of 8-11%. A lower Omega-3 Index is associated with increased risks for total mortality, ischemic stroke, reduced brain volume, impaired cognition, accelerated dementia progression, psychiatric diseases, and compromised complex brain functions. Intervention trials often yield neutral results when not considering baseline blood levels, but when trial results are evaluated using measured blood levels of EPA and DHA, effects are larger and align with epidemiological findings.","conclusion":"The Omega-3 Index is a valuable biomarker for assessing EPA and DHA status, reflecting brain health risks, and should be used to guide the design and interpretation of future EPA and DHA intervention trials for more targeted and effective use.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the Omega-3 Index itself or the reviewed studies, but it highlights that many intervention trials have produced neutral results due to design flaws (e.g., not considering baseline blood levels).","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s144","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"21584793","doi":"10.1007/s00125-011-2162-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2162-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21584793/","title":"Evidence: Glycated hemoglobin (3-month glucose)","journal":"Diabetologia","year":2011,"primary_compound":"HbA1c Home Kit","linked_compounds":"HbA1c Home Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p144","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low glycated hemoglobin levels do not appear to increase mortality risk in a non-diabetic UK population; risk only rises above 5.5%.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not support\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s144.html","research_question":"Does a low level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) increase mortality risk in a UK population without known diabetes or cardiovascular disease?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to examine the shape of the risk relationship between glycated hemoglobin and mortality, particularly addressing the debate about increased mortality risk associated with low levels of glycaemia.","methods":"The study included 17,196 men and women aged 39-82 years from the EPIC-Norfolk Study, all without known diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Hazard ratios (HRs) for total and cause-specific mortality were estimated using Cox regression, comparing categories of glycated hemoglobin (<4.5%, 4.5% to <5.0%, 5.0% to <5.5% [reference], 5.5% to <6.0%, 6.0% to <6.5%, and \">=\"6.5%).","results":"During a mean follow-up of 11.2 years, 1,953 participants died. The HR for all-cause mortality increased with increasing glycated hemoglobin categories. Spline regression indicated no increased risk at the low end of the distribution, with the HR for all-cause mortality remaining constant in the low range and only beginning to rise at approximately 5.5%. Similar associations were observed for cause-specific mortality, with the strongest link to cardiovascular mortality.","conclusion":"The findings in this large non-diabetic population do not support the concern about increased mortality risk associated with low glycated hemoglobin levels. Differences in population characteristics might account for conflicting results from previous studies and warrant further investigation.","limitations":"The abstract mentions that differences in population characteristics might explain contrary results of earlier studies, suggesting a potential limitation in generalizability to other populations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s145","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28811358","doi":"10.1042/BSR20170947","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20170947","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28811358/","title":"Evidence: Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR","journal":"Biosci Rep","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is linked to increased risk of death from any cause and cardiovascular disease in non-diabetic adults, but high fasting insulin alone is not.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"greater risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s145.html","research_question":"Is elevated fasting insulin or insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to evaluate the association of elevated fasting insulin levels or insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults, given conflicting results from previous studies.","methods":"This meta-analysis searched PubMed and Embase databases for prospective observational studies published until November 2016. Studies investigating the association of elevated fasting insulin or HOMA-IR with cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults were included. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled for the highest compared with the lowest categories of fasting insulin or HOMA-IR.","results":"Seven articles involving 26,976 non-diabetic adults were included. The pooled adjusted RR for all-cause mortality was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00-1.27) for fasting insulin and 1.34 (95% CI: 1.11-1.62) for HOMA-IR. For cardiovascular mortality, the pooled adjusted RR was 2.11 (95% CI: 1.01-4.41) for HOMA-IR (from two studies) and 1.40 (95% CI: 0.49-3.96) for fasting insulin (from one study).","conclusion":"Insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR, but not fasting insulin, appears to be independently associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in non-diabetic adults.","limitations":"The association of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR with cardiovascular mortality may be unreliable due to the small number of articles included for these specific associations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s146","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"25559959","doi":"10.1631/jzus.B1400183","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1400183","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25559959/","title":"Evidence: Plasma homocysteine","journal":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Homocysteine Test","linked_compounds":"Homocysteine Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p146","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher homocysteine levels are associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes and all causes, especially in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s146.html","research_question":"Does elevated homocysteine predict coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, cardiovascular mortality, or all-cause mortality in the general population?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that elevated homocysteine levels would be a predictor of increased mortality.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted by systematically searching PubMed and Embase for prospective observational studies published before October 2013. The studies evaluated the association between baseline homocysteine levels and CHD, cardiovascular, or all-cause mortality. Pooled adjusted risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for both categorical and continuous risk estimates.","results":"Twelve studies with 23,623 subjects were included. Comparing the highest to lowest homocysteine categories, CHD mortality increased by 66%, cardiovascular mortality by 68%, and all-cause mortality by 93%. For each 5 μmol/L homocysteine increment, the pooled RR was 1.52 for CHD mortality, 1.32 for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.27 for all-cause mortality.","conclusion":"Elevated homocysteine levels are an independent predictor for subsequent cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality. The risks were more pronounced in elderly individuals.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s147","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38623382","doi":"10.1210/jendso/bvae063","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvae063","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38623382/","title":"Evidence: Serum ferritin (iron stores)","journal":"J Endocr Soc","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Iron status is linked to mortality risk, with different associations observed in people with and without diabetes, suggesting personalized approaches to iron management.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s147.html","research_question":"What is the association between iron status biomarkers and all-cause or cause-specific mortality, and does this association differ between people with and without diabetes mellitus?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to investigate associations between iron metabolic biomarkers and all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk in the general population, and to explore heterogeneities in these associations among populations with and without diabetes mellitus.","methods":"The study included 29,166 adults from NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2010, with mortality data linked to the National Death Index up to December 31, 2019. Cox proportional-hazard models and Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models were used to analyze the associations between iron metabolic biomarkers and mortality outcomes.","results":"During a median follow-up of 18.83 years, 9,378 deaths were observed, including 3,420 cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths and 1,969 cancer deaths. A linear association between serum ferritin (SF) and all-cause mortality was found in the overall population and those without diabetes. J-shaped associations between transferrin saturation (TSAT) and all-cause and CVD mortality were observed across all populations. In the overall population, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in the fourth quartile (Q4) of SF was 1.13 (1.05-1.21) compared to the first quartile (Q1), while for TSAT, the HR in Q4 was 0.93 (0.88-0.99). For individuals without diabetes, the adjusted HR of Q4 SF was 1.19 (1.03-1.37) for CVD mortality and 1.25 (1.05-1.48) for cancer mortality. In individuals with diabetes, the adjusted HRs of Q4 TSAT were 0.76 (0.62-0.93) for CVD mortality and 1.47 (1.07-2.03) for cancer mortality.","conclusion":"Abnormalities in iron metabolism increase mortality risk in the general population. The associations between iron status and mortality differ significantly between individuals with and without diabetes mellitus, suggesting a need for tailored strategies for iron homeostasis.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s148","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28329380","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehx050","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx050","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329380/","title":"Evidence: TSH and thyroid function","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Thyroid (TSH) Home Panel","linked_compounds":"Thyroid (TSH) Home Panel","linked_monograph_ids":"p148","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is linked to increased cardiovascular risks, with treatment and screening guidelines varying but generally recommending intervention for significant TSH deviations and screening for at-risk populations.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s148.html","research_question":"What is the current evidence regarding the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, and what are the recommendations for screening and treatment?","hypothesis":"The review aims to update current evidence on the association between thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, as well as on screening and treatment of subclinical thyroid dysfunction.","methods":"This review summarizes evidence from individual participant data (IPD) analyses of prospective cohort studies from the international Thyroid Studies Collaboration and other small studies.","results":"Subclinical hypothyroidism (SHypo) is associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (HR 1.58 for TSH \">=\" 10 mIU/L), increased risk of stroke, and heart failure (HF). SHypo also affects carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), diastolic function, peripheral vascular resistance, endothelial function, and lipid profile. Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SHyper) is associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) (HR 1.68) and CHD events (HR 1.21).","conclusion":"Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with various cardiovascular risks. Treatment for SHypo is suggested at TSH \">=\" 10 mIU/L, and for SHyper at TSH \"<\" 0.1 mIU/L. Screening is advocated for individuals at risk for hypothyroidism, those over 60, and those with known CHD and HF.","limitations":"The TSH threshold for initiating treatment is unclear due to the absence of large randomized controlled trials. Recommendations on screening are discordant.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s149","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31471749","doi":"10.1007/s11886-019-1208-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-019-1208-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31471749/","title":"Evidence: Hair cortisol (chronic stress)","journal":"Curr Cardiol Rep","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hair cortisol is a promising biomarker for chronic stress linked to cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, but more robust research is needed.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s149.html","research_question":"What is the role of hair cortisol as a biomarker for chronic stress in cardiovascular disease (CVD)?","hypothesis":"Hair cortisol may be a reliable biomarker of chronic stress, and elevated levels may be associated with the incidence, prognosis, and cardiometabolic risk factors of CVD.","methods":"This is a review article that outlines the cardiovascular consequences of cortisol excess and provides an overview of recent studies investigating the relationship between hair cortisol and CVD. It also discusses clinical implications, limitations, and future research directions.","results":"Hair cortisol provides quantification of total cortisol secreted into hair over several weeks, making it a potential biomarker for chronic stress. Elevated hair cortisol levels are associated with both the incidence of CVD and poorer recovery and treatment outcomes. Increased hair cortisol concentration has also been linked with cardiometabolic risk factors for CVD, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and adiposity.","conclusion":"Hair cortisol is a promising biomarker of chronic cortisol excess that may contribute to both the pathogenesis and prognosis of CVD.","limitations":"The current evidence relies on small-scale cross-sectional studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s150","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40099777","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2025.03.496","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.03.496","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40099777/","title":"Evidence: NMR LDL/HDL particle number","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"NMR Lipoprotein Particle Test","linked_compounds":"NMR Lipoprotein Particle Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p150","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Plozasiran significantly reduces harmful triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and shifts LDL to larger, potentially less atherogenic particles, without increasing overall LDL particle count.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"harmful\" | favorable-cue: \"significantly reduces harmful triglyceride\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s150.html","research_question":"What is the impact of plozasiran, an investigational siRNA targeting hepatic apoC-III, on lipoprotein particle concentration and subclass distribution in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia?","hypothesis":"Reductions in the number of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles (TRL-P) and a shift to possibly less atherogenic large low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL-P) are expected.","methods":"This study analyzed data from 403 patients across two phase 2 studies, SHASTA-2 (severe hypertriglyceridemia) and MUIR (mixed hyperlipidemia). Patients received two subcutaneous doses of plozasiran (10, 25, or 50 mg) or placebo at baseline and week 12. Lipoprotein profiling was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).","results":"In SHASTA-2, plozasiran led to dose-dependent reductions in TRL-P, with total TRL-P decreasing by -46%. Total LDL-P remained unchanged, but large LDL-P increased by +53% and medium LDL-P by +56%, while small LDL-P trended lower (-13%). Total HDL-P increased by +8%, primarily due to a +36% increase in large HDL-P. In MUIR, total TRL-P was reduced by -48% (pooled plozasiran). Total LDL-P was unchanged, but large and medium LDL-P increased by +88% and +46% respectively, and small LDL-P decreased by -28%. Total HDL-P increased by +12%, driven by an +83% increase in large HDL-P.","conclusion":"Plozasiran reduced apoC-III and induced potentially favorable quantitative and qualitative changes in lipoproteins, including a ~50% reduction in TRL-P, a shift in LDL to larger particles, and a modest increase in HDL-P concentration, without increasing total LDL-P or apoB.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study. It suggests that the potential of plozasiran to lower cardiovascular risk needs to be evaluated in a prospective outcomes trial.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s151","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36490263","doi":"10.2337/dc22-1339","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1339","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36490263/","title":"Evidence: Serum uric acid","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Higher serum uric acid levels are linked to increased mortality risk in people with diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s151.html","research_question":"Is serum uric acid (SUA) level associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in individuals with diabetes?","hypothesis":"The study investigates an association between serum uric acid levels and mortality, implying a potential link.","methods":"This prospective cohort study analyzed data from 7,101 patients with diabetes from the U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018. Mortality data were linked to national death records through December 31, 2019. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and CVD mortality. A meta-analysis of 13 additional cohort studies was also performed.","results":"Among NHANES participants, the weighted mean SUA level was 5.7 mg/dL. During 57,926 person-years of follow-up, there were 1,900 deaths, with 674 attributed to CVD. Patients in the highest SUA quintile had an HR of 1.28 for all-cause mortality and 1.41 for CVD mortality compared to those in the lowest SUA quintile. The meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies showed pooled HRs of 1.08 for all-cause mortality and 1.05 for CVD mortality per 1 mg/dL increment of SUA.","conclusion":"Higher serum uric acid levels are associated with increased risks of both all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in individuals with diabetes.","limitations":"The study design is observational, which means it can identify associations but not prove causation. The abstract does not explicitly state other limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s153","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29739772","doi":"10.1136/bmj.k1651","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1651","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29739772/","title":"Evidence: Handgrip strength (muscle strength)","journal":"BMJ","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower grip strength is associated with increased risk of mortality and various diseases, and can improve the accuracy of health risk predictions.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\" | favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s153.html","research_question":"Does grip strength associate with disease-specific incidence and mortality, and can it improve the predictive ability of an existing office-based risk score?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that lower grip strength will be associated with higher incidence and mortality from various diseases, and that adding grip strength to an office-based risk score will enhance its predictive power.","methods":"This was a prospective population-based study using data from the UK Biobank, involving 502,293 participants (54% women) aged 40-69 years. The study followed participants for a mean of 7.1 years to assess all-cause mortality and incidence/mortality from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, COPD, and various cancers.","results":"Over a mean follow-up of 7.1 years, 13,322 (2.7%) participants died. For every 5 kg lower grip strength, hazard ratios were significantly higher for all-cause mortality (1.20 for women, 1.16 for men) and cause-specific mortality from cardiovascular disease (1.19 women, 1.22 men), respiratory disease (1.31 women, 1.24 men), COPD (1.24 women, 1.19 men), all cancer (1.17 women, 1.10 men), colorectal cancer (1.17 women, 1.18 men), lung cancer (1.17 women, 1.08 men), and breast cancer (1.24 women). Prostate cancer showed no significant association (1.05). Muscle weakness (grip strength <26 kg for men, <16 kg for women) was linked to higher hazards for most health outcomes, except colon cancer in women and prostate/lung cancer in both sexes. Adding handgrip strength improved the C-index for predicting all-cause mortality (0.013), cardiovascular mortality (0.012), and cardiovascular disease incidence (0.009).","conclusion":"Higher grip strength is associated with a range of positive health outcomes, and its inclusion significantly improves the predictive ability of an established office-based risk score for several key health indicators.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s154","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35147712","doi":"10.1007/s00198-022-06317-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-022-06317-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35147712/","title":"Evidence: Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound","journal":"Osteoporos Int","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Heel Ultrasound Bone Scanner","linked_compounds":"Heel Ultrasound Bone Scanner","linked_monograph_ids":"p154","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower heel bone density, as measured by ultrasound, is linked to a higher risk of death from any cause and cardiovascular disease in older women, even when accounting for other risk factors.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s154.html","research_question":"Is calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) associated with 15-year all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in older women?","hypothesis":"The study aims to investigate the association between calcaneal QUS measurements and 15-year all-cause and CVD mortality in older women.","methods":"This prospective study followed 1404 older women (mean age 75.2 years) from the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome study (CAIFOS) for 15 years. Calcaneal bone was measured at baseline in 1998 using QUS. All-cause and CVD mortality were ascertained using linked data from the Western Australia data linkage system.","results":"Over 15 years, 584 women died, with 223 deaths attributed to CVD. For every standard deviation reduction in broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), the relative hazard for all-cause mortality increased by 1.15 (multivariable-adjusted HR) and for CVD mortality by 1.20 (multivariable-adjusted HR), independent of cardiovascular risk factors. These associations remained significant even when hip BMD was included in the model, with all-cause mortality HR 1.19 and CVD mortality HR 1.28.","conclusion":"Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older women, independently of bone mineral density and established cardiovascular disease risk factors.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s155","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27511067","doi":"10.1136/bmj.i4098","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4098","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27511067/","title":"Evidence: Blood pressure level and variability","journal":"BMJ","year":2016,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor;Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155;p163","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"155;163","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Variations in blood pressure over long, mid, and short terms are linked to increased risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality, independent of average blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s155.html","research_question":"What are the associations of long-term, mid-term, and short-term variability in blood pressure, independent of mean blood pressure, with cardiovascular disease events and mortality?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to systematically review existing evidence, implying an expectation that blood pressure variability would be associated with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality.","methods":"The researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and clinical trials in adults, excluding those on hemodialysis patients. They searched Medline, Embase, Cinahl, and Web of Science up to February 15, 2016, for full-text English articles. Standardized hazard ratios were extracted and combined using random effects meta-analysis for main analyses, excluding studies with high confounding risk. Outcomes included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cardiovascular disease events, while variability measures included standard deviation, coefficient of variation, variation independent of mean, and average real variability.","results":"The review identified 41 papers (19 observational, 17 clinical trial cohorts) comprising 46 separate analyses. Long-term variability was studied in 24 papers, mid-term in four, and short-term in 15. After excluding 23 analyses due to high confounding risk, increased long-term variability in systolic blood pressure was associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.15), cardiovascular disease mortality (HR 1.18), cardiovascular disease events (HR 1.18), coronary heart disease (HR 1.10), and stroke (HR 1.15). Increased mid-term and short-term variability in daytime systolic blood pressure were also associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.15 and HR 1.10, respectively).","conclusion":"Long-term variability in blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular and mortality outcomes, independently of mean blood pressure, with associations similar in magnitude to those of cholesterol measures with cardiovascular disease. Limited data for mid-term and short-term variability showed similar associations.","limitations":"The study noted limited data for mid-term and short-term variability. A significant number of analyses (23) were excluded from the main analyses due to high risks of confounding, indicating a common pitfall in existing research.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s156","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36720971","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-25970-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25970-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36720971/","title":"Evidence: Gamma-glutamyl transferase","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2023,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher GGT levels are linked to an increased risk of death from all causes and specific diseases like heart disease, cancer, respiratory illness, and liver disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s156.html","research_question":"What is the association between gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels and all-cause and disease-specific mortality?","hypothesis":"The study aims to examine the association of GGT with all-cause and disease-specific mortality, given inconsistent population-based data.","methods":"This study used the Korean nationwide database, including 9,687,066 subjects without viral hepatitis or cirrhosis who underwent a health examination in 2009. Subjects were categorized into three groups based on sex-specific tertiles of serum GGT levels. The underlying causes of death were classified using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases codes. The median follow-up period was 8.3 years.","results":"During the 8.3-year follow-up, 460,699 deaths were identified. All-cause mortality increased with higher serum GGT levels (HR 1.05 in the middle tertile, 1.33 in the high tertile). Similar trends were observed for cardiovascular disease (HR 1.07 in the middle tertile, 1.29 in the high tertile), cancer (HR 1.08 in the middle tertile, 1.38 in the high tertile), respiratory disease (HR 1.10 in the middle tertile, 1.39 in the high tertile), and liver disease mortality (HR 1.74 in the middle tertile, 6.73 in the high tertile). These associations persisted regardless of smoking, alcohol consumption, and history of previous CVD and cancer.","conclusion":"Higher serum GGT levels are associated with an increased risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality in the general population. Serum GGT levels may be useful for risk assessment.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s157","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37787795","doi":"10.1001/jama.2023.17002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.17002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37787795/","title":"Evidence: Cystatin C-based eGFR","journal":"JAMA","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower kidney function and higher albuminuria are linked to increased risks of kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, and hospitalizations.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with increased\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s157.html","research_question":"What are the associations of lower eGFR (based on creatinine alone or combined with cystatin C) and more severe albuminuria with adverse kidney outcomes, cardiovascular outcomes, and other health outcomes?","hypothesis":"Lower eGFR based on creatinine alone, lower eGFR based on creatinine combined with cystatin C, and more severe albuminuria will be associated with adverse kidney outcomes, cardiovascular outcomes, and other health outcomes.","methods":"This was an individual-participant data meta-analysis of 114 global cohorts from 1980 to 2021. The study included 27,503,140 individuals for eGFR based on creatinine alone, 720,736 individuals for eGFR based on creatinine and cystatin C, and 9,067,753 individuals for albuminuria. eGFR was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration 2021 equations, and albuminuria was estimated as urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR). The risks of 10 adverse outcomes were analyzed within each cohort and summarized with random-effects meta-analyses.","results":"Lower eGFR (whether based on creatinine alone or based on creatinine and cystatin C) and higher UACR were each significantly associated with a higher risk for all 10 adverse outcomes, even in the mildest categories of chronic kidney disease. For example, among individuals with UACR less than 10 mg/g, an eGFR of 45 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 based on creatinine alone was associated with significantly higher hospitalization rates compared to an eGFR of 90 to 104 mL/min/1.73 m2. This represented an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.3 and an excess absolute risk of 22 events per 1000 person-years.","conclusion":"Lower eGFR, whether based on creatinine alone or combined with cystatin C, and more severe UACR are each associated with increased rates of adverse kidney outcomes, cardiovascular diseases, and hospitalizations.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s158","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27865641","doi":"10.1016/j.cjca.2016.09.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2016.09.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27865641/","title":"Evidence: NT-proBNP natriuretic peptide","journal":"Can J Cardiol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"NT-proBNP Cardiac Test","linked_compounds":"NT-proBNP Cardiac Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p158","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"New Canadian guidelines recommend using NT-proBNP before noncardiac surgery for risk assessment and outline specific pre- and post-operative cardiac management strategies.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s158.html","research_question":"What are the updated Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for perioperative cardiac risk assessment and management in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery?","hypothesis":"The Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines Committee and key Canadian opinion leaders believed there was a need for updated guidelines using the GRADE system for perioperative cardiac risk assessment and management.","methods":"The Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines Committee, along with key Canadian opinion leaders, developed updated guidelines using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system of evidence assessment.","results":"Strong recommendations were made for: 1) measuring BNP or NT-proBNP before surgery in specific patient groups; 2) against several preoperative cardiac tests; 3) against routine acetylsalicylic acid for perioperative cardiac event prevention, with exceptions; 4) against initiating α-agonist or β-blocker within 24 hours before surgery; 5) withholding ACE inhibitor and ARB starting 24 hours before surgery; 6) facilitating smoking cessation before surgery; 7) measuring daily troponin for 48-72 hours after surgery in specific patient groups; and 8) initiating long-term acetylsalicylic acid and statin therapy in patients with postoperative myocardial injury/infarction.","conclusion":"The updated Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines provide strong recommendations for perioperative cardiac risk estimation and management, including the use of natriuretic peptides and specific interventions, while advising against certain common practices.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the guideline development process or the recommendations themselves.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s159","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39423445","doi":"10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113041","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113041","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39423445/","title":"Evidence: near-infrared light to cortex, BDNF","journal":"J Photochem Photobiol B","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Transcranial PBM Helmet","linked_compounds":"Transcranial PBM Helmet","linked_monograph_ids":"p159","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Near-infrared light therapy to the brain improved cognitive function and increased a neuroplasticity biomarker in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s159.html","research_question":"Can transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) improve cognition, mood, and biomarker levels in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?","hypothesis":"Transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) will improve cognition scores, depression, anxiety, resilience scores, and neuroplasticity biomarkers, while not altering neurodegeneration biomarkers, in individuals with MCI compared to a placebo.","methods":"A total of 93 older adults with MCI were randomized to either a t-PBM (n=47) or placebo (n=46) group. Clinical assessments and serum biomarker measurements (BDNF, NSE, S100B) were conducted at baseline, 60 days post-treatment, and a 150-day follow-up. Intervention effects were analyzed using repeated measures two-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, Fischer's exact test, and Generalized Estimating Equations.","results":"76 individuals completed the study (t-PBM: 40, placebo: 36). The t-PBM group showed significantly improved cognition (MoCA scores) compared to placebo (p=0.0301), with delta values of 3.20 for t-PBM and 1.97 for placebo. This cognitive improvement persisted until the three-month follow-up and was accompanied by increased BDNF levels in the t-PBM group (p=0.0046), with delta values of 821.94 for t-PBM and 359.41 for placebo. t-PBM did not alter depression, anxiety, resilience scores, or the levels of NSE and S100B.","conclusion":"Transcranial photobiomodulation increases cognitive function and BDNF levels in adults with MCI. It may serve as an adjunctive treatment to help prevent neurodegenerative diseases.","limitations":"The study had a dropout rate, with 76 out of 93 participants completing the study. The abstract does not specify other limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s160","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31583420","doi":"10.2340/16501977-2613","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2613","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31583420/","title":"Evidence: pulsed electromagnetic fields","journal":"J Rehabil Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy may improve physical function in knee osteoarthritis but does not significantly reduce pain or stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s160.html","research_question":"Does classical pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy effectively treat patients with knee osteoarthritis?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that classical PEMF therapy will improve outcomes such as pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared classical PEMF therapy with placebo in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Data on pain, stiffness, and physical function were extracted from 8 RCTs involving 421 patients.","results":"PEMF therapy improved physical function (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -5.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] -9.45 to -1.11, p = 0.01). However, it showed no significant advantage in reducing Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) total score (WMD = -7.80, 95% CI -16.08 to 0.47, p = 0.06), WOMAC pain score (WMD = -1.06, 95% CI -2.30 to 0.17, p = 0.09), visual analogue scale pain score (WMD = -0.88, 95% CI -2.06 to 0.31, p = 0.15), or WOMAC stiffness score (WMD = -0.50, 95% CI -1.09 to 0.09, p = 0.1).","conclusion":"Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy is beneficial for improving physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis, but it does not show an advantage in treating pain and stiffness.","limitations":"Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and to determine the optimal parameters and treatment regimen for pulsed electromagnetic field therapy.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s161","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34911483","doi":"10.1186/s12877-021-02642-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02642-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34911483/","title":"Evidence: vibration-driven muscle contraction","journal":"BMC Geriatr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resistance and mixed training improve muscle strength and gait speed in older adults with sarcopenia, while all three training types improve TUG times.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s161.html","research_question":"What are the effects of different exercise modes (resistance training [RT], whole body vibration training [WBVT], and mixed training [MT]) on muscle strength (knee extension strength [KES]) and physical performance (Timed Up and Go [TUG], gait speed [GS], and Chair Stand [CS]) in older people with sarcopenia?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to clarify the effects of different exercise modes on muscle strength and physical performance in older people with sarcopenia, implying an investigation into whether these modes would lead to improvements.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, retrieving studies published from January 2010 to March 2021 from six electronic databases. Two researchers independently extracted and evaluated studies. Pooled analyses for pre- and post-outcome measurements were performed using Review Manager 5.4 with standardized mean differences (SMDs) and fixed-effect models.","results":"Twenty-six studies, including 1191 older people with sarcopenia, were analyzed. Compared to control, RT and MT significantly improved KES (RT: SMD = 1.36; MT: SMD = 0.62) and GS (RT: SMD = 2.01; MT: SMD = 0.69). WBVT showed no changes in KES (SMD = 0.65) or GS (SMD = 0.12). TUG times were significantly improved with all exercise training modes (SMD = -0.66). There were no changes in CS times with any exercise training modes (SMD = 0.11).","conclusion":"In older people with sarcopenia, KES and GS can be improved by resistance training and mixed training, but not by whole body vibration training. All three training modes improved TUG times, but none improved Chair Stand times.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the systematic review and meta-analysis itself, beyond the inherent variability indicated by I values for some outcomes.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s162","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30827839","doi":"10.1053/j.jrn.2019.01.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2019.01.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30827839/","title":"Evidence: quantifies handgrip-force biomarker","journal":"J Ren Nutr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower handgrip strength is linked to a higher risk of death in dialysis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s162.html","research_question":"What is the association between handgrip strength (HGS) and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that there would be an association between handgrip strength and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis.","methods":"This meta-analysis included 9 prospective cohort studies identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases up to December 2, 2018. The studies evaluated the association between handgrip strength and all-cause mortality.","results":"Patients with low HGS had a summary risk ratio of all-cause mortality of 1.88 compared to those with high HGS. For every 1-kg unit increase in HGS, the summary risk ratio of all-cause mortality was 0.95.","conclusion":"Low handgrip strength is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the meta-analysis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s163","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"12055415","doi":"10.1097/00126097-200112000-00016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00126097-200112000-00016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12055415/","title":"Evidence: oscillometric arterial pressure","journal":"Blood Press Monit","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring offers more precise cardiovascular risk prediction than traditional office measurements, especially for conditions like white-coat hypertension and gestational hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s163.html","research_question":"What is the prognostic significance of new techniques of automated blood pressure measurement, specifically oscillometric arterial pressure?","hypothesis":"The study aims to reach a consensus on the prognostic significance of new techniques of automated blood pressure measurement.","methods":"A Task Force on the prognostic significance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring wrote a review in preparation for the Eighth International Consensus Conference. This synopsis was amended based on opinions aired at the conference and common ground reached in discussions.","results":"Ambulatory monitoring refines cardiovascular event prediction beyond conventional blood pressure. White-coat hypertension (clinic BP \">= 140/90 mmHg, daytime ambulatory BP < 135/85 mmHg) carries a lower cardiovascular risk than sustained hypertension. A decreased nocturnal blood pressure fall (<10% of daytime level) is associated with worse prognosis. Some studies show an independent relationship between short-term blood pressure variability and cardiovascular outcome. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is a better predictor of maternal and fetal complications in gestational hypertension than office measurement. Ambulatory pulse pressure is a strong predictor of cardiovascular outcome, and the QKD interval correlates with left ventricular mass. Self-measurement of blood pressure is effective in identifying the white-coat effect under standardized conditions.","conclusion":"Ambulatory blood pressure measurement provides refined prognostic information compared to conventional readings. Further research is needed on the long-term nature of white-coat hypertension, especially in children, and the prognostic accuracy, applicability, and cost-effectiveness of self-measured blood pressure.","limitations":"Intermittent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring techniques have limitations in quantifying short-term blood pressure variability. Reference values for ambulatory blood pressure in children are currently based on statistical parameters, and functional definitions of ambulatory hypertension are yet to be developed for this group. The issue of whether white-coat hypertension predisposes to sustained hypertension needs further research. More studies are required to fully elucidate the prognostic accuracy of self-measured blood pressure.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s164","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37999672","doi":"10.1016/j.jacep.2023.10.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2023.10.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37999672/","title":"Evidence: auricular vagus stimulation","journal":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vagus Nerve Stimulator (tVNS)","linked_compounds":"Vagus Nerve Stimulator (tVNS)","linked_monograph_ids":"p164","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduced postural tachycardia and improved related biomarkers in patients with POTS over two months.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s164.html","research_question":"Does low-level transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (tVNS) reduce postural tachycardia in patients with Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) over a 2-month period?","hypothesis":"The authors hypothesized that tVNS would be beneficial in patients with POTS, based on preliminary animal studies and the known antiarrhythmic and anti-inflammatory effects of auricular vagus stimulation.","methods":"This was a sham-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Participants with POTS received either active tVNS (20 Hz, 1 mA below discomfort threshold at the tragus) or sham stimulation (ear lobe) for 1 hour daily over 2 months. Postural tachycardia, heart rate variability, serum cytokines, and antiautonomic autoantibodies were measured at baseline and after 2 months.","results":"At 2 months, the active tVNS group showed significantly less postural tachycardia (mean postural increase in heart rate 17.6 ± 9.9 beats/min) compared to the sham group (31.7 ± 14.4 beats/min; P = 0.01). Antiadrenergic autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines were lower, and heart rate variability was better in the active arm. No device-related side effects were observed.","conclusion":"The study concludes that noninvasive neuromodulation with tVNS can treat POTS, likely by reducing antiautonomic autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines, and improving autonomic tone.","limitations":"The abstract states that further studies are warranted, implying that this study, while supportive, is not definitive.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s165","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34184544","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.121.020980","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.020980","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34184544/","title":"Evidence: high-resistance breath loading","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Six weeks of high-resistance inspiratory muscle training can lower blood pressure and improve blood vessel function in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s165.html","research_question":"Does high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) improve blood pressure, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness in midlife/older adults with elevated systolic blood pressure?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that 6 weeks of high-resistance IMST would improve blood pressure, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness, and also investigated potential mechanisms and long-lasting effects.","methods":"A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial was conducted with 36 midlife/older adults (aged 50-79 years) who had systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg. Participants were randomized to either high-resistance IMST (75% maximal inspiratory pressure, n=18) or low-resistance sham training (15% maximal inspiratory pressure, n=18) for 30 breaths/day, 6 days/week for 6 weeks. Blood pressure, endothelial function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation), and arterial stiffness were measured, along with markers of NO bioavailability, eNOS activation, reactive oxygen species, C-reactive protein, and circulating metabolites.","results":"High-resistance IMST significantly decreased casual systolic blood pressure from 135±2 mm Hg to 126±3 mm Hg, with approximately 75% of this reduction sustained 6 weeks post-training. Casual diastolic blood pressure also modestly decreased from 79±2 mm Hg to 77±2 mm Hg. Twenty-four hour systolic blood pressure was lower after IMST compared to sham training. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation improved by approximately 45% with IMST. Serum from participants after IMST showed increased NO bioavailability, greater endothelial NO synthase activation, and lower reactive oxygen species bioactivity in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. IMST also decreased C-reactive protein and altered select circulating metabolites. Sham training had no effect on blood pressure or endothelial function, and neither IMST nor sham training influenced arterial stiffness.","conclusion":"High-resistance IMST is a safe and highly adherable lifestyle intervention that effectively improves blood pressure and endothelial function in midlife/older adults with above-normal initial systolic blood pressure.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s166","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31331557","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31331557/","title":"Evidence: device-guided paced breathing","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Slow-Breathing Pacer Device","linked_compounds":"Slow-Breathing Pacer Device","linked_monograph_ids":"p166","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Slow breathing techniques can modestly lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension or prehypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s166.html","research_question":"What is the impact of device-guided and non-device-guided (pranayama) slow breathing on blood pressure reduction in hypertensive and prehypertensive patients at low cardiac risk?","hypothesis":"The study aims to assess if slow breathing interventions can reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension or prehypertension.","methods":"This meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials or the first phase of randomized cross-over studies. Eligible studies involved subjects with hypertension, prehypertension, or those on antihypertensive medication, with interventions of slow breathing at 10 breaths/minute for 5 minutes on 3 days/week, lasting 4 weeks or more, and with a control group. Data were extracted by two independent authors, bias risk was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, and data were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. Main outcomes were changes in systolic (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and/or decreased antihypertensive medication.","results":"Seventeen studies were included in the meta-analysis from 103 eligible citations. Slow breathing interventions resulted in an overall decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by -5.62 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by -2.97 mmHg. High heterogeneity was observed across all analyses.","conclusion":"Slow breathing leads to a modest reduction in blood pressure. It could be considered a reasonable initial treatment option for low-risk hypertensive and prehypertensive patients who prefer not to start medication.","limitations":"The meta-analysis reported high heterogeneity for all analyses, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s167","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39416507","doi":"10.5114/biolsport.2024.133665","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2024.133665","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39416507/","title":"Evidence: sequential limb compression","journal":"Biol Sport","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intermittent pneumatic compression on lower limbs may help reduce perceived muscle soreness after exercise, with 20-30 minute sessions at 80 mmHg being common protocols.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s167.html","research_question":"What are the effects of lower-limb intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) on sports recovery, and what are the most effective protocols?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that lower-limb IPC has beneficial effects on sports recovery and that specific protocols can optimize these effects.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, Academic Search Complete, and Science Direct. The search terms included variations of \"Pneumatic compression\" and \"Recover*\". Data from 17 studies (319 participants) were extracted, and standardized mean differences were calculated using a random-effects model. Methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale.","results":"Lower-limb IPC showed a trivial to small benefit for muscular function and a trivial to moderate effect for pain and soreness. The effect on muscle damage markers was highly variable. Protocols of 20 to 30 minutes and pressures of about 80 mmHg were the most frequently used options for optimizing recovery.","conclusion":"Lower-limb IPC has potential effects for sports recovery, primarily by reducing perceived soreness.","limitations":"The methodological quality of the included studies ranged from fair to good, and the effect on muscle damage markers was highly variable, suggesting inconsistencies or limited efficacy in this area.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s168","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40293721","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005110","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005110","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40293721/","title":"Evidence: rapid percussion, neuromuscular recovery","journal":"J Strength Cond Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Percussion massage did not improve recovery from muscle damage caused by intense eccentric exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s168.html","research_question":"Does percussion massage accelerate neuromuscular recovery and performance after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesized that percussion massage would accelerate recovery after high-intensity muscle damaging eccentric exercise.","methods":"Twenty healthy, active volunteers performed eccentric elbow flexion exercise on their nondominant arm. They were randomized into a percussion massage group (n=10) or a control group (n=10). The percussion group received 5 minutes of massage immediately, 24 hours, and 48 hours post-exercise. Muscle soreness, range of motion, arm circumference, isometric strength, voluntary activation, and resting twitch were measured at baseline, immediately after exercise, and at 24, 48, and 168 hours post-exercise.","results":"Significant main effects for time were observed in all measured variables, indicating changes over time. However, no significant interactions between time and group, or overall group differences, were found for any of the muscle damage markers.","conclusion":"Percussion massage does not accelerate recovery after high-intensity muscle-damaging eccentric exercise.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s169","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24106864","doi":"10.1186/1471-2318-13-105","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-105","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24106864/","title":"Evidence: progressive balance and power training","journal":"BMC Geriatr","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study protocol outlines a trial to evaluate a fall prevention exercise program for older adults, including supervised and home-based versions, and will assess detraining effects.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s169.html","research_question":"What are the effects of a fall prevention program on balance, strength/power, body composition, cognition, psychosocial well-being, and falls self-efficacy in healthy older adults, and what are the time-related effects of detraining?","hypothesis":"The supervised combination of balance and strength/power training will improve performance in variables of balance, strength/power, body composition, cognitive function, psychosocial well-being, and falls self-efficacy in older adults.","methods":"Healthy older adults (n=54, aged 65-80 years) will be randomized into two intervention groups or a control/waiting group. Intervention groups will complete a 12-week balance and strength/power exercise intervention 3 times per week for 30 minutes per session. One intervention group will receive extensive supervised training, while the other will complete a home-based short version ('3 times 3') controlled by weekly phone calls. The control group will not receive an intervention during the experimental period. Measures of static/dynamic steady-state balance, proactive balance, reactive balance, strength, power, body composition, psychosocial well-being, cognition, and fall self-efficacy will be assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 12 weeks after program cessation to evaluate detraining effects.","results":"This abstract describes the study protocol and does not present any results from the trial.","conclusion":"This abstract outlines the design of a study to assess the effects of a fall prevention program on various health outcomes in older adults, as well as detraining effects. No conclusions can be drawn as the study has not yet been conducted or reported its findings.","limitations":"This abstract describes a study protocol and does not discuss limitations of the study itself, as no results have been presented.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s170","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35144946","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051073","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051073","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35144946/","title":"Evidence: gate-control nerve stimulation","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2022,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"TENS effectively reduces pain intensity compared to placebo with generally mild side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduces pain\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s170.html","research_question":"What is the efficacy and safety of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief in adults?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that TENS is effective and safe for pain relief in adults compared to placebo or other treatments.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis included 381 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 24,532 participants. Reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias and certainty of evidence. Random effect models were used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMD) and risk ratios for mean pain intensity and proportions of participants achieving pain reductions (≥30% or ≥50%) during or immediately after TENS.","results":"Pain intensity was lower during or immediately after TENS compared with placebo (91 RCTs, 4841 participants, SMD=-0.96, moderate-certainty evidence). This effect was not modified by methodological or pain characteristics. Pain intensity was also lower during or immediately after TENS compared with pharmacological and non-pharmacological standard care treatments (61 RCTs, 3155 participants, SMD=-0.72, low-certainty evidence). Adverse events were poorly reported but generally mild and similar to comparators.","conclusion":"There is moderate-certainty evidence that pain intensity is lower during or immediately after TENS compared with placebo, and TENS is not associated with serious adverse events.","limitations":"The certainty of evidence was downgraded due to small-sized trials contributing to imprecision in magnitude estimates. Data on adverse events were limited and poorly reported.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s171","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37366366","doi":"10.1111/jsr.13978","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13978","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37366366/","title":"Evidence: microcurrent for sleep and mood","journal":"J Sleep Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator","linked_compounds":"Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator","linked_monograph_ids":"p171","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A microcurrent device improved depression and physical well-being, and altered brain activity, in people with subclinical insomnia, but did not significantly improve sleep more than a sham device.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly improve\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s171.html","research_question":"Can a novel microcurrent device improve sleep and mood symptoms in individuals with subclinical insomnia?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that a novel cranial electrotherapy stimulation device providing stable electronic stimulation would improve sleep and accompanying mood symptoms in people with subclinical insomnia.","methods":"Participants with subclinical insomnia were randomly assigned to either an active or a sham device group. They used the device for 30 minutes, twice daily, for two weeks. Outcome measures included questionnaires for sleep, depression, anxiety, and quality of life, 4-day actigraphy, and 64-channel electroencephalography.","results":"The active device group showed significant improvement in depression (p = 0.032) and physical well-being (p = 0.041) compared to the sham group. Anxiety also improved in the active group, but not significantly (p = 0.090). Both groups reported significant subjective sleep improvement, with no significant difference between groups. Electroencephalography changes after two weeks were significantly different between groups, particularly for occipital delta (p = 0.008), beta power (p = 0.012), and temporo-parieto-occipital theta (p = 0.022).","conclusion":"Cranial electrotherapy stimulation may be an adjunctive therapy to improve psychological symptoms and alter brain activity.","limitations":"The study's limitations include the need for further investigation into the device's effects in a clinical population and the optimal stimulation parameters.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s172","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"26592233","doi":"10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26592233/","title":"Evidence: self-myofascial release","journal":"J Bodyw Mov Ther","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Self-myofascial release can acutely improve flexibility, reduce muscle soreness, and aid recovery, but its long-term effects on flexibility are unclear.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s172.html","research_question":"What are the acute and chronic clinical effects of self-myofascial release (SMFR)?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to review existing literature to understand the effects of SMFR.","methods":"PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched in February 2015 for studies related to self-myofascial release.","results":"Acutely, SMFR appears to increase flexibility, reduce muscle soreness, and does not hinder athletic performance. It may also acutely improve arterial function, vascular endothelial function, and increase parasympathetic nervous system activity. Long-term effects on flexibility show conflicting evidence.","conclusion":"SMFR has a range of potentially valuable acute effects for athletes and the general population, including increased flexibility and enhanced recovery. Long-term effects on flexibility are not consistently supported by current evidence.","limitations":"The review did not specify the number or type of studies included, nor did it detail the specific tools or protocols used in the SMFR studies reviewed. The search was limited to two databases and a specific timeframe.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s173","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30306467","doi":"10.1007/s40279-018-0994-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0994-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30306467/","title":"Evidence: low-load occlusion training","journal":"Sports Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low-load resistance training and walking combined with blood flow restriction effectively increase muscle mass and strength in older adults, with similar hypertrophy but lower strength gains compared to high-load training.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s173.html","research_question":"How does low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) training influence muscle mass and strength in older adults compared to conventional resistance training, and what is the effectiveness of walking with and without BFR?","hypothesis":"The study aims to quantitatively identify the effects of LL-BFR training on muscle mass and strength in older individuals.","methods":"A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, CENTRAL) were searched until June 1, 2018. A random-effects meta-analysis with inverse variance weighting was performed on 11 included studies with a total of 238 participants.","results":"Adding BFR to low-load training and walking significantly improved muscular strength, with pooled effect sizes of 2.16 and 3.09, respectively. Muscle mass also increased when comparing walking with and without BFR (ES 1.82). Compared to high-load training, LL-BFR promoted similar muscle hypertrophy (ES 0.21) but resulted in lower strength gains (ES -0.42).","conclusion":"LL-BFR and walking with BFR are effective interventions for stimulating muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in older populations.","limitations":"The BFR literature is still scarce regarding potential moderator variables such as sex, cuff pressure, or training volume/frequency, indicating a need for further research.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s174","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30069942","doi":"10.1111/aor.13161","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.13161","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30069942/","title":"Evidence: electrical muscle contraction","journal":"Artif Organs","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intradialytic electrical muscle stimulation improved muscle strength, size, and physical function in hemodialysis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s174.html","research_question":"Can intradialytic electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) improve muscle wasting, weakness, and sarcopenia in hemodialysis (HD) patients?","hypothesis":"Intradialytic EMS will improve quadriceps muscle strength and size, and physical function in HD patients.","methods":"This was a prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Twenty-nine HD patients were randomly assigned to either an EMS group or a control group, with 13 patients in each group analyzed. The EMS group received intradialytic EMS over an 8-week period. Measurements included isometric knee extensor strength, quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) via MRI, Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), SF-8 Health Survey, and blood tests, performed before and after the intervention.","results":"The EMS group showed significant improvement compared to the control group in knee extensor strength (right: 22.3 vs. -10.8 N; left: 26.1 vs. -8.3 N), quadriceps CSA at three positions (25% right: 1.7 vs. -0.4 cm; 25% left: 1.3 vs. -0.6 cm; 50% right: 2.0 vs. -0.7 cm; 50% left: 2.7 vs. -0.7 cm; 75% right: 1.8 vs. -0.7 cm; 75% left: 2.1 vs. -0.4 cm), and TUG time (-0.8 vs. 0.2 s). Improvements in SF-8 components in the EMS group were not statistically significant.","conclusion":"Intradialytic electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) can be an effective exercise training tool for hemodialysis patients experiencing muscle wasting, weakness, or sarcopenia.","limitations":"The study was open-label, which might introduce bias. The sample size for analysis was relatively small, with 13 patients in each group.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s175","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28478782","doi":"10.1017/S0033291717001003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478782/","title":"Evidence: paced breathing raises HRV","journal":"Psychol Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"HRV Biofeedback Trainer","linked_compounds":"HRV Biofeedback Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p175","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"HRV biofeedback training shows promise for reducing self-reported stress and anxiety.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in self-reported stress and anxiety\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s175.html","research_question":"Does heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback effectively treat symptoms of anxiety and stress?","hypothesis":"HRV biofeedback might be an effective way to treat anxiety and stress symptoms.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted using studies from PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. The search identified 24 studies with a total of 484 participants who underwent HRV biofeedback training for stress and anxiety. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed.","results":"The pre-post within-group effect size (Hedges' g) was 0.81. The between-groups analysis comparing biofeedback to a control condition showed a Hedges' g of 0.83. Moderator analyses indicated that treatment efficacy was not influenced by study year, risk of study bias, percentage of females, number of sessions, or presence of an anxiety disorder.","conclusion":"HRV biofeedback training is linked to a significant reduction in self-reported stress and anxiety.","limitations":"More well-controlled studies are needed to further confirm the efficacy of HRV biofeedback.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s176","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38111608","doi":"10.3389/fdgth.2023.1258915","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2023.1258915","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38111608/","title":"Evidence: reflective photoplethysmography","journal":"Front Digit Health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The EmbracePlus wristband accurately measures blood oxygen levels in healthy adults, including those with darker skin, under controlled conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s176.html","research_question":"Can the EmbracePlus wristband accurately measure peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) using reflective pulse oximetry during controlled hypoxia in healthy adults, including those with darker skin pigmentation?","hypothesis":"The EmbracePlus wristband will demonstrate clinically acceptable accuracy in measuring SpO2 during controlled hypoxia, meeting FDA guidelines and showing consistent performance across different skin pigmentations and sexes.","methods":"Healthy adult participants underwent a controlled desaturation protocol to achieve SaO2 levels from 100% to 70%. The EmbracePlus wristband measured SpO2, while reference SaO2 was obtained from blood samples analyzed by a co-oximeter. The study followed ISO 80601-2-61:2017 and FDA guidance, including 30% participants with dark skin pigmentation (Fitzpatrick V-VI).","results":"The study yielded 373 measurements from 15 subjects. The accuracy root mean square (Arms) error was 2.4%, which is within the FDA's 3.5% limit. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.96, p < 0.001) was found between wristband SpO2 and reference SaO2. Bland-Altman analysis showed good concordance (bias, 0.05%; standard deviation, 1.66; lower limit, -4.7%; upper limit, 4.8%). Accuracy was acceptable when stratified by skin pigmentation (2.2% in Fitzpatrick V-VI, 2.5% in Fitzpatrick I-IV) and sex (1.9% in females, 2.9% in males).","conclusion":"The EmbracePlus wristband can assess SpO2 with clinically acceptable accuracy under no-motion and high perfusion conditions in healthy individuals of different ethnicities across the claimed range.","limitations":"The study was conducted under no-motion and high perfusion conditions in healthy subjects. Further evaluations are needed for unhealthy subjects and during prolonged use in ambulatory settings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s177","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32536366","doi":"10.5664/jcsm.8636","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8636","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32536366/","title":"Evidence: deep-pressure stimulation","journal":"J Clin Sleep Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Weighted blankets effectively reduce insomnia and improve daytime symptoms and activity in individuals with certain psychiatric disorders.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s177.html","research_question":"What is the effect of weighted chain blankets on insomnia and sleep-related daytime symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that weighted chain blankets would improve insomnia and sleep-related daytime symptoms in the target patient population.","methods":"One hundred twenty patients were randomized (1:1) to either a weighted metal chain blanket or a light plastic chain blanket for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the Insomnia Severity Index, with secondary outcomes including day and night diaries, Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and wrist actigraphy for sleep and daytime activity levels. A 12-month open follow-up phase was also conducted.","results":"At 4 weeks, the weighted blanket group showed a significant advantage in Insomnia Severity Index ratings compared to the light blanket group (P < .001) with a large effect size (Cohen's d 1.90). The weighted blanket also led to better sleep maintenance, higher daytime activity, and reduced daytime fatigue, depression, and anxiety. No serious adverse events were reported. During the 12-month follow-up, the positive effects on sleep were maintained by continuous users, and those who switched from a light to a weighted blanket experienced similar improvements.","conclusion":"Weighted chain blankets are an effective and safe intervention for insomnia in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also improving daytime symptoms and activity levels.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s178","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"10473961","doi":"10.1159/000051379","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000051379","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10473961/","title":"Evidence: retinoic-acid precursor boosts collagen","journal":"Dermatology","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical retinaldehyde is an effective and safe treatment for photoaged skin.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s178.html","research_question":"Can topical retinaldehyde improve the signs of photoaged skin?","hypothesis":"Retinaldehyde, as a precursor to retinoic acid, should have similar beneficial effects on photoaged skin.","methods":"The study used open and controlled clinical studies. Efficacy was assessed through image analysis of silicone skin replicas.","results":"Topical retinaldehyde was found to be both efficient and safe.","conclusion":"Retinaldehyde is an efficient and well-tolerated treatment for improving the signs of photoaging.","limitations":"The abstract does not specify any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s179","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"12823436","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0625.2003.00008.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2003.00008.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12823436/","title":"Evidence: collagen biosynthesis, photoprotection","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 5% vitamin C cream applied topically improved the appearance and structure of sun-damaged skin over 6 months.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s179.html","research_question":"Can topical application of a 5% vitamin C cream improve photoaged skin and is it well-tolerated?","hypothesis":"Topical vitamin C, known for its antioxidant and collagen-biosynthetic properties, may prevent and treat skin aging.","methods":"A 6-month double-blind, randomized trial compared a 5% vitamin C cream to an excipient on photoaged skin of healthy female volunteers' low-neck and arms. Clinical assessments by investigators and self-assessments by volunteers were performed at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Skin relief was measured using silicone replicas, and biopsies at the trial's end were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.","results":"Clinical and self-assessments showed significant improvement in the 'global score' on the vitamin C-treated side compared to the control. There was a highly significant increase in skin microrelief density and a decrease in deep furrows. Ultrastructural evidence of elastic tissue repair was also observed.","conclusion":"Topical application of 5% vitamin C cream was an effective and well-tolerated treatment, leading to clinically apparent improvement in photodamaged skin and inducing positive modifications in skin relief and ultrastructure, suggesting a beneficial effect on sun-induced skin aging.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s180","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"16029679","doi":"10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31732","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31732","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16029679/","title":"Evidence: barrier and pigment modulation","journal":"Dermatol Surg","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical niacinamide improves multiple signs of facial aging, including wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, redness, yellowing, and elasticity.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s180.html","research_question":"What are the effects of topical niacinamide on skin appearance and properties, specifically wrinkles, yellowing, and elasticity?","hypothesis":"Topical niacinamide will improve the appearance of aging facial skin, including reductions in fine lines, wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, red blotchiness, and skin sallowness, and will improve elasticity.","methods":"Fifty female white subjects with facial photoaging applied 5% niacinamide to half of their face and a vehicle control to the other half twice daily for 12 weeks. The study was double-blind and left-right randomized. Facial images and instrumental measures were taken at baseline and every 4 weeks.","results":"Topical niacinamide significantly reduced fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, red blotchiness, and skin sallowness (yellowing). Skin elasticity, measured by cutometry, also improved.","conclusion":"Topical niacinamide provides additional benefits beyond previously observed effects, including improved appearance of skin wrinkles and yellowing, and improved elasticity.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s181","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29947134","doi":"10.1111/bjd.16918","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16918","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29947134/","title":"Evidence: retinoid-mimicking gene expression","journal":"Br J Dermatol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Bakuchiol is as effective as retinol for reducing wrinkles and hyperpigmentation, but causes less irritation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s181.html","research_question":"Can bakuchiol provide similar anti-aging benefits to retinol with fewer side effects?","hypothesis":"Bakuchiol will demonstrate comparable efficacy to retinol in improving signs of facial aging, but with a better tolerability profile.","methods":"This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind study involving 44 patients. Participants applied either 0.5% bakuchiol cream twice daily or 0.5% retinol cream daily. Facial photographs were analyzed at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Patients also completed tolerability assessments, and a blinded dermatologist graded pigmentation and redness during visits.","results":"Both bakuchiol and retinol significantly reduced wrinkle surface area and hyperpigmentation, with no statistical difference in efficacy between the two compounds. Retinol users reported more instances of facial skin scaling and stinging compared to bakuchiol users.","conclusion":"Bakuchiol is comparable to retinol in improving photoaging and is better tolerated, suggesting it could be a promising alternative to retinol.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s182","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"16924055","doi":"10.1001/archderm.142.8.1047","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.142.8.1047","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16924055/","title":"Evidence: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant","journal":"Arch Dermatol","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical azelaic acid effectively reduces inflammatory lesions and erythema in papulopustular rosacea and is comparable to metronidazole.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s182.html","research_question":"What is the clinical efficacy of topical 20% azelaic acid cream and 15% azelaic acid gel compared with their respective vehicles and metronidazole gel in treating papulopustular rosacea?","hypothesis":"The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of azelaic acid formulations for papulopustular rosacea.","methods":"Electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, SciSearch, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were conducted through July or August 2004. Hand searches of reference lists, conference proceedings, and clinical trial databases were also performed, and experts were contacted. Randomized controlled trials comparing topical azelaic acid (cream or gel) with placebo or other topical treatments for rosacea were included. Two authors independently identified studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. Five studies involving 873 patients were included.","results":"A meta-analysis could not be conducted due to a lack of standard deviation data for four of the five studies. Four of the five studies showed significant decreases in mean inflammatory lesion count and erythema severity after azelaic acid treatment compared with vehicle. No studies demonstrated a significant decrease in telangiectasia severity.","conclusion":"Topical 20% azelaic acid cream and 15% azelaic acid gel are effective for treating papulopustular rosacea, particularly in reducing inflammatory lesion count and erythema severity. Azelaic acid appears to be as effective as, or potentially better than, metronidazole.","limitations":"A meta-analysis could not be performed because standard deviation data were unavailable for four out of five included studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s183","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39050562","doi":"10.2147/CCID.S453243","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S453243","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39050562/","title":"Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids in Dermatological Practice: A Comprehensive Clinical and Legal Review.","journal":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Alpha-hydroxy acids are effective for skin rejuvenation and treating various skin conditions, but more research is needed to determine optimal concentrations for safety and efficacy, and regulatory compliance is crucial.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s183.html","research_question":"What is the efficacy and safety of alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) in dermatological practice?","hypothesis":"AHAs are effective in skin rejuvenation and treating various skin conditions, but their optimal concentrations and safety require further research and regulatory adherence.","methods":"This study was a comprehensive clinical and legal review of the dermatological applications of AHAs, focusing on their use in cosmetic formulations like chemical peels.","results":"AHAs, including glycolic and lactic acids, enhance skin rejuvenation by promoting apoptosis in skin cells, boosting collagen and elastin synthesis, and improving skin texture and luminosity. They are useful in treating conditions such as acne, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging. However, the precise optimal concentrations for therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects are not yet defined.","conclusion":"AHAs are effective in cosmetic dermatology, but continued research is needed to define optimal concentrations, and rigorous regulatory adherence is essential for their safe and beneficial application.","limitations":"The review indicates that optimal concentrations for therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects are yet to be precisely defined, necessitating further research.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s184","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36200921","doi":"10.1111/dth.15903","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15903","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200921/","title":"Benefits of topical hyaluronic acid for skin quality and signs of skin aging: From literature review to clinical evidence.","journal":"Dermatol Ther","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical hyaluronic acid improves skin hydration and rejuvenation and can extend the effects of Botulinum toxin type A in reducing wrinkles.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s184.html","research_question":"What are the benefits of topical hyaluronic acid (HA) for skin quality and signs of skin aging, and does it enhance the effects of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA)?","hypothesis":"Topical hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important component of the extracellular matrix and is expected to have hydration and anti-aging properties. It may also lengthen the duration of BoNTA's effect in reducing wrinkles.","methods":"A literature review was conducted using terms such as HA, hyaluronan, topical, dermatology, cosmetic, aging treatment, exposome, and cosmeceuticals. Additionally, results from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) were presented. In the RCT, subjects were randomized into two groups: one received HA-filler serum twice daily for 24 weeks starting 24 hours after a Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) injection, and the control group received only BoNTA.","results":"HA is a key ingredient in cosmeceuticals due to its hydration and anti-aging properties (hygroscopic, rheological, and viscoelastic). Clinical studies indicate that HA is well tolerated and effective as an adjuvant to post-surgical and facial rejuvenation procedures. In the RCT, the HA-filler serum lengthened the duration of BoNTA's effect in reducing wrinkles.","conclusion":"HA-based cosmeceuticals are a noninvasive, effective solution for improving skin hydration and rejuvenation. Topical HA can also extend the duration of BoNTA's wrinkle-reducing effects.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the literature review or the randomized controlled trial.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s185","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"23732711","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23732711/","title":"Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial.","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily sunscreen use significantly reduces skin aging, while β-carotene supplements showed no overall benefit.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no overall effect\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s185.html","research_question":"Does regular use of sunscreen or β-carotene supplements retard skin aging, as measured by photoaging, compared to discretionary use or placebo?","hypothesis":"Regular use of sunscreen and/or β-carotene supplements will retard skin aging.","methods":"This was a randomized, controlled, community-based intervention conducted in Nambour, Australia. 903 adults younger than 55 years were randomly assigned to one of four groups: daily broad-spectrum sunscreen and 30 mg β-carotene, daily sunscreen and placebo, discretionary sunscreen and 30 mg β-carotene, or discretionary sunscreen and placebo. The change in microtopography between 1992 and 1996 was graded by blinded assessors to measure skin aging.","results":"The daily sunscreen group showed no detectable increase in skin aging after 4.5 years. Skin aging from baseline to the end of the trial was 24% less in the daily sunscreen group compared to the discretionary sunscreen group. β-carotene supplementation had no overall effect on skin aging.","conclusion":"Regular sunscreen use retards skin aging in healthy, middle-aged men and women. No overall effect of β-carotene on skin aging was identified.","limitations":"Some outcome data were missing, and the study's power to detect moderate treatment effects was modest.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s186","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"18644225","doi":"10.1163/156856208784909435","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/156856208784909435","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18644225/","title":"The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling.","journal":"J Biomater Sci Polym Ed","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The human peptide GHK and its copper complex GHK-Cu play a broad role in tissue repair and regeneration, with benefits for skin, hair, and various internal tissues.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s186.html","research_question":"What role does the human tri-peptide GHK and its copper complex GHK-Cu play in tissue remodeling?","hypothesis":"The human tri-peptide GHK and its copper complex GHK-Cu activate various processes involved in tissue remodeling, including cell chemoattraction, anti-inflammatory actions, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation.","methods":"This abstract reviews existing literature on the human peptide GHK and its copper complex GHK-Cu, summarizing their known biological activities related to tissue remodeling.","results":"GHK and GHK-Cu activate several remodeling-related processes: chemoattraction of repair cells, anti-inflammatory actions (e.g., suppressing free radicals, increasing superoxide dismutase), increased protein synthesis (e.g., collagen, elastin), and increased proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, nerve outgrowth, angiogenesis, and hair follicle size. GHK-Cu has been shown to stimulate wound healing in various models and in humans. Controlled studies on aged skin demonstrated that GHK-Cu tightens skin, improves elasticity and firmness, reduces fine lines, wrinkles, photodamage, and hyperpigmentation. Additionally, GHK-Cu improves hair transplant success, protects hepatic tissue, blocks stomach ulcer development, and heals intestinal ulcers and bone tissue.","conclusion":"The human tri-peptide GHK and its copper complex GHK-Cu are involved in a wide array of biochemical processes that regulate tissue remodeling, demonstrating beneficial effects in wound healing, skin rejuvenation, and protection/healing of various tissues.","limitations":"The abstract does not present new experimental data but rather summarizes existing findings, without providing specific details on study designs, sample sizes, or quantitative outcomes for many of the mentioned effects.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s187","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"14616378","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05597.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05597.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14616378/","title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind study on the clinical efficacy of a cream containing 5% alpha-lipoic acid related to photoageing of facial skin.","journal":"Br J Dermatol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 5% alpha-lipoic acid cream significantly reduced skin roughness and improved other signs of photoageing on facial skin over 12 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s187.html","research_question":"Does a cream containing 5% alpha-lipoic acid (LA) improve criteria associated with photoageing of facial skin compared to an identical cream without LA?","hypothesis":"A cream containing 5% LA will show beneficial effects on photoageing skin.","methods":"Thirty-three women, with a mean age of 54.4 years, participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. For 12 weeks, half of each participant's face was treated twice daily with a 5% LA cream, and the other half with a control cream. Assessments included self-evaluation, clinical evaluation, photographic evaluation, and laser profilometry, with profilometry performed at the start and end of treatment.","results":"All four assessment methods showed a statistically significant improvement on the LA-treated side of the face. Laser profilometry, the most objective method, showed an average decrease in skin roughness of 50.8% on the LA-treated side, compared to 40.7% on the placebo-treated side (P < 0.001).","conclusion":"Treatment for 12 weeks with a cream containing 5% LA improves clinical characteristics related to photoageing of facial skin.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s188","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32557862","doi":"10.1111/ina.12706","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12706","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32557862/","title":"Indoor CO2 concentrations and cognitive function: A critical review.","journal":"Indoor Air","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Elevated indoor CO2 and poor ventilation can affect cognitive function, with pure CO2 impacting decision-making and reduced ventilation slowing cognitive speed.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s188.html","research_question":"What is the current understanding of the relationship between indoor CO2 concentrations and cognitive function?","hypothesis":"The review does not state a specific hypothesis, but rather aims to summarize existing findings regarding the cognitive impact of CO2.","methods":"This critical review summarized results from 37 experimental studies. These studies used objective cognitive tests and manipulated CO2 concentrations either by adding pure CO2 or by adjusting ventilation rates. A subset of these studies meeting objective criteria for strength and consistency was further analyzed.","results":"Studies with varied designs suggested that both adding pure CO2 and adjusting ventilation rates can affect multiple cognitive functions. In a subset of strong and consistent studies, pure CO2 at common indoor concentrations only affected high-level decision-making in non-specialized populations, as measured by the Strategic Management Simulation battery. Lower ventilation and the accumulation of indoor pollutants, including CO2, were found to reduce the speed of various cognitive functions but did not affect accuracy.","conclusion":"While both pure CO2 and reduced ventilation (with accompanying pollutants) can impact cognitive function, the specific effects differ. Pure CO2 primarily affects high-level decision-making, whereas lower ventilation and pollutant accumulation tend to reduce cognitive speed without affecting accuracy. Inconsistencies in findings highlight the need for more standardized research methods.","limitations":"Major confounding factors in the reviewed studies include variations in cognitive assessment methods, study designs, individual and populational differences among subjects, and uncertainties in exposure doses.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s189","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34300131","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18147680","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147680","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34300131/","title":"Exposure to Air Pollution in Rural Malawi: Impact of Cooking Methods on Blood Pressure and Peak Expiratory Flow.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cooking outdoors with charcoal significantly reduces exposure to PM2.5 compared to cooking indoors with wood in rural Malawi, potentially mitigating respiratory symptoms.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s189.html","research_question":"What is the impact of different cooking methods (wood vs. charcoal) and locations (indoor vs. outdoor) on air pollution exposure, blood pressure, and peak expiratory flow in women in rural Malawi?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that cooking with wood, especially indoors, will lead to higher PM2.5 exposure and potentially negative health outcomes compared to cooking with charcoal or outdoors.","methods":"The study used static and personal PM2.5 measurements with a miniature monitor (RTI MicroPEM) to characterize exposure among women cooking with wood and charcoal indoors and outdoors in rural Malawi. Blood pressure and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were also measured.","results":"Mean PM2.5 concentrations 1m from cookstoves were 1338 µg/m3 for wood and 31 µg/m3 for charcoal. Mean personal PM2.5 exposures were 706 µg/m3 for wood and 94 µg/m3 for charcoal. Personal indoor PM2.5 exposures were 3.3 times greater than outdoor for wood and 1.7 times greater for charcoal. Six out of eight participants had PEFR below 80% of expected prior to exposure. Reductions in PEFR were observed for participants cooking with wood indoors. Five out of eight participants reported breathing difficulties, coughing, and eye irritation when cooking with wood, with less severe symptoms for charcoal.","conclusion":"Exposure to PM2.5 was substantially reduced by cooking outdoors with charcoal. Simple interventions like cooking outside and minimizing time near stoves could reduce risks of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.","limitations":"The study involved a small number of participants (eight women) and did not explicitly state the duration of the exposure measurements or the follow-up period for health outcomes. It also noted that both wood and charcoal have negative environmental and health impacts.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s190","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"17079692","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwj364","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj364","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17079692/","title":"Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools.","journal":"Am J Epidemiol","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Long-term exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) from chlorinated water, through drinking, showering/bathing, and swimming, is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s190.html","research_question":"Is bladder cancer risk associated with exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) through ingestion of water, and through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools?","hypothesis":"The authors hypothesized that bladder cancer risk would be associated with exposure to THMs through various routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption.","methods":"A case-control study was conducted in Spain between 1998 and 2001, involving 1,219 bladder cancer cases and 1,271 controls. Lifetime personal information on water consumption and water-related habits was collected and linked with THM levels in geographic study areas.","results":"Long-term THM exposure was associated with a twofold bladder cancer risk, with an odds ratio of 2.10 for average household THM levels of >49 versus <=8 micro g/liter. Ingestion exposure of >35 micro g/day had an odds ratio of 1.35 compared to not drinking chlorinated water. The odds ratio for duration of shower or bath weighted by residential THM level was 1.83 for the highest compared with the lowest quartile. Swimming in pools was associated with an odds ratio of 1.57.","conclusion":"Bladder cancer risk was associated with long-term exposure to THMs in chlorinated water at levels commonly found in industrialized countries.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s191","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32007436","doi":"10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104589","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104589","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32007436/","title":"Evidence: adds magnesium and calcium","journal":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Many EU countries regulate drinking water hardness, calcium, or magnesium, but these regulations are inconsistent and often not based on current health research.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s191.html","research_question":"How do European Union countries regulate calcium and magnesium in drinking water, and is this regulation aligned with current scientific evidence regarding health impacts?","hypothesis":"The abstract does not explicitly state a hypothesis, but it implies that current regulations for calcium and magnesium in drinking water in EU countries may not adequately reflect scientific evidence on health effects.","methods":"The study involved a summary of the situation regarding drinking water quality regulations in 28 European Union countries, focusing on calcium and magnesium content or total hardness.","results":"The current EU Drinking Water Directive does not include limits for hardness, calcium, or magnesium. However, 12 EU member states regulate these parameters through law, and 7 countries use technical guidance. Several countries also provide educational information to the public. The regulations across most countries are not based on current research and are not comparable, with some providing recommended ranges and others mandatory minimum or maximum limit values.","conclusion":"Current drinking water quality regulations in most EU countries regarding calcium and magnesium are not consistently based on up-to-date scientific research and lack comparability. This information is intended to aid in the implementation of the revised EU Directive.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study itself, but it highlights the limitation of current regulations not being based on current research.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s192","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"25848315","doi":"10.2147/JIR.S69656","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S69656","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25848315/","title":"Evidence: conductive Earth contact","journal":"J Inflamm Res","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Grounding / Earthing Sleep Mat","linked_compounds":"Grounding / Earthing Sleep Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p192","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Connecting with the Earth through grounding may influence inflammation, immune responses, and wound healing by altering white blood cell counts and inflammatory molecules.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s192.html","research_question":"What are the physiological and health effects of electrically conductive contact of the human body with the Earth's surface (grounding or earthing)?","hypothesis":"Grounding an organism produces measurable differences in the concentrations of white blood cells, cytokines, and other molecules involved in the inflammatory response, and can influence outcomes of studies on inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis.","methods":"The report synthesizes multi-disciplinary research findings and presents several hypotheses based on current research results and understanding of electronic aspects of cell and tissue physiology, cell biology, biophysics, and biochemistry. It also references studies using delayed onset muscle soreness as an experimental injury to monitor immune responses under grounded versus ungrounded conditions.","results":"Electrically conductive contact with the Earth produces intriguing effects on physiology and health, relating to inflammation, immune responses, wound healing, and prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Grounding reduces pain and alters the numbers of circulating neutrophils and lymphocytes, and affects various circulating chemical factors related to inflammation.","conclusion":"Grounding appears to offer a new perspective for studying inflammation and is an important, often overlooked, factor in experimental animal studies that can influence outcomes related to inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis.","limitations":"The report primarily informs researchers and alerts them to potential factors, rather than presenting new experimental data. It also highlights the need for researchers to consider the length of time and degree of grounding, implying these are often overlooked.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s193","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36382379","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2021.0865","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0865","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36382379/","title":"Evidence: tracks indoor relative humidity","journal":"J R Soc Interface","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Indoor relative humidity between 40-60% is associated with better COVID-19 outbreak outcomes compared to humidity levels outside this range.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with better\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s193.html","research_question":"Does indoor relative humidity modulate the spread and severity of COVID-19 outbreaks?","hypothesis":"Indoor climate, particularly relative humidity (RH), may be a more relevant modulator of COVID-19 outbreaks than outdoor conditions, with intermediate RH (40-60%) associated with better outcomes.","methods":"The study combined population-based COVID-19 statistics and meteorological measurements from 121 countries. Epidemiological data were rigorously processed to reduce bias. A computational workflow was developed and experimentally validated to estimate indoor conditions based on outdoor weather data and standard indoor comfort conditions.","results":"The analysis showed robust and systematic relationships between regional COVID-19 outbreaks and indoor relative humidity. Specifically, intermediate RH (40-60%) was robustly associated with better COVID-19 outbreak outcomes compared to RH below 40% or above 60%.","conclusion":"Indoor conditions, particularly indoor relative humidity, modulate the spread and severity of COVID-19 outbreaks.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s194","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31574513","doi":"10.1159/000502891","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502891","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31574513/","title":"Evidence: bright light entrains circadian rhythm","journal":"Psychother Psychosom","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Bright light therapy effectively reduces depression symptoms and increases treatment response rates in adults with seasonal affective disorder.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s194.html","research_question":"Is bright light therapy (BLT) effective in treating seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in adults?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that bright light therapy (BLT) will be superior to placebo (dim light or sham/low-density negative ion generators) in treating seasonal affective disorder (SAD).","methods":"This meta-analysis systematically searched for randomized, single- or double-blind clinical trials comparing BLT (≥1,000 lx) against dim light (≤400 lx) or sham/low-density negative ion generators. Primary outcome was post-treatment depression score, and secondary was treatment response rate. Only first-period data from crossover trials were used.","results":"Nineteen studies were included. BLT was superior to placebo for depression ratings with a standardized mean difference of -0.37 (95% CI: -0.63 to -0.12) across 18 studies (610 patients). For response to active treatment, BLT had a risk ratio of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.08-1.85) across 16 studies (559 patients). No publication bias was found, but moderate heterogeneity and a moderate-to-high risk of bias were noted.","conclusion":"Bright light therapy (BLT) is an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD).","limitations":"The available evidence comes from methodologically heterogeneous studies with small-to-medium sample sizes, and there was a moderate-to-high risk of bias.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s195","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36606378","doi":"10.1111/jocd.15589","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15589","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36606378/","title":"Evidence: inhibits plasmin, reduces melanin","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Tranexamic acid effectively treats melasma through various delivery methods, with oral TXA being most potent but having side effects, and topical TXA being well-tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s195.html","research_question":"What are the various delivery methods of tranexamic acid (TXA) for treating melasma, and how effective are they compared to traditional treatments?","hypothesis":"The study aims to characterize the efficacy of different TXA delivery methods for melasma treatment.","methods":"A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Embase in May 2022. The search terms used were 'tranexamic acid' and 'melasma'. Forty-six articles were included in the review.","results":"Oral, intralesional, and topical TXA were found to be safe and effective treatments for melasma, with overall improvement in MASI scores. Oral TXA was the most effective, particularly for refractory melasma, but was associated with gastrointestinal upset and menstrual irregularities. Intralesional injections and microneedling with topical TXA were effective alternatives. Topical TXA alone was the least effective but showed better tolerability than hydroquinone.","conclusion":"Tranexamic acid, delivered orally, intralesionally, or topically, is an effective treatment for melasma, with oral administration being the most potent despite side effects. Topical TXA is better tolerated than hydroquinone.","limitations":"The pro-thrombotic nature of oral TXA must be considered before prescribing. The review did not specify the exact number of patients experiencing side effects or the specific MASI score improvements for each method.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s196","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38662856","doi":"10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.323584","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.323584","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38662856/","title":"Evidence: reduces nighttime noise exposure","journal":"Circ Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Transportation noise, especially at night, significantly increases cardiovascular disease risk by disrupting sleep, elevating stress, and causing oxidative stress.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s196.html","research_question":"What are the indirect, nonauditory cardiovascular health effects of transportation noise?","hypothesis":"Transportation noise, particularly at night, increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality by causing sleep fragmentation, elevated stress hormones, and increased oxidative stress, which can lead to vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and hypertension.","methods":"This review provides an updated overview of epidemiological research on transportation noise and cardiovascular risk factors and disease. It also includes mechanistic insights from clinical and experimental studies, discusses potential effects on vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in humans and animals, and explains underlying pathomechanisms. Current and future noise mitigation strategies are also described.","results":"Epidemiological studies show that transportation noise increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with strong evidence for ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke. Nighttime traffic noise leads to sleep fragmentation, shortened sleep, elevated stress hormones, and increased oxidative stress in the vasculature and brain. These factors promote vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and arterial hypertension, thereby increasing cardiovascular risk. The World Health Organization estimates that traffic-related noise in Western Europe results in at least 1.6 million healthy life years lost annually.","conclusion":"Transportation noise is a significant cardiovascular risk factor, primarily through indirect, nonauditory mechanisms involving sleep disruption, stress hormone elevation, and oxidative stress, leading to vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and hypertension.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the review itself, but rather summarizes the existing evidence and mechanisms.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x1","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36797393","doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29787-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36797393/","title":"NAD metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized controlled trial","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN);NAD⁺ Activation Stack (NMN + Resveratrol + Pterostilbene)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn;nadstack","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMN supplementation safely increased NAD metabolism in healthy middle-aged adults and showed a non-significant trend towards reducing arterial stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviating\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x1.html","research_question":"Does long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation influence biochemical and metabolic health parameters, including NAD metabolism and arterial stiffness, in healthy middle-aged adults?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesized that NMN supplementation would prevent the reduction of NAD levels and potentially alleviate aging-related diseases, as observed in animal studies.","methods":"A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted with 36 healthy middle-aged participants. Participants received either 125 mg NMN or placebo twice daily.","results":"Serum nicotinamide levels were significantly higher in the NMN group compared to the placebo group. Pulse wave velocity, an indicator of arterial stiffness, tended to decrease in the NMN group, but this difference was not statistically significant between the two groups. NMN supplementation at 250 mg/day was well tolerated with no adverse events.","conclusion":"NMN supplementation safely and effectively elevated NAD metabolism in healthy middle-aged adults. While NMN showed potential in alleviating arterial stiffness, this effect was not statistically significant in this study.","limitations":"The study noted that while arterial stiffness tended to decrease, no significant difference was found between the two groups, suggesting a potential limitation in statistical power or effect size for this specific outcome.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x2","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32564438","doi":"10.1002/jbmr.4115","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4115","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32564438/","title":"Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","journal":"J Bone Miner Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily resveratrol supplementation may help slow bone loss in the spine and hip of postmenopausal women.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x2.html","research_question":"Can resveratrol supplementation improve bone health in postmenopausal women?","hypothesis":"Resveratrol supplementation will improve bone health in postmenopausal women, possibly through circulatory benefits in bone tissue, given its phytoestrogen properties and bone-protective effects observed in rodent models.","methods":"The RESHAW trial was a 24-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover intervention. Postmenopausal women received 75 mg of resveratrol twice daily or a placebo. The study evaluated effects on cognition, cerebrovascular function, bone health, cardiometabolic markers, and well-being.","results":"After 12 months, resveratrol supplementation increased bone density in the lumbar spine by +0.016 g/cm and in the neck of the femur by +0.005 g/cm compared to placebo. This was accompanied by a 7.24% reduction in C-terminal telopeptide type-1 collagen levels. The femoral neck T-score improved by +0.070, reducing the 10-year probability of major and hip fracture risk. The bone-protective benefit was greater in women with poor bone health biomarker status and in those who supplemented with vitamin D plus calcium.","conclusion":"Regular supplementation with 75 mg of resveratrol twice daily has the potential to slow bone loss in the lumbar spine and femoral neck in postmenopausal women without overt osteoporosis.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x3","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35616942","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13875","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13875","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35616942/","title":"Effects of Spermidine Supplementation on Cognition and Biomarkers in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial","journal":"JAMA Netw Open","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 12-month daily spermidine supplement did not improve memory or biomarkers in older adults with subjective cognitive decline, though exploratory findings suggest possible benefits for verbal memory and inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly improve\" | favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x3.html","research_question":"Does longer-term spermidine supplementation affect memory performance and biomarkers in older adults with subjective cognitive decline?","hypothesis":"Spermidine supplementation will show beneficial effects on memory performance and biomarkers in older adults with subjective cognitive decline, based on prior animal studies and preliminary human evidence.","methods":"This was a 12-month randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial (SmartAge trial) conducted at a single academic clinical research center in Germany. One hundred participants aged 60 to 90 years with subjective cognitive decline were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 0.9 mg/d of a spermidine-rich wheat germ extract or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose). The primary outcome was the change in mnemonic discrimination performance from baseline to 12 months, assessed by the Mnemonic Similarity Task. Secondary outcomes included other neuropsychological, behavioral, and physiological parameters, with safety also assessed.","results":"A total of 100 participants (51 in the spermidine group, 49 in the placebo group; mean age 69 years; 49% female) were included in the analysis. Over 12 months, no significant changes were observed in mnemonic discrimination performance (between-group difference, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.05; P = .47) or secondary outcomes. Exploratory analyses suggested possible beneficial effects on inflammation and verbal memory. Adverse events were balanced between the groups.","conclusion":"Longer-term spermidine supplementation (0.9 mg/d) did not significantly improve memory or biomarkers in older adults with subjective cognitive decline compared to placebo. Exploratory findings on verbal memory and inflammation require validation in future studies, potentially with higher dosages.","limitations":"The study was a monocenter trial, and the dosage of spermidine (0.9 mg/d) might have been insufficient to elicit significant effects. The observed beneficial effects on verbal memory and inflammation were exploratory and require further validation.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x4","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34847066","doi":"10.18632/aging.203736","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203736","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34847066/","title":"Rejuvant, a potential life-extending compound formulation with alpha-ketoglutarate and vitamins, conferred an average 8 year reduction in biological aging","journal":"Aging","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG)","linked_compounds":"Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG);All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"akg;stack","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A supplement called Rejuvant® was associated with an average 8-year reduction in biological age in a small study.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x4.html","research_question":"Can Rejuvant®, an alpha-ketoglutarate based formulation, reduce biological aging in humans?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that Rejuvant® could delay and/or reverse biological aging, extending healthspan and lifespan.","methods":"This was a retrospective analysis of DNA methylation age in 42 individuals. Participants took Rejuvant® for an average of 7 months. DNA methylation testing was performed at baseline and at the end of the treatment period.","results":"Individuals showed an average decrease in biological aging of 8 years. A large majority of participants experienced a decrease in their biological age. Rejuvant® appeared to offer additional benefits to chronologically and biologically older individuals.","conclusion":"Rejuvant® is an intriguing candidate to affect human aging, demonstrating a nearly 8-year reversal in biological age in individuals taking it for 4 to 10 months. Further testing, especially in a placebo-controlled design, is required.","limitations":"The study was a retrospective analysis and lacked a placebo-controlled design, which is noted as a requirement for continued testing.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x5","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38016844","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.10.019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.10.019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016844/","title":"The Effect of Berberine Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Metabolic Disorders: An Umbrella Meta-analysis","journal":"Clin Ther","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Berberine supplementation may help improve blood sugar control and reduce inflammation in adults with metabolic disorders.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x5.html","research_question":"Does berberine supplementation improve glycemic control and inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with metabolic disorders?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to clarify inconsistent findings from previous meta-analyses regarding berberine's effects on glycemic parameters and inflammatory markers.","methods":"This umbrella meta-analysis systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for relevant meta-analyses published up to April 2023.","results":"Berberine supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (ES: -0.77 and -0.65), hemoglobin A1C (ES: -0.57), HOMA-IR (ES: -1.04 and -0.71), insulin (ES: -1.00 and -0.63), IL-6 (ES: -1.23), TNF-α (ES: -1.04), and CRP (ES: -0.62 and -1.70).","conclusion":"Berberine supplementation appears effective in improving glycemic parameters and inflammatory markers in adults.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the umbrella meta-analysis itself.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x6","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37004841","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2023.101923","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.101923","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37004841/","title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on cancer mortality: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol);Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd;organ_support","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"10;14","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily vitamin D supplementation may reduce cancer mortality, but bolus dosing does not show the same benefit.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly reduce\" | favorable-cue: \"reduction in cancer mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x6.html","research_question":"Does vitamin D supplementation affect cancer mortality in the general population and prognosis in cancer patients?","hypothesis":"The study aims to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cancer mortality and prognosis.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) with 104,727 participants (2015 cancer deaths) was conducted. Individual patient data (IPD) from 7 RCTs (94,068 participants) were also analyzed. Subgroup analyses were performed based on dosing regimen (daily vs. bolus) and other factors like age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, baseline vitamin D, adherence, and cancer-related factors.","results":"The main meta-analysis of 14 RCTs showed a non-significant 6% reduction in cancer mortality (RR: 0.94 [0.86-1.02]). Subgroup analysis revealed a 12% lower cancer mortality in trials with a daily dosing regimen (RR: 0.88 [0.78-0.98]), but no reduction in trials using a bolus regimen (RR: 1.07 [0.91-1.24]). The IPD meta-analysis confirmed the overall finding (RR: 0.93 [0.84; 1.02]). Post-hoc analysis of daily dosing trials suggested adults aged \">= 70 years (RR: 0.83 [0.77; 0.98]) and subjects initiating vitamin D before cancer diagnosis (RR: 0.87 [0.69; 0.99]) benefited most. Data on baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and non-Hispanic White adults were insufficient.","conclusion":"Overall, vitamin D supplementation did not significantly reduce cancer mortality in the main meta-analysis. However, daily vitamin D administration, unlike bolus supplementation, was associated with a 12% reduction in cancer mortality.","limitations":"The study noted insufficient data on baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and limited inclusion of non-Hispanic White adults in the trials, which prevented drawing conclusions for these subgroups.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x7","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31627309","doi":"10.3390/nu11102494","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102494","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31627309/","title":"A Collagen Supplement Improves Skin Hydration, Elasticity, Roughness, and Density: a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Blind Study","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Collagen Peptides","linked_compounds":"Collagen Peptides","linked_monograph_ids":"collagen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A collagen-based drinkable supplement improved several objective measures of skin health and aging in women over 35.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x7.html","research_question":"Does a drinkable nutraceutical containing collagen peptides and other micronutrients improve skin aging and skin health parameters?","hypothesis":"The drinkable nutraceutical ELASTEN will improve skin hydration, elasticity, roughness, and density compared to a placebo.","methods":"This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, blind study involving 72 healthy women aged 35 years or older. Participants were divided into two groups: 36 received the nutraceutical (2.5 g collagen peptides, acerola fruit extract, vitamin C, zinc, biotin, vitamin E complex) and 36 received a placebo for twelve weeks. Skin assessments were performed using corneometry for hydration, cutometry for elasticity, silicon skin replicas with PRIMOS for roughness, and skin sonography for density. The verum group was followed for an additional four weeks without the product to assess the sustainability of effects.","results":"The test product significantly improved skin hydration, elasticity, roughness, and density. Statistically significant differences were observed between the verum group and the placebo group for all tested parameters. These positive effects were largely retained during the four-week follow-up period. Subjective assessments by participants were consistent with the measured effects, and the nutraceutical was well tolerated.","conclusion":"The drinkable nutraceutical ELASTEN significantly improves objective parameters of skin aging and health, including hydration, elasticity, roughness, and density, with sustained effects after product cessation.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x8","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33783984","doi":"10.1002/ctm2.372","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.372","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33783984/","title":"GlyNAC supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and insulin resistance","journal":"Clin Transl Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Glutathione;Glycine Powder;GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;glutathione;p125;glynac","linked_monograph_count":4,"linked_product_ids":"12;20;125;198","linked_product_count":4,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GlyNAC supplementation in older adults improved several markers of aging and health, but these benefits decreased after stopping the supplement.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x8.html","research_question":"What are the effects of GlyNAC supplementation and withdrawal on various health markers in older adults, including glutathione levels, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and insulin resistance?","hypothesis":"GlyNAC supplementation in older adults will improve naturally-occurring glutathione deficiency, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, similar to observations in aged mice.","methods":"This was a 36-week open-label pilot clinical trial involving eight older adults (OAs) and eight young adults (YAs). All participants underwent an initial pre-supplementation study. YAs were then released, while OAs received GlyNAC supplementation for 24 weeks, followed by a 12-week GlyNAC withdrawal period. Measurements included red blood cell (RBC) glutathione, mitochondrial fuel-oxidation (MFO), plasma biomarkers for oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial function, glucose, and insulin, as well as gait speed, grip strength, 6-minute walk test, cognitive tests, genomic damage, glucose production and muscle protein breakdown rates, and body composition.","results":"GlyNAC supplementation for 24 weeks in older adults corrected RBC-GSH deficiency, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. It also improved inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, genomic damage, cognition, strength, gait speed, and exercise capacity, while lowering body fat and waist circumference. However, these benefits declined after stopping GlyNAC supplementation for 12 weeks.","conclusion":"GlyNAC supplementation for 24 weeks in older adults was well tolerated and demonstrated improvements across multiple health parameters, including reduced oxidative stress, corrected glutathione deficiency, improved mitochondrial function, decreased inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and genomic damage, as well as enhanced strength, gait speed, cognition, and body composition. These findings suggest GlyNAC could be a simple and viable method to promote health in aging humans, warranting further investigation.","limitations":"This was a pilot trial with a small sample size (eight older adults) and an open-label design, which may limit the generalizability and strength of the findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x9","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33459354","doi":"10.1002/ijc.33211","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33211","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33459354/","title":"Leukocyte telomere length, cancer incidence and all-cause mortality among Chinese adults","journal":"Int J Cancer","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Telomere Support","linked_compounds":"Telomere Support","linked_monograph_ids":"telomere","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Longer telomeres are linked to a higher risk of cancer but a lower risk of non-cancer related death in Chinese adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\" | favorable-cue: \"reduced risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x9.html","research_question":"What is the association between leukocyte telomere length and the risk of cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in a large prospective cohort of Chinese adults?","hypothesis":"The study aims to investigate the association of leukocyte telomere length with risk of cancer incidence and all-cause mortality.","methods":"Relative telomere lengths were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR in genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples of 26,540 middle-aged or older Chinese adults. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer and deaths by quintiles of telomere length were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for age, sex, and other potential confounders.","results":"After baseline, 4,353 persons developed cancer and 7,609 died. Participants with the longest decile of telomeres had a 26% higher risk of total cancer incidence compared to the shortest decile. Longer telomeres were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.93), noncancer death (HR = 0.81), and specifically, death from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia (HR = 0.79) and digestive diseases (HR = 0.60).","conclusion":"Longer telomeres are associated with an increased risk of overall cancer development and several specific cancer types, but also with a reduced risk of noncancer-related death.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x10","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30669119","doi":"10.18632/aging.101684","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101684","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30669119/","title":"DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan","journal":"Aging","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Epigenetic Age (DNA-Methylation Clock) Testing","linked_compounds":"Epigenetic Age (DNA-Methylation Clock) Testing;Comprehensive Blood-Biomarker Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"epigenetic;biomarkers","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A new DNA methylation-based biomarker, DNAm GrimAge, accurately predicts lifespan and various age-related health conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x10.html","research_question":"Can plasma protein levels be estimated using DNA methylation (DNAm) levels, and can these estimates be combined into a robust predictor of lifespan?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that DNAm levels can be used to estimate plasma protein levels, and that these estimates, along with other DNAm-based factors, can form a powerful predictor of lifespan and healthspan.","methods":"The researchers developed seven DNAm-based estimators for plasma proteins, including plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and growth differentiation factor 15. These estimators, along with a DNAm-based estimator of smoking pack-years, were consolidated into a composite biomarker called DNAm GrimAge. They also created AgeAccelGrim by adjusting DNAm GrimAge for chronological age. The predictive ability of DNAm GrimAge and AgeAccelGrim was validated using large-scale data from thousands of individuals.","results":"DNAm GrimAge strongly predicted time-to-death (P=2.0E-75), time-to-coronary heart disease (P=6.2E-24), and time-to-cancer (P=1.3E-12). It also showed a strong relationship with fatty liver/excess visceral fat from CT data and age-at-menopause (P=1.6E-12). AgeAccelGrim was significantly associated with comorbidity count (P=3.45E-17). Age-adjusted DNAm PAI-1 levels were associated with lifespan (P=5.4E-28), comorbidity count (P=7.3E-56), and type 2 diabetes (P=2.0E-26). These biomarkers also showed expected relationships with healthy diet and educational attainment.","conclusion":"DNAm GrimAge and its components are powerful epigenetic biomarkers that strongly predict lifespan and healthspan, outperforming existing epigenetic clocks. These biomarkers are expected to have applications in human anti-aging research.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x11","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33297486","doi":"10.3390/nu12123759","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123759","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33297486/","title":"The Gut Microbiome, Aging, and Longevity: A Systematic Review","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Gut Microbiome Testing","linked_compounds":"Gut Microbiome Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"microbiome","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The gut microbiome changes significantly with age, showing higher diversity and specific functional shifts in older adults, especially the oldest-old.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x11.html","research_question":"What are the aging-associated alterations in the diversity, composition, and functional features of the gut microbiota?","hypothesis":"The gut microbiome undergoes extensive changes across the lifespan, and age-related processes may influence the gut microbiota and its related metabolic alterations.","methods":"This systematic review identified 27 empirical human studies focusing on normal and successful aging to summarize current literature on age-related changes in gut microbiota diversity, composition, and functional features.","results":"Alpha diversity of microbial taxa, functional pathways, and metabolites was higher in older adults, especially the oldest-old, compared to younger individuals. Beta diversity distances significantly differed across developmental stages and between oldest-old and younger-old adults. Older adults showed reduced pathways for carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid synthesis. Oldest-old adults had functional differences, including greater potential for short-chain fatty acid production and increased butyrate derivatives, compared to young-old adults.","conclusion":"Older adults, particularly the oldest-old, exhibit distinct gut microbiota characteristics, including higher alpha diversity and specific functional differences like increased short-chain fatty acid production, which may offer insights into age-related processes.","limitations":"A definitive interpretation of the findings is limited by the cross-sectional design of the published reports included in the review.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x12","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35094087","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgac034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35094087/","title":"Complications of Diabetes and Metrics of Glycemic Management Derived From Continuous Glucose Monitoring","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Continuous glucose monitoring metrics, especially Time in Range, are associated with diabetes complications and may offer better insights than HbA1c alone.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x12.html","research_question":"What is the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived metrics of glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that CGM-derived metrics, beyond HbA1c, are associated with diabetes complications and can provide insight into short-term glucose fluctuations.","methods":"A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed and Embase databases from January 1, 2010, to August 22, 2020. The search terms included 'type 1 diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes', 'diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications', and 'measures of glycaemic variability'. Studies not using CGM or involving non-diabetic, acutely unwell, pregnant participants, or those using insulin pumps were excluded. The final review included 34 publications out of 1636 identified records, encompassing 20852 participants (663 with T1D and 19909 with T2D).","results":"Glycemic variability and low time in range (TIR) were associated with all studied microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Higher TIR was specifically linked to a reduced risk of albuminuria, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease mortality, all-cause mortality, and abnormal carotid intima-media thickness. Peripheral neuropathy was primarily associated with the standard deviation of blood glucose levels (SD) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE).","conclusion":"The evidence supports an association between diabetes complications and CGM-derived measures of intraday glycemic variability. Time in range (TIR) was the most consistent measure, suggesting its growing importance in clinical practice.","limitations":"More longitudinal studies and trials are needed to confirm these associations, especially for type 1 diabetes, where data are limited.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x13","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31558032","doi":"10.1177/1099800419877442","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800419877442","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31558032/","title":"Heart Rate Variability and Risk of All-Cause Death and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis","journal":"Biol Res Nurs","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery);Heart-Rate-Variability & Autonomic Tools","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable;hrv","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower heart rate variability is linked to a higher risk of death and cardiovascular problems in people with heart disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x13.html","research_question":"What is the association between heart rate variability (HRV) and the risk of all-cause death or cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD)?","hypothesis":"Lower heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.","methods":"A meta-analysis of 28 cohort studies involving 3,094 participants was conducted. Four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched to extract adjusted hazard ratios (HR) from eligible studies with a follow-up of at least 1 year.","results":"Lower HRV was associated with a higher risk of all-cause death (pooled HR 2.27, 95% CI: 1.72, 3.00) and cardiovascular events (pooled HR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.72). Subgroup analysis showed a significant pooled HR for all-cause death in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) but not heart failure. For cardiovascular events, the pooled HR was significant for patients with AMI and acute coronary syndrome, but not for those with coronary artery disease and heart failure. Both time and frequency domains of HRV were significantly associated with risk.","conclusion":"Lower heart rate variability is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease, particularly in those with acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x14","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34363927","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2021.111509","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111509","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34363927/","title":"Sauna use as a lifestyle practice to extend healthspan","journal":"Exp Gerontol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light)","linked_compounds":"Contrast Therapy Systems (Sauna + Cold + Light);Infrared & Traditional Saunas","linked_monograph_ids":"contrast;sauna","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Regular sauna use may improve health and longevity by inducing beneficial physiological adaptations to heat.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x14.html","research_question":"What are the physiological responses and health benefits associated with sauna use, and how might it extend healthspan?","hypothesis":"Repeated sauna use, through mild hyperthermia and thermoregulatory responses, may optimize the body's response to heat and extend healthspan.","methods":"This is a review article that synthesizes findings from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies on sauna use. It describes sauna practices, physiological responses to heat stress, molecular mechanisms, health benefits, and concerns.","results":"Sauna use involves short-term passive exposure to high temperatures (45 °C to 100 °C), inducing mild hyperthermia and a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms. Repeated use acclimates the body to heat, likely via hormesis. Large prospective cohort studies show strong dose-dependent links between sauna use and reduced morbidity and mortality.","conclusion":"Sauna use appears to be a probable means to extend healthspan by eliciting beneficial physiological and molecular responses, as supported by various studies showing reduced morbidity and mortality.","limitations":"This review article does not present new experimental data but rather summarizes existing research. Specific limitations of the reviewed studies are not detailed in the abstract.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x15","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34863776","doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.11.023","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.11.023","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863776/","title":"Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Myopia Control in Children: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial","journal":"Ophthalmology","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Photobiomodulation (Red & Near-Infrared Light)","linked_compounds":"Photobiomodulation (Red & Near-Infrared Light)","linked_monograph_ids":"pbm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Repeated low-level red-light therapy significantly slows myopia progression in children with no observed adverse effects.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x15.html","research_question":"Does repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy effectively and safely control myopia progression in children?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesized that RLRL therapy would be more effective than single-vision spectacles (SVS) alone in controlling myopia progression in children, as measured by changes in axial length and spherical equivalent refraction (SER), without significant adverse events.","methods":"This was a multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, single-blind clinical trial involving 264 children aged 8 to 13 with myopia. Participants were randomized to either the intervention group (RLRL treatment plus SVS) or the control group (SVS only). RLRL therapy involved a desktop device emitting 650-nm red light for 3 minutes per session, twice daily, 5 days per week, administered at home. Primary outcomes were changes in axial length and SER measured over 12 months.","results":"Among 246 children analyzed, the 12-month axial elongation was 0.13 mm for the RLRL group and 0.38 mm for the SVS group. SER progression was -0.20 D for the RLRL group and -0.79 D for the SVS group. The differences between groups were 0.26 mm in axial elongation and -0.59 D in SER progression, favoring the RLRL group. No severe adverse events, functional visual loss, or structural damage were observed.","conclusion":"Repeated low-level red-light therapy is a promising alternative treatment for myopia control in children, demonstrating good user acceptability and no documented functional or structural damage.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x16","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33993687","doi":"10.30773/pi.2020.0348","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0348","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33993687/","title":"Effects of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes on Circadian Rhythm and Sleep","journal":"Psychiatry Investig","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"OLED light at 3,000 K may be slightly less disruptive to deep sleep and late-night melatonin levels than LED light at the same color temperature.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x16.html","research_question":"Do OLED and LED lights at a color temperature of 3,000 K differentially affect melatonin profile, sleep, and vigilance compared to dim light?","hypothesis":"The study investigates the effects of OLED and LED at 3,000 K on melatonin, sleep, and vigilance, following previous findings that OLED at 4,000 K caused less melatonin phase delay than LED.","methods":"Twenty-four healthy subjects (27.5±5.1 years) were exposed to OLED, LED, or dim light (DL) from 17:30 to 24:00 in a randomized order with a 1-week interval. Saliva samples were collected hourly from 18:00 to 24:00 for melatonin analysis. Polysomnography (PSG) and a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) were also conducted.","results":"Melatonin onset time was significantly delayed by both OLED and LED compared to DL, with no significant difference between OLED and LED. The mean melatonin level at 24:00 was lower under LED than DL, but there was no significant difference between OLED and DL. The percentage of slow wave sleep (N3) was significantly lower in LED than in OLED.","conclusion":"Evening light exposure can suppress late-night melatonin secretion and disturb deep sleep, with these effects being slightly worse under LED than OLED at a color temperature of 3,000 K.","limitations":"The study design involved a specific exposure duration (17:30 to 24:00) and a single color temperature (3,000 K), which may limit generalizability to other light conditions or durations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x17","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37793592","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2023.117223","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117223","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37793592/","title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in Scotland: a register-based individual-level longitudinal study","journal":"Environ Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Long-term exposure to common air pollutants is linked to increased mortality from various physical and mental health conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x17.html","research_question":"What is the association between long-term exposure to multiple ambient air pollutants and all-cause and cause-specific mortality from both physical and mental illnesses?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that long-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with increased all-cause and cause-specific mortality, including mental/behavioral health outcomes.","methods":"This study used individual-level administrative data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study (SLS) for 202,237 individuals aged 17 and older, followed between 2002 and 2017. The SLS dataset was linked to annual concentrations of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 pollution at 1 km2 spatial resolution using residential postcodes. Survival analysis was applied to assess the association between air pollution and all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, mental/behavioral disorders/suicides, and other-causes mortality.","results":"Higher all-cause mortality was associated with increasing concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2. NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 were also associated with cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, and other-causes mortality. Specifically, the mortality hazard from respiratory diseases increased by 1.062 per 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, 1.025 per 1 μg/m3 increase in PM10, and 1.013 per 1 μg/m3 increase in NO2. Mortality from mental and behavioral disorders was associated with a 1.042 higher hazard per 1 μg/m3 increase in SO2.","conclusion":"The study revealed an association between long-term (16-year) exposure to ambient air pollution and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The results suggest that policies and interventions to enhance air quality could reduce mortality from cardio-respiratory, cancer, and mental/behavioral disorders in the long term.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x18","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39003368","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00703-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00703-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39003368/","title":"Drinking water source and exposure to regulated water contaminants in the California Teachers Study cohort","journal":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Even with average contaminant levels below regulatory limits, drinking water exposures vary significantly among California women based on their demographics and neighborhood characteristics.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x18.html","research_question":"What are the drinking water sources and exposures to regulated water contaminants among participants in the California Teachers Study cohort?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that there may be variations in drinking water sources and contaminant exposures across different demographic and neighborhood subgroups within the California Teachers Study cohort, even if average levels are below regulatory limits.","methods":"The study linked geocoded addresses of 115,206 California Teachers Study participants (1995-1996) to Community Water System (CWS) service area boundaries and monitoring data. Average concentrations (1990-2015) of arsenic, uranium, nitrate, gross alpha (GA), five haloacetic acids (HAA5), total trihalomethanes (TTHM), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) were computed. Generalized linear regression was used to estimate geometric mean ratios of CWS exposures across demographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. Self-reported drinking water source and consumption from a 2017-2019 follow-up were also described.","results":"Medians of average concentrations for all contaminants were below regulatory limits. For example, arsenic was 1.03 µg/L, uranium 3.48 µg/L, GA 2.21 pCi/L, nitrate 0.54 mg/L, HAA5 8.67 µg/L, and TTHM 12.86 µg/L. Among participants who lived within a CWS boundary and reported their water source (2017-2019), approximately 74% reported municipal, 15% bottled, 2% private well, 4% other, and 5% did not know/missing. Black, Hispanic, and Native American participants had higher average arsenic, uranium, GA, and nitrate concentrations compared to non-Hispanic white participants. Participants in higher socioeconomic status (SES) quartiles had lower arsenic, uranium, GA, and nitrate, but higher HAA5 and TTHM. Non-metropolitan participants had higher arsenic, uranium, and nitrate, while metropolitan participants had higher HAA5 and TTHM.","conclusion":"While average water contaminant levels were generally below regulatory limits in this large cohort of California women, significant heterogeneity in exposures was observed across sociodemographic subgroups and neighborhood characteristics. These data will be used for future assessments of drinking water exposures and disease risk.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations, but it implies that the study focuses on describing exposures and will be used for future assessments, suggesting it is not a health outcomes study itself.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"x19","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30371228","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.118.008552","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.008552","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30371228/","title":"Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Quality and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Sleep Optimization & Circadian Systems","linked_compounds":"Sleep Optimization & Circadian Systems;Nasal-Breathing Sleep Tape","linked_monograph_ids":"sleep_circadian;nasal","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sleeping more than 8 hours per night is linked to an increased risk of death and cardiovascular problems.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x19.html","research_question":"What is the association between self-reported sleep duration and quality and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that sleep duration and quality may be associated with cardiovascular harm and mortality.","methods":"A systematic review, meta-analysis, and spline analysis of prospective cohort studies were conducted. Data from identified studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE were extracted. Linear and nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis models, along with DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models of risk ratios, were used to analyze the data.","results":"Seventy-four studies with 3,340,684 participants were reviewed. Self-reported sleep duration >8 hours was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality: 1.14 for 9 hours, 1.30 for 10 hours, and 1.47 for 11 hours. No significant difference was found for sleep <7 hours, and similar patterns were observed for stroke and cardiovascular disease mortality. Subjective poor sleep quality was associated with coronary heart disease (risk ratio 1.44) but not with mortality or other outcomes.","conclusion":"Divergence from the recommended 7 to 8 hours of sleep is associated with a higher risk of mortality and cardiovascular events. Longer sleep durations may be more strongly associated with adverse outcomes compared to shorter sleep durations.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32686219","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32686219","doi":"10.1111/joim.13141","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13141","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32686219/","title":"Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation","journal":"J Intern Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Fisetin Senolytic Capsules;Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;p101;p105","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"12;101;105","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Senolytic drugs, which clear aging cells, show promise in preclinical studies for treating many age-related diseases, with human trials currently underway.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d32686219.html","research_question":"What are senolytic drugs and what is their potential for treating age-related dysfunction and diseases?","hypothesis":"Senolytic drugs, by selectively clearing senescent cells, can delay, prevent, or alleviate various age-related disorders and conditions.","methods":"This abstract reviews the discovery of senolytic drugs and summarizes findings from preclinical models and early pilot human trials.","results":"The first senolytic drugs (Dasatinib, Quercetin, Fisetin, Navitoclax) were discovered using a hypothesis-driven approach. In preclinical models, senolytics alleviated over 40 conditions, including frailty, cancers, and various organ system disorders. Early human pilot trials suggest senolytics decrease senescent cells, reduce inflammation, and alleviate frailty.","conclusion":"Senolytics show promise in preclinical models for treating numerous age-related conditions by targeting senescent cells. Early human trials are encouraging, but more extensive clinical trials are needed before widespread use.","limitations":"The abstract notes that it is too early for senolytics to be used outside of clinical trials, indicating that current human data are preliminary and further research is required.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28416161","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28416161","doi":"10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28416161/","title":"Cellular Senescence: A Translational Perspective","journal":"EBioMedicine","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Targeting senescent cells with senolytic drugs shows promise for treating age-related diseases and chronic conditions by removing harmful cells.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"harmful\" | favorable-cue: \"alleviating\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28416161.html","research_question":"The abstract does not explicitly state a question, but it investigates the role of cellular senescence in aging and chronic diseases and the potential for therapeutic intervention.","hypothesis":"The abstract implies a hypothesis that targeting senescent cells by inhibiting their pro-survival pathways (SCAPs) could alleviate senescence-associated conditions.","methods":"The authors used a hypothesis-driven approach to discover Senescent Cell Anti-apoptotic Pathways (SCAPs) and subsequently identified senolytic agents based on these pathways. These agents were then tested in pre-clinical models.","results":"Senescent cells accumulate with aging and in chronic diseases, contributing to inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and other pathologies through the SASP. Delaying or reducing senescent cell burden is linked to improved outcomes. The discovery of SCAPs led to the identification of senolytic agents that alleviate multiple senescence-related phenotypes in pre-clinical models.","conclusion":"Cellular senescence plays a significant role in aging and chronic diseases. Senolytic agents, which target SCAPs and induce senescent cell apoptosis, show promise in pre-clinical models for alleviating senescence-related conditions and are being translated into clinical interventions.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study. It mentions that senolytic agents are 'beginning the process of being translated into clinical interventions,' implying that human clinical data is still emerging or not yet available.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35050355","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35050355","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44279","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44279","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35050355/","title":"Effect of Urolithin A Supplementation on Muscle Endurance and Mitochondrial Health in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","journal":"JAMA Netw Open","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure);Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p102;p110","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"102;110","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily urolithin A supplementation improved muscle endurance and certain cellular health biomarkers in older adults, but did not significantly impact walking distance or maximal ATP production.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly improve\" | favorable-cue: \"improved muscle\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35050355.html","research_question":"Does oral urolithin A supplementation improve 6-minute walk distance, muscle endurance, and biomarkers of mitochondrial and cellular health in older adults?","hypothesis":"Urolithin A, a natural gut microbiome-derived metabolite, will improve muscle function and mitochondrial health in older adults, based on its known effects in animals and its ability to induce mitochondrial gene expression in humans.","methods":"This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial involving 66 adults aged 65 to 90 years. Participants were randomized to receive either 1000 mg daily oral urolithin A or placebo for 4 months. Muscle fatigue tests and plasma biomarker analysis were conducted at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months. Six-minute walk distance and maximal ATP production were assessed at baseline and 4 months. An intention-to-treat approach was used for analysis.","results":"Urolithin A significantly improved muscle endurance in the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles at 2 months compared to placebo. Plasma levels of several acylcarnitines, ceramides, and C-reactive protein decreased with urolithin A at 4 months compared to placebo. There was no significant improvement in the 6-minute walk distance or maximal ATP production in the hand muscle with urolithin A supplementation compared to placebo. No statistical differences in adverse events were observed between the groups.","conclusion":"Urolithin A supplementation was safe and well tolerated. While it did not significantly improve 6-minute walk distance or maximal ATP production, it did improve muscle endurance and plasma biomarkers, suggesting a potential to counteract age-associated muscle decline. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.","limitations":"The study did not find significant improvements in primary endpoints like 6-minute walk distance and maximal ATP production, indicating that the observed benefits might be limited or require further investigation.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40839339","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40839339","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02292-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02292-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40839339/","title":"Evaluating the Impact of Urolithin A Supplementation on Running Performance, Recovery, and Mitochondrial Biomarkers","journal":"Sports Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure);Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p102;p110","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"102;110","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urolithin A supplementation may aid recovery and improve aerobic capacity in male endurance runners, but it did not directly enhance running performance in this study.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d40839339.html","research_question":"Does Urolithin A (UA) supplementation improve running performance, recovery, and mitochondrial biomarkers in competitive male distance runners?","hypothesis":"UA supplementation will improve muscle strength, endurance, and mitochondrial health biomarkers, suggesting it may be an effective ergogenic aid in competitive male distance runners.","methods":"This was a double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial. 42 competitive male distance runners (27.2 ± 1.0 years) were randomized to receive either 1000 mg/day UA (n = 22) or placebo (n = 20) for 4 weeks during an altitude training camp. Physiological outcomes, including body composition, hemoglobin mass, running economy, and maximal aerobic capacity, were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks. Weekly downhill running bouts were performed, with capillary blood samples collected to assess inflammation (CRP) and muscle damage (CK). A subset of athletes completed a 3000 m time trial (n = 11 PL, n = 11 UA) or had skeletal muscle biopsies (n = 9 PL, n = 11 UA) pre/post supplementation to assess performance and explore muscle proteome and mitochondrial function.","results":"Running performance (3000 m time trial) was not significantly improved in either group (UA: p = 0.116, PL: p = 0.771). However, UA supplementation significantly lowered ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, p = 0.02) and reduced indirect markers of post-exercise muscle damage (CK, total area under the curve p < 0.0001) following the 3000 m time trial compared with placebo. While there was no statistically significant time × treatment interaction for aerobic capacity (p = 0.138), UA supplementation showed a large within-group increase in maximal aerobic capacity (5.4 ± 0.9%, p = 0.009), compared to a smaller increase in the PL group (3.6 ± 1.3%, p = 0.098). Proteomic screening revealed UA upregulated mitochondrial pathways and downregulated inflammatory pathways, and led to a medium effect for increased markers of mitophagy without changes in mitochondrial function.","conclusion":"Four weeks of daily UA supplementation facilitates recovery by downregulating inflammatory pathways and indirect markers of muscle damage. Despite reductions in perceived exertion and increased aerobic capacity, UA supplementation did not further enhance performance in highly trained male endurance athletes.","limitations":"The study did not find a statistically significant improvement in 3000m running performance or a significant time x treatment interaction for aerobic capacity, despite some positive within-group changes and effects on recovery markers.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28615356","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28615356","doi":"10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4477","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4477","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28615356/","title":"Sulforaphane reduces hepatic glucose production and improves glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes","journal":"Sci Transl Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sulforaphane, found in broccoli sprouts, may help manage type 2 diabetes by reducing liver glucose production and improving blood sugar control.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28615356.html","research_question":"Can gene expression profiling identify clinically relevant treatment options for type 2 diabetes?","hypothesis":"Sulforaphane, identified through gene expression profiling, may reverse the disease signature of type 2 diabetes in the liver and improve glucose control.","methods":"Researchers analyzed coexpression networks and genetic data to identify a disease signature for type 2 diabetes in liver tissue. They then screened 3800 drug signatures to find compounds that could reverse this signature. Sulforaphane's effects on glucose production were tested in hepatic cells and diabetic animals. Finally, obese patients with dysregulated type 2 diabetes were given concentrated broccoli sprout extract (containing sulforaphane) to assess its impact on fasting blood glucose and HbA1c.","results":"Sulforaphane suppressed glucose production in hepatic cells by activating NRF2 and decreasing gluconeogenesis enzyme expression. It reversed the disease signature in diabetic animal livers and reduced exaggerated glucose production and glucose intolerance to a similar extent as metformin. In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, sulforaphane, delivered as concentrated broccoli sprout extract, reduced fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).","conclusion":"Gene expression profiling can identify clinically relevant treatment options. Sulforaphane reduces hepatic glucose production and improves glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes, suggesting it may be a useful treatment.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30595796","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30595796","doi":"10.1155/2018/5642148","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5642148","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30595796/","title":"Sulforaphane Delays Fibroblast Senescence by Curbing Cellular Glucose Uptake, Increased Glycolysis, and Oxidative Damage","journal":"Oxid Med Cell Longev","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sulforaphane delays cell aging by reducing sugar uptake and metabolism, which lessens cellular damage.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d30595796.html","research_question":"How does sulforaphane (SFN) delay fibroblast senescence, and what is the connection between Nrf2 activation, glucose metabolism, and oxidative damage in this process?","hypothesis":"Sulforaphane (SFN) delays fibroblast senescence by activating Nrf2, which in turn curbs cellular glucose uptake and glycolysis, thereby reducing oxidative damage.","methods":"The study investigated the effects of sulforaphane (SFN) on senescence in human MRC-5 and BJ fibroblasts. Researchers observed changes in glucose metabolism, hexokinase-2 expression, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, thioredoxin-interacting protein expression, and clearance of transglutaminase cross-linked proteins.","results":"SFN activated Nrf2 and delayed senescence in human MRC-5 and BJ fibroblasts. Senescence was associated with increased glucose metabolism through glycolysis, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage. SFN delayed senescence by decreasing glucose metabolism, exhibiting a caloric restriction mimetic-like activity, and reducing oxidative damage to cell protein and DNA. This was linked to increased thioredoxin-interacting protein, decreased hexokinase-2 and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase, and increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. SFN also enhanced the clearance of transglutaminase cross-linked proteins, which typically increase in senescence.","conclusion":"Sulforaphane delays fibroblast senescence by curbing cellular glucose uptake and glycolysis, mimicking caloric restriction, and reducing oxidative damage. This mechanism involves the modulation of key enzymes and proteins involved in glucose metabolism and protein clearance.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36804260","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36804260","doi":"10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156144","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156144","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36804260/","title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin/turmeric supplementation in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","journal":"Cytokine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Turmeric/curcumin supplementation can reduce inflammation and improve antioxidant status in adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36804260.html","research_question":"Does turmeric/curcumin supplementation impact inflammatory and oxidative balance in adults?","hypothesis":"Turmeric and its bioactive compound, curcumin, may affect inflammatory and oxidative balance in the body.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis searched major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar) up to October 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The main outcomes included inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and oxidative stress markers (TAC, MDA, SOD activity). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were reported, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant. Sixty-six RCTs were included in the final analysis.","results":"Turmeric/curcumin supplementation significantly reduced CRP (WMD: -0.58 mg/l), TNF-α (WMD: -3.48 pg/ml), and IL-6 (WMD: -1.31 pg/ml). No significant change was found for IL-1β (WMD: -0.46 pg/ml). Supplementation also significantly enhanced TAC (WMD = 0.21 mmol/l), reduced MDA levels (WMD = -0.33 µmol/l), and increased SOD activity (WMD = 20.51 u/l).","conclusion":"Turmeric/curcumin supplementation significantly reduces several inflammatory markers and improves antioxidant activity.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36700039","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36700039","doi":"10.1155/2023/4875636","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4875636","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36700039/","title":"Profiling Inflammatory Biomarkers following Curcumin Supplementation: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","journal":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Curcumin supplementation significantly reduces key inflammatory biomarkers like CRP, IL-6, and TNF-.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduces key inflammatory\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36700039.html","research_question":"What is the overall effect of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers?","hypothesis":"Curcumin supplementation will reduce inflammatory biomarkers, despite inconsistencies in previous meta-analyses.","methods":"This umbrella meta-analysis systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar until March 20, 2022. It included meta-analysis studies on curcumin's effects on inflammatory biomarkers with corresponding effect sizes and confidence intervals. A random-effects model was used, and the GRADE system evaluated evidence certainty.","results":"A meta-analysis of ten studies with 5,870 participants showed significant decreases in C-reactive protein (CRP) (ES = -0.74), interleukin 6 (IL-6) (ES = -1.07), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-) levels (ES = -1.92) after curcumin supplementation. Greater effects on CRP and TNF- were observed in trials with a mean age >45 years and a sample size >300 participants.","conclusion":"Curcumin is a promising agent for reducing inflammation and may serve as an adjunctive therapeutic approach for diseases linked to elevated inflammatory biomarkers.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the umbrella meta-analysis itself, beyond acknowledging previous inconsistencies in findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27405810","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27405810","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.115.002713","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002713","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27405810/","title":"Effects of Quercetin on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quercetin supplementation, especially at doses of 500 mg/day or more, may help reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27405810.html","research_question":"Does quercetin supplementation affect blood pressure?","hypothesis":"The evidence regarding quercetin's effects on blood pressure has been inconclusive, so this meta-analysis aims to assess its impact.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials were conducted. Databases including PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched up to January 31, 2015. Meta-analysis used either fixed-effects or random-effect models, with effect size expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI.","results":"The meta-analysis included 7 trials with 9 treatment arms and 587 patients. Quercetin supplementation significantly reduced systolic BP (WMD: -3.04 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (WMD: -2.63 mm Hg). For doses \">=\"500 mg/day, significant reductions were observed in systolic BP (WMD: -4.45 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (WMD: -2.98 mm Hg). Doses \"<\"500 mg/day did not show a significant effect on either systolic BP (WMD: -1.59 mm Hg) or diastolic BP (WMD: -0.24 mm Hg), though indirect comparison tests between doses were not significant.","conclusion":"Quercetin supplementation has a statistically significant effect in reducing blood pressure, with this effect possibly limited to or greater with dosages of \">\"500 mg/day.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study, but it does call for further studies to investigate clinical relevance and potential application as an add-on therapy.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31940027","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31940027","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuz071","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz071","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31940027/","title":"Effect of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glucose levels: a meta-analysis","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quercetin supplementation can lower blood pressure and may improve some lipid markers with longer-term use.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d31940027.html","research_question":"Does quercetin supplementation affect plasma lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glucose levels in humans?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to summarize evidence regarding the effects of quercetin supplementation on plasma lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glucose levels in humans.","methods":"A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted. MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to July 2018. A random-effects model was used for data analysis, expressing continuous variables as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95%CIs. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses, as well as publication bias analyses, were also performed.","results":"Seventeen trials with a total of 896 participants were included. Quercetin significantly lowered systolic blood pressure by -3.09 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by -2.86 mmHg. No significant changes were observed in overall lipid profiles or glucose concentrations. However, subgroup analyses showed significant changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in trials with a parallel design where participants consumed quercetin for 8 weeks or more.","conclusion":"Quercetin intake significantly decreased blood pressure in humans. Additionally, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly changed in participants who consumed quercetin for 8 weeks or more in trials with a parallel design.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, but notes that previous clinical trials reported conflicting results.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39350601","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39350601","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2411029","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2411029","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39350601/","title":"Does green tea catechin enhance weight-loss effect of exercise training? a meta-analysis of randomized trials","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adding green tea to exercise training provides only a small additional benefit for weight and fat reduction, with no extra benefit for lipid profiles.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d39350601.html","research_question":"Does green tea ingestion combined with exercise training enhance weight loss and improve lipid profiles in overweight and obese individuals compared to exercise training alone?","hypothesis":"The study aims to explore if green tea ingestion coupled with exercise training has an effect on body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese individuals.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for randomized-controlled trials. Included studies compared the effect of green tea plus exercise training (EX+GT) versus exercise training alone (EX+P) in overweight or obese participants. Ten randomized trials met the inclusion criteria out of 1,015 retrieved studies.","results":"EX+GT showed a small and consistent effect on weight (SMD = -0.30), BMI (SMD = -0.33), and fat reduction (SMD = -0.29) compared to EX+P. However, EX+GT had no greater effect on improving lipid profiles, including triglyceride (SMD = -0.92), LDL (SMD = -1.44), HDL (SMD = 0.56), and total cholesterol (SMD = -0.54).","conclusion":"Green tea may offer a minimal additive benefit to exercise-induced weight loss. However, it does not appear to provide additional benefits for lipid profile improvement when combined with exercise training.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, but notes that further investigations are warranted regarding green tea's effect on lipid profiles.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24558988","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24558988","doi":"10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7118","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.7118","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24558988/","title":"Effect of green tea consumption on body weight and body composition; systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Nutr Hosp","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Green tea and its extracts do not significantly impact body weight in overweight or obese adults, and their minor effect on body fat percentage is not clinically meaningful.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d24558988.html","research_question":"Does green tea consumption or its extracts (caffeine and catechins) affect body weight and body composition in overweight or obese adults?","hypothesis":"Caffeine and catechins in green tea may have a thermogenic effect that promotes weight and body fat loss.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2000 and 2013 was conducted. Studies included were parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, with a minimum 12-week follow-up, in healthy individuals aged 18 or older with a BMI of 25-40 kg/m2. Data was analyzed using the random effects model with a 95% confidence interval, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Homogeneity was assessed using the I2 index.","results":"Out of 154 retrieved studies, five were included in the quantitative analysis. No statistically significant mean difference was found for weight loss in Asian individuals (-0.81 kg), Caucasians (-0.73 kg), or the sample as a whole (-0.78 kg). Similarly, no statistically significant decrease was observed in BMI for Asian individuals (-0.65), Caucasians (-0.21), or the overall sample (-0.31 kg), nor for waist circumference (0.08 cm) or hip circumference. A small, statistically significant decrease in fat mass percentage (FM%) was found for the overall sample (-0.76), but not for Asian individuals (-0.76) or Caucasians (-0.76) as subgroups.","conclusion":"Green tea or its extracts do not have a statistically significant effect on the weight of overweight or obese adults. While a small, statistically significant decrease in the percentage of fat mass was observed, this effect is not considered clinically relevant.","limitations":"The statistically significant effect on fat mass percentage was not clinically relevant. The meta-analysis included only five studies in its quantitative analysis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30982442","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30982442","doi":"10.1024/0300-9831/a000497","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000497","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30982442/","title":"Effects of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Oxidative Stress","journal":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Astaxanthin may have some antioxidant effects in humans, particularly at higher doses and shorter durations, but the overall evidence is unclear.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d30982442.html","research_question":"What is the antioxidant activity of astaxanthin in humans?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that astaxanthin supplementation has an antioxidant effect in humans.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using six databases, covering studies from 1948 to 2015. Nine randomized controlled trials were included in the systematic review.","results":"Meta-analysis showed a borderline significant antioxidant effect of astaxanthin between intervention and control groups, specifically a malondialdehyde-lowering effect for lipid peroxidation. When compared to baseline in intervention groups, astaxanthin significantly decreased plasma malondialdehyde (SMD -1.32 μmol/L) and isoprostane (SMD -3.10 ng/mL), and increased superoxide dismutase (SMD 1.57 U/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (SMD 0.77 mmol). High doses (≥20 mg/day) of astaxanthin showed significant antioxidant effects, while low doses (<20 mg/day) did not. An antioxidant effect was observed after a 3-week intervention, but not after 12-week or 3-month interventions.","conclusion":"The antioxidant effect of astaxanthin on humans is unclear.","limitations":"The data included in the meta-analysis were insufficient. The antioxidant effect was not observed after longer intervention durations (12-week or 3-month).","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37874168","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37874168","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37874168/","title":"Astaxanthin supplementation impact on insulin resistance, lipid profile, blood pressure, and oxidative stress: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Astaxanthin supplementation may improve insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress in infertile women with PCOS.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37874168.html","research_question":"What is the effect of astaxanthin (ASX) supplementation on lipid profile, insulin resistance (IR), blood pressure (BP), and oxidative stress (OS) levels in infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?","hypothesis":"Astaxanthin (ASX) supplementation may have therapeutic benefits for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients, potentially improving lipid profile, insulin resistance, blood pressure, and oxidative stress.","methods":"This was a triple-blind randomized clinical trial involving 58 infertile women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or ASX (2 × 6 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Blood serum samples were collected before and after the intervention to evaluate fasting insulin (FI), fasting blood glucose (FBS), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]), and lipid profiles. Insulin resistance indices were calculated, and blood pressure was assessed at the start and end of the study.","results":"After 8 weeks, ASX consumption led to significant reductions in fasting blood sugar, HOMA-IR, FI, MDA, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and TC/HDL-C. Conversely, ASX significantly increased TAC, HDL-C, and QUICKI. After adjusting for baseline values of age, BMI, and biochemical parameters, QUICKI and FI showed non-significant values, while other findings remained unchanged.","conclusion":"Astaxanthin appears to be an effective and safe supplement that improves insulin metabolism, lipid profile parameters, and oxidative stress in infertile PCOS patients.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38446314","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38446314","doi":"10.1007/s11357-024-01111-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-024-01111-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38446314/","title":"Ergothioneine promotes longevity and healthy aging in male mice","journal":"Geroscience","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily ergothioneine supplementation extended lifespan and improved multiple markers of healthy aging in male mice.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38446314.html","research_question":"Can ergothioneine (ERGO) supplementation promote longevity and prevent age-related impairments like frailty and cognitive decline in male mice?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that daily oral supplementation of ERGO would extend lifespan and mitigate age-related impairments in male mice.","methods":"Male mice were given daily oral supplementation of ERGO (4-5 mg/kg/day) dissolved in drinking water from 7 weeks of age until the end of their lives. Lifespan, frailty, and cognitive impairment were assessed. Additionally, the effects of ERGO on the lifespan and non-frailty span of Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated. Plasma biomarkers, hippocampal neurogenesis, TDP43 protein aggregation, and microglial phenotype were also examined.","results":"ERGO supplementation remarkably extended the lifespan of male mice and increased the life and non-frailty spans of C. elegans. At 88 weeks of age, the ERGO group showed significantly lower age-related declines in weight, fat mass, and movement velocities compared to controls. ERGO suppressed age-related increases in plasma biomarkers such as chemokine ligand 9, creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, urea, asymmetric dimethylarginine, quinolinic acid, and kynurenine. ERGO also rescued age-related impairments in learning and memory, which was associated with suppressed decline in hippocampal neurogenesis, reduced TDP43 protein aggregation, and promotion of microglial M2 phenotype.","conclusion":"Ingestion of ERGO may promote longevity and healthy aging in male mice, potentially through multiple biological mechanisms including improved physical parameters, reduced inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, enhanced cognitive function, and beneficial effects on brain health.","limitations":"The study was conducted in male mice and Caenorhabditis elegans, so the findings may not directly translate to humans. The specific mechanisms underlying all observed effects require further elucidation.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38018890","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38018890","doi":"10.1017/S0007114522003592","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522003592","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38018890/","title":"Ergothioneine: an underrecognised dietary micronutrient required for healthy ageing?","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ergothioneine, an antioxidant found in certain foods, is linked to better health outcomes in older adults and may be an essential nutrient for healthy aging.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38018890.html","research_question":"Should ergothioneine be considered a conditionally essential micronutrient for healthy aging?","hypothesis":"The authors hypothesize that dietary ergothioneine plays critical roles in healthy aging and the prevention of cardiometabolic disease, suggesting it may be a conditionally essential micronutrient.","methods":"This is a review article that synthesizes existing evidence regarding ergothioneine's physiological functions, its role as a cellular antioxidant and cytoprotectant, and its associations with health outcomes in humans and animals.","results":"Ergothioneine is acquired from the diet via the SLC22A4 transporter, which also reabsorbs it in the kidney. It acts as an antioxidant, chelates metals, and may regulate Nrf2 activity. Genetic knockout of SLC22A4 increases susceptibility to oxidative stress. In humans, blood levels decline after age 60, and lower levels are linked to faster cognitive decline. High plasma ergothioneine is associated with reduced cardiovascular and overall mortality risks.","conclusion":"The evidence reviewed suggests critical roles for dietary ergothioneine in healthy aging and preventing cardiometabolic disease, supporting the consideration of ergothioneine as a conditionally essential micronutrient.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the reviewed studies or the review itself, but it does mention 'outstanding research questions in the field'.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33868820","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33868820","doi":"10.7717/peerj.11173","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11173","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33868820/","title":"Olive leaf extract effect on cardiometabolic profile among adults with prehypertension and hypertension: a meta-analysis","journal":"PeerJ","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Olive leaf extract may help reduce systolic blood pressure, LDL, and inflammatory markers, but more research is needed to confirm its overall cardiometabolic benefits.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33868820.html","research_question":"What is the effectiveness of olive leaf extract on cardiometabolic profiles among adults with prehypertension and hypertension?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that olive leaf extract would improve cardiometabolic profiles in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis included five randomized clinical trials with 325 patients aged 18-80 years. Data from Cochrane, Medline, Embase, and trial registries were analyzed using random effects models to estimate mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for continuous outcomes. Primary outcomes were changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while secondary outcomes included lipid profile, glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers, and kidney/liver functions.","results":"A daily dose of 500 mg of olive leaf extract significantly reduced systolic BP by -5.78 mmHg over at least 8 weeks compared to placebo, but had no significant effect on diastolic BP. A 1,000 mg daily dose of olive leaf extract versus captopril reduced LDL by -6.00 mg/dl. The 500 mg daily dose also reduced inflammatory markers IL-6 by -6.83 ng/L, IL-8 by -8.24 ng/L, and TNF-alpha by -7.40 ng/L compared to placebo. No significant changes in systolic or diastolic BP were found for 1,000 mg/day of a combined formulation or 1,000 mg/day of olive leaf extract alone versus placebo.","conclusion":"Olive leaf extract may reduce systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and inflammatory biomarkers. However, the limited number of participants in the included trials prevents a robust conclusion regarding its overall effects on cardiometabolic profiles.","limitations":"The main limitation is the small number of participants across the included trials, which may affect the robustness of the conclusions.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27879044","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27879044","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201600830","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201600830","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27879044/","title":"Clustering according to urolithin metabotype explains variability in cardiovascular risk biomarkers in individuals consuming pomegranate: a randomized clinical trial","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pomegranate extract significantly improved several cardiovascular risk biomarkers, but only in individuals with the UM-B urolithin metabotype.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27879044.html","research_question":"Do different urolithin metabotypes (UM-A, UM-B, UM-0) influence the effects of pomegranate extract (PE) consumption on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in healthy overweight-obese individuals?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that interindividual variability in ellagitannin metabolism, specifically urolithin metabotypes, might explain the controversial lipid-lowering properties of pomegranate.","methods":"A double-blind, crossover, dose-response, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (POMEcardio) was conducted with 49 healthy overweight-obese participants (BMI > 27 kg/m). Participants consumed either one (dose-1, 160 mg phenolics/day) or four (dose-2, 640 mg phenolics/day) PE capsules or placebo daily for two 3-week test phases, separated by a 3-week washout period. Eighteen cardiovascular risk biomarkers were measured.","results":"UM-B individuals had the highest baseline cardiovascular risk. After dose-2, UM-B subjects showed significant dose-dependent decreases in total cholesterol (-15.5%), LDL-cholesterol (-14.9%), small LDL-cholesterol (-47%), non-HDL-cholesterol (-11.3%), apolipoprotein-B (-12%), and oxidized LDL-cholesterol (-24%). These effects were partially correlated with urolithin production and increased Gordonibacter levels. Three (50%) UM-0 individuals became urolithin producers after PE consumption.","conclusion":"Urolithin metabotype clustering suggests a personalized effect of ellagitannin-containing foods like pomegranate extract on cardiovascular risk biomarkers, particularly in UM-B individuals. This personalized effect may explain the previously controversial benefits of pomegranate.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations, but it does suggest that further research is needed on the specific role of urolithins and the microbiota associated with each urolithin metabotype.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28183047","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28183047","doi":"10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28183047/","title":"Gene expression changes in colon tissues following intake of an ellagitannin-containing pomegranate extract: a randomized clinical trial","journal":"J Nutr Biochem","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pomegranate extract may modulate gene expression in colon tissues of colorectal cancer patients, but in vivo effects are complex and differ from in vitro observations.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28183047.html","research_question":"Can dietary polyphenols, specifically ellagitannins from pomegranate extract, modify gene expression in colon tissues of colorectal cancer patients?","hypothesis":"Ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and their urolithin metabolites can modify gene expression in colon cells, suggesting they might have a similar effect in human colon tissues.","methods":"Thirty-five colorectal cancer patients were supplemented daily with 900 mg of an ellagitannin-containing pomegranate extract for 5-35 days. Gene expression in normal and cancerous colon tissues was evaluated before (biopsies) and after (surgical specimens) supplementation. Tissues from 10 control patients (no supplementation) were also analyzed to account for interindividual variability and the impact of the experimental protocol on gene expression.","results":"The study found a large, gene- and tissue-specific interindividual variability and an impact of the experimental protocol on gene expression, with some genes induced (MYC, CD44, CDKN1A, CTNNB1), some repressed (CASP3), and others unaffected (KRAS). Despite these issues, pomegranate extract consumption was significantly associated with a counterbalance effect in the expression of CD44, CTNNB1, CDKN1A, EGFR, and TYMs. These effects were not linked to urolithin metabotypes or levels of urolithins and ellagic acid in colon tissues.","conclusion":"The intake of an ellagitannin-containing pomegranate extract modulated the impact of the experimental protocol on gene expression in a gene- and tissue-specific manner in colorectal cancer patients. However, these in vivo effects did not reproduce previously observed in vitro effects, highlighting the challenges in translating in vitro findings to in vivo human studies.","limitations":"The study observed significant gene- and tissue-specific interindividual variability and an impact of the experimental protocol on gene expression, which complicated the interpretation of results. The in vivo effects did not align with prior in vitro findings, indicating the difficulty of demonstrating in vivo the in vitro results.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31757033","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31757033","doi":"10.3390/nu11122844","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122844","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31757033/","title":"Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract on Vascular Endothelial Function in Prehypertension: a Randomized Controlled Study","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-dose grape seed extract may help lower blood pressure and improve vascular elasticity in middle-aged Japanese adults with prehypertension, especially non-smokers.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d31757033.html","research_question":"What are the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on blood pressure and vascular endothelial function in middle-aged Japanese adults with prehypertension?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that GSPE consumption would improve blood pressure and vascular endothelial function in middle-aged Japanese adults with prehypertension.","methods":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 6 men and 24 women aged 40-64 years with prehypertension. Participants were randomized to receive either 200 mg/day GSPE, 400 mg/day GSPE, or placebo for 12 weeks. Blood pressure, brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and other cardiovascular parameters were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks.","results":"After 12 weeks, the high-dose GSPE group (400 mg/day) showed a significant decrease in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 13 mmHg. FMD did not change in any group. In a post-hoc analysis of non-smoking participants, the high-dose group also showed significant improvements in mean SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), stiffness parameter β, distensibility, incremental elastic modulus (Einc), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) after 12 weeks. Changes in Einc and PWV from baseline to 12 weeks were significantly greater in the high-dose group compared to the placebo group.","conclusion":"Consumption of high-dose GSPE (400 mg/day) may help maintain vascular elasticity and normal blood pressure in middle-aged Japanese adults with prehypertension, particularly in non-smokers.","limitations":"The study's primary analysis did not find changes in FMD, and some significant findings were from an ad hoc analysis of a subgroup (non-smokers). The sample size was relatively small (30 participants).","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30015401","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30015401","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6153","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6153","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30015401/","title":"Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and silymarin as a potential therapeutic plant in metabolic syndrome: a review","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Milk thistle and its component silymarin show promise for treating metabolic syndrome due to their various health benefits.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d30015401.html","research_question":"What are the potential therapeutic effects of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and its main component silymarin in metabolic syndrome?","hypothesis":"Silybum marianum and silymarin may exhibit beneficial effects on various components of metabolic syndrome due to their antioxidant, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective properties.","methods":"This is a review article that summarizes existing animal and human studies on the effects of Silybum marianum in metabolic syndrome and identifies its underlying mechanisms of action.","results":"The review found that Silybum marianum exhibits antioxidant, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective effects, which are relevant to the management of metabolic syndrome.","conclusion":"Silybum marianum and its main component silymarin show potential as a therapeutic plant for metabolic syndrome due to their diverse beneficial effects.","limitations":"This is a review and does not present new experimental data. The specific limitations of the individual studies reviewed are not detailed in the abstract.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d21346065","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"21346065","doi":"10.1210/jc.2010-2879","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2879","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21346065/","title":"Citrus polyphenol hesperidin stimulates nitric oxide production while improving endothelial function and reducing inflammatory markers in metabolic syndrome","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hesperidin improves blood vessel function and reduces inflammation in people with metabolic syndrome, potentially through its metabolite hesperetin stimulating nitric oxide production.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d21346065.html","research_question":"Does hesperetin stimulate nitric oxide production from vascular endothelium, and does oral hesperidin therapy improve endothelial function and reduce inflammatory markers in individuals with metabolic syndrome?","hypothesis":"Hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid metabolite, may stimulate nitric oxide production and improve vascular function, while oral hesperidin therapy may improve endothelial function and reduce inflammatory markers in subjects with metabolic syndrome.","methods":"Cellular mechanisms of hesperetin were studied in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) in primary culture. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial was conducted in 24 individuals with metabolic syndrome, who received oral hesperidin (500 mg once daily for 3 weeks) or placebo. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and circulating inflammatory biomarkers were measured.","results":"In BAEC, hesperetin acutely stimulated phosphorylation of Src, Akt, AMP kinase, and endothelial NO synthase, leading to NO production, which required H2O2. Hesperetin pretreatment reduced monocyte adhesion to BAEC and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression induced by TNF-α. In the clinical study, hesperidin treatment increased flow-mediated dilation (10.26% vs. 7.78% with placebo) and reduced concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A protein, and soluble E-selectin.","conclusion":"Hesperetin has vasculoprotective actions, including stimulating NO production and reducing inflammation in endothelial cells. Oral hesperidin treatment improves endothelial dysfunction and reduces circulating inflammatory markers in individuals with metabolic syndrome.","limitations":"The clinical trial was exploratory with a small sample size (n=24) and a relatively short intervention period (3 weeks).","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23172919","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"23172919","doi":"10.2337/db12-1139","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-1139","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23172919/","title":"Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism","journal":"Diabetes","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The flavonoid apigenin can inhibit the enzyme CD38, leading to increased NAD+ levels and improved metabolic health in obese mice.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d23172919.html","research_question":"Can CD38 be pharmacologically inhibited to increase NAD+ levels and improve metabolic health?","hypothesis":"Inhibiting CD38 will increase cellular NAD+ levels, activate sirtuins, decrease protein acetylation, and improve metabolic syndrome parameters.","methods":"The study investigated the role of CD38 in regulating protein acetylation via NAD+ levels and sirtuin activity. It characterized quercetin and apigenin as CD38 inhibitors. Cell cultures were treated with apigenin to observe changes in NAD+ levels and protein acetylation. Obese mice were administered apigenin to assess its effects on NAD+ levels, protein acetylation, and glucose and lipid homeostasis.","results":"CD38 regulates global protein acetylation through changes in NAD+ levels and sirtuin activity. Pharmacological inhibition of CD38 by apigenin resulted in higher intracellular NAD+ levels in cell cultures. Treatment of cell cultures with apigenin decreased global acetylation, as well as the acetylation of p53 and RelA-p65. Apigenin administration to obese mice increased NAD+ levels, decreased global protein acetylation, and improved several aspects of glucose and lipid homeostasis.","conclusion":"CD38 is a novel pharmacological target for treating metabolic diseases through NAD+-dependent pathways, with apigenin demonstrating efficacy as a CD38 inhibitor.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33871064","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33871064","doi":"10.1111/jnc.15367","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15367","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33871064/","title":"Inhibition of CD38 and nicotinamide riboside ameliorate neuroinflammation by increasing NAD","journal":"J Neurochem","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inhibiting CD38 or supplementing with nicotinamide riboside can reduce brain inflammation by increasing NAD levels.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33871064.html","research_question":"Does CD38 directly affect neuroinflammation by regulating brain NAD levels?","hypothesis":"CD38-mediated neuroinflammation is linked to NAD consumption, and boosting NAD through CD38 inhibition and nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation will suppress neuroinflammation.","methods":"The study investigated the effect of CD38 deletion, CD38 inhibition with apigenin or 78c, and NAD supplementation with nicotinamide riboside (NR) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in mice. They also used cell culture experiments with primary astrocytes and microglia to assess LPS-induced inflammatory responses.","results":"LPS injection increased CD38 expression in the hippocampus. CD38 deletion decreased LPS-induced inflammatory responses and glial activation. Pre-administration of apigenin or NR increased NAD levels and suppressed cytokine/chemokine induction, glial activation, and neurodegeneration after LPS. In cell culture, apigenin, NAD, NR, or 78c suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia. All tested compounds suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.","conclusion":"CD38-mediated neuroinflammation is linked to NAD consumption, and increasing NAD levels through CD38 inhibition or NR supplementation directly suppresses neuroinflammation in the brain.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26918466","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"26918466","doi":"10.1089/rej.2015.1708","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2015.1708","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26918466/","title":"Dietary Luteolin Reduces Proinflammatory Microglia in the Brain of Senescent Mice","journal":"Rejuvenation Res","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary luteolin reduced age-related proinflammatory microglia activity in the brains of senescent mice.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d26918466.html","research_question":"Does dietary luteolin reduce microglia activity in the brain of senescent mice?","hypothesis":"Feeding aged mice a diet with luteolin would reduce microglia activity.","methods":"Adult (3-6 months) and aged (22-24 months) mice were fed either a control diet (AIN-93M) or a diet supplemented with luteolin (6 g/kg) for 4 weeks. They were then injected with either saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Microglia were isolated and stained for MHC class II, IL-1β, and IL-6 for flow cytometry.","results":"In saline-treated mice on a control diet, aging increased the proportion of microglia staining for MHC class II (from <3% in adults to 23% in aged), IL-1β (from <2% in adults to 25% in aged), and IL-6 (from <2% in adults to 25% in aged). In saline-treated aged mice fed luteolin, these proportions were reduced by nearly half to 12% for MHC class II, 13% for IL-1β, and 12% for IL-6. Luteolin also significantly reduced IL-1β and IL-6 staining in LPS-treated adult mice, but not in aged mice.","conclusion":"A diet supplemented with luteolin inhibited brain microglia activity during aging and also inhibited activation by LPS in adult mice. Luteolin may inhibit neuroinflammation and improve cognition in healthy aged individuals by constraining brain microglia.","limitations":"The study did not investigate the effects of luteolin on LPS-treated aged mice for IL-1β and IL-6, as the reduction was not significant in this group.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33098588","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33098588","doi":"10.1002/biof.1687","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1687","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33098588/","title":"Neuroprotective effects of flavone luteolin in neuroinflammation and neurotrauma","journal":"Biofactors","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Luteolin, a natural compound, shows promise in protecting the brain by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in various neurological conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33098588.html","research_question":"What are the neuroprotective effects of the flavone luteolin in neuroinflammation and neurotrauma?","hypothesis":"The authors hypothesize that luteolin, a natural polyphenol, exhibits neuroprotective effects by suppressing neuroinflammatory responses and related mechanisms.","methods":"This is a short review article. Data was collected from publications in PubMed using keywords such as 'luteolin and mast cells', 'neuroinflammation', 'neurodegenerative diseases', and 'TBI'.","results":"Luteolin suppresses systemic and neuroinflammatory responses, including in COVID-19. It exhibits neuroprotective effects by suppressing immune cell activation (e.g., mast cells) and the release of inflammatory mediators. Luteolin also suppresses neuroinflammatory responses, activation of microglia and astrocytes, oxidative stress, and the severity of neuroinflammatory diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and TBI pathogenesis.","conclusion":"Luteolin can improve cognitive decline and enhance neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, TBI, and stroke.","limitations":"This is a review article, summarizing existing research rather than presenting new experimental data. The specific limitations of the reviewed studies are not detailed.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33235219","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33235219","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-76160-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76160-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33235219/","title":"Dietary flavanols improve cerebral cortical oxygenation and cognition in healthy adults","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary flavanols can enhance brain oxygenation and improve cognitive function in healthy young adults, especially during demanding tasks.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33235219.html","research_question":"Do dietary flavanols improve cerebral cortical oxygenation and cognition in healthy adults?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that flavanol intake would lead to faster and greater brain oxygenation responses and improved cognitive performance, with similar vascular mechanisms underlying both peripheral and cerebral effects.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, within-subject acute study involving healthy young adults. The study measured brain oxygenation responses to hypercapnia and cognitive performance under varying demands after flavanol intake.","results":"Flavanol intake resulted in faster and greater brain oxygenation responses to hypercapnia. It also led to higher cognitive performance, but only when cognitive demand was high. Individual analyses showed that participants who benefited from flavanols during hypercapnia also benefited in the cognitive challenge.","conclusion":"Dietary flavanols improve cerebral cortical oxygenation and cognition in healthy young adults, particularly under high cognitive demand. The findings support the hypothesis that similar vascular mechanisms are involved in both the peripheral and cerebral effects of flavanols.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations, but it suggests the importance of further studies combining physiological and graded cognitive challenges.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29299877","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29299877","doi":"10.1007/s40279-017-0849-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0849-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299877/","title":"Cocoa Flavanol Supplementation and Exercise: A Systematic Review","journal":"Sports Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cocoa flavanols may help with exercise-induced oxidative stress and metabolism, but don't seem to boost athletic performance directly.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not appear to affect\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29299877.html","research_question":"What are the effects of cocoa flavanol (CF) intake on exercise performance, recovery, and exercise-induced changes in vascular function, cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic parameters?","hypothesis":"It has been suggested that cocoa flavanol intake may improve exercise performance and recovery due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vascular function-improving capacities.","methods":"A systematic review was conducted by searching two electronic databases (Pubmed and Web of Science) for human studies combining CF intake and exercise up to March 28, 2017. Studies were included if the exact amount of CFs was specified. The methodological quality and bias of the 13 included studies were assessed using the Dutch Cochrane center's checklist for randomized controlled trials.","results":"Acute, sub-chronic (2 weeks), and chronic (3 months) CF intake reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress. Acute CF intake reduced and tempered exercise-induced blood pressure increases in obese participants. Acute and sub-chronic CF intake altered fat and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. Acute and sub-chronic CF intake did not show ergogenic effects in athletes, but chronic CF intake improved mitochondrial efficiency in untrained participants. Combining sub-chronic CF intake and exercise training improved cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function.","conclusion":"Cocoa flavanol intake may improve vascular function, reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, and alter fat and carbohydrate utilization during exercise, but it does not appear to affect exercise performance. Evidence regarding CF's effects on exercise-induced inflammation, platelet activation, and synergistic effects with exercise training on oxidative stress, inflammation, and fat/glucose metabolism is limited.","limitations":"The review found scarce evidence on the effect of CF on exercise-induced inflammation and platelet activation. There was also a lack of evidence on the synergistic effects of CF and exercise training on oxidative stress, inflammation, and fat and glucose metabolism.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d14659974","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"14659974","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14659974/","title":"Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients","journal":"Life Sci","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pycnogenol supplementation may help reduce the required dose of blood pressure medication and improve endothelial function in mildly hypertensive patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d14659974.html","research_question":"Does Pycnogenol, a French maritime pine bark extract, improve endothelial function and reduce the need for antihypertensive medication in patients with hypertension?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that Pycnogenol supplementation would improve endothelial function and allow for a reduction in the dose of calcium antagonist medication in hypertensive patients.","methods":"A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group study was conducted with 58 patients diagnosed with hypertension. Patients received either 100 mg of Pycnogenol or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. Endothelial function markers (endothelin-1, 6-keto prostaglandin F1a, nitric oxide, angiotensin II) and the required dose of nifedipine were measured.","results":"Pycnogenol supplementation significantly reduced the dose of the calcium antagonist nifedipine. Endothelin-1 concentrations significantly decreased in the Pycnogenol group compared to placebo, while 6-keto prostaglandin F1a concentrations were significantly higher. Nitric oxide levels increased in both groups but not significantly, and angiotensin II concentrations were lowered more in the placebo group. Heart rate, electrolytes, and blood urea nitrogen remained unchanged in both groups. Mild and transient side effects were observed in both groups, with no significant difference in their rates.","conclusion":"Supplementation with Pycnogenol may be beneficial for mildly hypertensive patients, as it helped reduce the dose of nifedipine and improved certain markers of endothelial function.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations beyond the observed side effects being mild and transient, and the non-significant changes in nitric oxide and angiotensin II.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28901958","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28901958","doi":"10.1097/MJT.0000000000000584","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000584","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28901958/","title":"Pilot Study of Tart Cherry Juice for the Treatment of Insomnia and Investigation of Mechanisms","journal":"Am J Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Tart cherry juice may help older adults with insomnia sleep longer and more efficiently, possibly by affecting tryptophan metabolism and inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28901958.html","research_question":"Can tart cherry juice improve insomnia confirmed by polysomnography in older adults, and is tryptophan availability a potential mechanism?","hypothesis":"Montmorency tart cherry juice will improve insomnia as measured by polysomnography, and this improvement may be linked to increased tryptophan availability through the inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).","methods":"A placebo-controlled, balanced crossover study was conducted with subjects over 50 years old experiencing insomnia. Participants were randomized to receive either placebo or tart cherry juice (240 mL twice daily) for 2 weeks, separated by a 2-week washout period. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography and 5 validated questionnaires. Serum levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, and prostaglandin E2 were measured. In vitro experiments stimulated Caco-2 cells with interferon-gamma to measure the ability of cherry juice procyanidin to inhibit IDO. The content of procyanidin B-2 and other major anthocyanins in the cherry juice was also determined.","results":"Out of 11 randomized subjects, 8 completed the study after 3 were excluded due to sleep apnea. The completers showed an increase in sleep time by 84 minutes on polysomnography (P = 0.0182) and an increase in sleep efficiency on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (P = 0.03) when consuming cherry juice. Other questionnaires did not show significant differences. Serum kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio and prostaglandin E2 levels both decreased (both P < 0.05). In vitro, cherry juice procyanidin B-2 dose-dependently inhibited IDO.","conclusion":"Tart cherry juice increased sleep time and sleep efficiency in older adults with insomnia. The procyanidin B-2 in cherry juice inhibited IDO, which may increase tryptophan availability and reduce inflammation, potentially contributing to the observed improvements in insomnia.","limitations":"The study had a small sample size of 8 completers, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Three subjects were excluded due to sleep apnea, indicating that the results may not apply to individuals with this condition.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28735826","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28735826","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28735826/","title":"affron a novel saffron extract improves mood in healthy adults over 4 weeks","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A daily dose of 28mg of affron, a saffron extract, improved mood and reduced stress and anxiety in healthy adults with low mood.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28735826.html","research_question":"Can a saffron extract (affron) improve mood, stress, anxiety, and sleep quality in healthy adults with self-reported low mood?","hypothesis":"Saffron extract (affron) will improve mood, stress, anxiety, and sleep quality in healthy adults.","methods":"This was a 4-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 128 healthy adults who self-reported low mood. Participants were assigned to receive either 28mg/day of affron, 22mg/day of affron, or a placebo. Mood was assessed using POMS and PANAS questionnaires, DASS-21 scale, and sleep quality was monitored using the PSQI.","results":"The 28mg/day dose of affron significantly decreased negative mood and symptoms related to stress and anxiety, showing a significant difference compared to placebo on the POMS Total Mood Disturbance scale. The 22mg/day dose did not show a treatment effect.","conclusion":"A 28mg/day dose of affron can increase mood and reduce anxiety and stress in healthy adults with self-reported low mood, without reported side effects.","limitations":"The main limitations of this study were the self-reporting nature of both the screening process for participants and the outcome measures.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38913392","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38913392","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae076","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae076","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38913392/","title":"Effect of Saffron Versus SSRIs in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Saffron appears to be as effective as SSRIs for depression and anxiety, with fewer side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38913392.html","research_question":"What is the comparative effectiveness of saffron versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating depression and anxiety?","hypothesis":"Saffron, a natural remedy, may have comparable antidepressant and anxiolytic properties to SSRIs.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database up to April 31, 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing saffron with SSRIs in adults with depression or anxiety were included. Random-effects meta-analysis calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RRs) for binary outcomes.","results":"Meta-analysis of 8 studies on depression showed a nonsignificant difference between saffron and SSRIs in reducing depressive symptoms (SMD = 0.10). Four studies on anxiety also showed a nonsignificant difference between saffron and SSRIs in reducing anxiety symptoms (SMD = 0.04). Participants receiving saffron experienced fewer adverse events compared to the SSRI group (risk difference: -0.06).","conclusion":"Saffron may be a potential alternative to SSRIs for reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms, with the added benefit of fewer adverse events.","limitations":"Further research with larger sample sizes and diverse populations is needed to validate these findings and investigate factors influencing treatment response.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38363462","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38363462","doi":"10.1007/s12325-024-02785-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-024-02785-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38363462/","title":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation Improves Dynamic Visual and Cognitive Performance","journal":"Adv Ther","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation improved visual and cognitive function and reduced eye strain in children aged 5-12.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38363462.html","research_question":"Can supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin improve visual and cognitive performance in preadolescent children?","hypothesis":"Supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin will improve visual and cognitive outcomes in preadolescent children, similar to findings in adults.","methods":"Sixty children (5-12 years old) were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either gummies with 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin (LZ) or placebo for 180 days in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Primary endpoint was macular pigment optical density (MPOD), with secondary endpoints including serum L and Z, BDNF, critical flicker fusion (CFF), eye strain/fatigue (VAS), sleep habits (CSHQ-A), and Creyos Health cognitive domains. Safety was monitored via physical exams, vital signs, lab tests, and adverse event tracking.","results":"The LZ group showed significant increases in MPOD starting at day 42 and at all subsequent visits compared to placebo. Significant increases in serum lutein, reduced eye strain and fatigue, and improved cognitive performance (focus, episodic memory and learning, visuospatial working memory) were observed at days 90 and 180 in the LZ group. By day 180, the LZ group also showed significant increases in processing speed (CFF), attention, visuospatial processing, and serum Z and BDNF levels compared to placebo. No safety concerns were reported.","conclusion":"Supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin in preadolescent children increased MPOD, serum L, Z, and BDNF levels, which were associated with improved visual and cognitive performance and reduced eye strain and fatigue. The supplement was safe and well tolerated.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29135938","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29135938","doi":"10.3390/nu9111246","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111246","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29135938/","title":"Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients;Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support;p120","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"14;120","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lutein and zeaxanthin supplements may improve memory, reasoning, and attention in young adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29135938.html","research_question":"Can supplementation with lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) improve cognitive function in young, healthy adults?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that L + Z supplementation would improve cognitive function in young adults, based on previous findings in older adults.","methods":"Fifty-one young, healthy adults (age 18-30) were randomized into an active supplement group (n=37) or a placebo group (n=14). Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and cognitive function, measured using the CNS Vital Signs platform, were assessed every four months over a one-year supplementation period.","results":"Supplementation with L + Z significantly increased MPOD over the year compared to placebo. This daily supplementation and the increase in MPOD led to significant improvements in spatial memory, reasoning ability, and complex attention, beyond what could be attributed to practice effects.","conclusion":"Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation can increase central nervous system xanthophyll levels and improve cognitive function in young, healthy adults.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26130237","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"26130237","doi":"10.1186/s13054-015-0989-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0989-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26130237/","title":"Ubiquinol in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial","journal":"Crit Care","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral ubiquinol can increase CoQ10 levels in septic patients, but this pilot study did not show improvements in mitochondrial function or clinical outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not demonstrate\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d26130237.html","research_question":"Can exogenous ubiquinol increase plasma CoQ10 levels and improve mitochondrial function in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock?","hypothesis":"The provision of exogenous ubiquinol will increase plasma CoQ10 levels and improve mitochondrial function in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock, given previous findings of decreased CoQ10 in septic shock.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial conducted at a single hospital. 38 adult patients (19 in each group) with severe sepsis or septic shock received either 200 mg enteral ubiquinol or placebo twice daily for up to seven days. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours to measure CoQ10 parameters (total, relative to cholesterol, oxidized, and reduced CoQ10) as the primary outcome, and secondary outcomes included vascular endothelial, inflammatory, and mitochondrial injury biomarkers, as well as clinical outcomes. Repeated measures models were used for group comparisons.","results":"The ubiquinol group showed a significant increase in total CoQ10 levels, CoQ10 levels relative to cholesterol, and levels of oxidized and reduced CoQ10 compared to the placebo group. No differences were observed between the two groups for any of the secondary outcomes, including vascular endothelial biomarkers, inflammatory biomarkers, mitochondrial injury biomarkers, or clinical outcomes.","conclusion":"Oral ubiquinol administration successfully increased plasma CoQ10 levels in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. However, this pilot trial did not demonstrate an improvement in mitochondrial function or clinical outcomes.","limitations":"This was a pilot trial, and further research is needed to determine if ubiquinol administration can lead to improved clinical outcomes in this patient population.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34415830","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34415830","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2021.1962770","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.1962770","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34415830/","title":"Effect of Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt on Cognitive Function in Healthy Volunteers","journal":"J Am Nutr Assoc","year":2021,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily PQQ supplementation improved multiple aspects of cognitive function in healthy middle-aged to elderly individuals over 12 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d34415830.html","research_question":"Does daily supplementation with pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (mnemoPQQ®) improve cognitive function in healthy middle-aged to elderly Japanese volunteers?","hypothesis":"Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) disodium salt will improve cognitive function, including memory, attention, judgment, and cognitive flexibility, in healthy middle-aged to elderly individuals due to its antioxidant activity and effects on mitochondrial activation, nerve cell protection, and amyloid β suppression.","methods":"This was a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical investigation. 64 healthy Japanese male and female volunteers aged 40 to less than 80 years were randomly assigned to receive either 21.5 mg/day of mnemoPQQ® or a placebo. Cognitive performance was assessed using Cognitrax as the primary outcome, and the forgetfulness questionnaire (DECO) and Mini-Mental State Examination-Japanese (MMSE-J) as secondary outcomes.","results":"58 subjects completed the study (31 placebo, 27 mnemoPQQ®). The mnemoPQQ® group showed significant improvements in Cognitrax's cognitive function domain scores for \"composite memory\", \"verbal memory\", \"reaction time\", \"complex attention\", \"cognitive flexibility\", \"executive function\", and \"motor speed\" compared to the placebo group. DECO and MMSE-J scores also significantly improved in the mnemoPQQ® group. No adverse events were observed.","conclusion":"Supplementation with PQQ disodium salt is useful for improving memory, attention, judgment, and overall cognitive function in middle-aged to elderly individuals who perceive age-related forgetfulness.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37206869","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37206869","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1062832","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1062832","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37206869/","title":"Resistance training and creatine supplementation on oxidative stress, muscle strength and quality of life in older adults","journal":"Front Public Health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resistance training improves antioxidant defense, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults, and creatine supplementation further enhances muscle strength gains.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37206869.html","research_question":"What is the effect of resistance training (RT) with creatine monohydrate supplementation (CS) on oxidative stress markers (8-OHdG, MDA, GPX, TAC), muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that RT with CS would improve oxidative stress markers, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults.","methods":"Forty-five non-athlete older men and women (mean age 68.1 ± 7.2 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: RT with creatine supplementation (RT + CS), RT with placebo (RT + P), and a control group. The RT protocol involved three sessions per week for 10 weeks. The RT + CS group received 0.1 g/kg body weight of creatine daily, while the RT + P group received an equivalent amount of starch. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the 10-week intervention to measure oxidative stress markers. Muscle strength and quality of life were also assessed.","results":"After 10 weeks, both training groups (RT + CS and RT + P) showed a significant decrease in MDA and 8-OHDG, and a significant increase in GPX and TAC (p = 0.001 for all). Creatinine levels increased in the RT + CS group (p = 0.014). Quality of life and muscle strength improved in both experimental groups (p = 0.001), with muscle strength changes being more pronounced in the RT + CS group compared to the RT + P group (p < 0.05).","conclusion":"Regular resistance training is a suitable non-pharmacological method to enhance the antioxidant system, muscle strength, and quality of life in older adults. While the role of creatine on the antioxidant system and quality of life in older adults is not definitively established, creatine supplementation alongside RT can significantly increase muscle strength gains.","limitations":"The study noted that there are no definite findings on the specific role of creatine on the antioxidant system and quality of life in older adults based on this research.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30762623","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30762623","doi":"10.1519/JPT.0000000000000222","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0000000000000222","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30762623/","title":"The Additive Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Training in an Aging Population: A Systematic Review","journal":"J Geriatr Phys Ther","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Creatine supplementation combined with exercise may offer additive benefits for muscle strength, function, and lean mass in older adults, particularly women, but more research is needed for bone, cognition, and optimal dosing.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d30762623.html","research_question":"Does creatine supplementation combined with exercise provide additive improvements in skeletal muscle, bone, and mental health compared to exercise alone in healthy older adults?","hypothesis":"The hypothesis was not explicitly stated, but the review aimed to assess if creatine supplementation combined with exercise results in additive benefits over exercise alone in an aging population.","methods":"This systematic review utilized PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases to identify randomized controlled trials. Studies included creatine supplementation combined with exercise in an aging population, adhering to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, reviewed full-text articles, and performed quality assessments using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.","results":"Seventeen studies were reviewed, suggesting that additive ergogenic creatine effects on upper/lower body strength, functional capacity, and lean mass in older adults may require continuous daily low-dose creatine with at least 12 weeks of resistance training. Potential increases in regional bone mineral density of the femur might require at least 1 year of creatine supplementation combined with moderate resistance training. No additive effects of creatine over exercise alone were found for mental health indices. Benefits were more consistent in older women than men.","conclusion":"Creatine monohydrate is safe for older adults. While creatine with moderate- to high-intensity exercise may improve skeletal muscle health in an aging population, more studies are needed to determine effective dosing and duration for combined effects on bone and cognition.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the systematic review itself, but it highlights the need for additional long-term clinical trials to determine effective dosing and duration paradigms for bone and cognition.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38435677","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38435677","doi":"10.1016/j.abst.2023.10.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abst.2023.10.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38435677/","title":"Taurine as a biomarker for aging: A new avenue for translational research","journal":"Adv Biomark Sci Technol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine levels decrease with age, and this deficiency may contribute to aging and age-related diseases, suggesting taurine supplementation could be beneficial.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38435677.html","research_question":"Does taurine shortage act as a driver and biomarker of aging, and what is its impact on a healthy lifespan?","hypothesis":"The study by Singh et al. proposed that taurine shortage is a driver and biomarker of aging, and that early-life taurine insufficiency is linked to functional abnormalities in organs associated with age-related illnesses.","methods":"The authors conducted a lifespan examination of various organisms, including mice, to assess the effects of taurine supplementation. They also analyzed multi-omics datasets (RNA sequencing, metabolomics) across different species after oral taurine supplementation combined with other interventions.","results":"The abstract states that Singh et al. investigated taurine shortage as a driver and biomarker of aging and its impact on a healthy lifespan. It also notes that taurine deficiency in the elderly and the potential benefits of taurine supplements were considered, with a decrease in taurine concentration possibly due to loss of endogenous synthesis. The study analyzed the impacts of taurine supplementation and multi-omics data.","conclusion":"The abstract suggests that taurine deficiency may contribute to the aging process and age-related illnesses, and that taurine supplementation could offer benefits. The study by Singh et al. explored taurine's role as a biomarker and driver of aging.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study by Singh et al. or the review itself.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27872968","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27872968","doi":"10.1007/10_2016_35","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2016_35","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27872968/","title":"New Functions and Potential Applications of Amino Acids","journal":"Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Amino acids have diverse newly discovered functions with potential applications in digestion, muscle health, sleep, metabolism, immunity, and disease diagnosis.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27872968.html","research_question":"What are the newly discovered functions and potential applications of various amino acids?","hypothesis":"Not applicable; this review article summarizes existing research on amino acid functions and applications rather than testing a specific hypothesis.","methods":"This is a review article summarizing recent discoveries regarding amino acid functions and potential applications. It compiles information on glutamate, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), glycine, alanine, glutamine, cystine, and theanine.","results":"Oral glutamate stimulates the cephalic phase response and is recognized by specific systems in the stomach and intestines. Monosodium glutamate enhances gastric secretion in a vagus-dependent manner. BCAAs decrease muscle pain and are considered beneficial for aging. Glycine ingestion before bedtime improves subjective sleep quality. Alanine and glutamine accelerate alcohol metabolism, while cystine and theanine prevent colds. The balance of amino acids in the blood may serve as a diagnostic indicator for disease risk, such as cancer.","conclusion":"Newly discovered functions of amino acids, including their roles in digestion, muscle health, sleep, metabolism, immune function, and disease diagnosis, are expected to offer solutions to various health issues.","limitations":"This abstract does not describe specific limitations of the reviewed studies or the review itself. It presents a summary of potential benefits without detailing study designs, sample sizes, or statistical significance.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36043711","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36043711","doi":"10.2174/1381612828666220830092815","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612828666220830092815","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36043711/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine Slows the Progression from Prefrailty to Frailty in Older Subjects: A Randomized Interventional Clinical Trial","journal":"Curr Pharm Des","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation may help slow the progression of prefrailty in older adults by improving cognitive function and physical performance.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36043711.html","research_question":"Does Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) affect the progression from prefrailty to frailty in older patients?","hypothesis":"The study aims to evaluate the effect of ALCAR in pre-frail older patients, suggesting a potential beneficial effect.","methods":"This was a randomized, observational, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 92 subjects. Participants received either oral ALCAR (1.5 g twice daily) or a placebo for 3 months, followed by a 3-month follow-up period. Measurements included C-reactive protein (CRP), serum-free carnitine, acetylcarnitine, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, 6-minute walking distance, and HDL cholesterol.","results":"After treatment, the ALCAR group showed a decrease in CRP and an increase in serum-free carnitine, acetylcarnitine, MMSE scores, and 6-minute walking distance. Compared to the placebo group, the ALCAR group exhibited a decrease in HDL cholesterol and CRP, and an increase in MMSE score and 6-minute walking distance.","conclusion":"ALCAR treatment delays the incidence and severity of degenerative disorders in prefrail older subjects, improving memory and cognitive processes.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27178134","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27178134","doi":"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27178134/","title":"Regulation of structural and functional synapse density by L-threonate through intraneuronal magnesium","journal":"Neuropharmacology","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-threonate directly increases magnesium inside neurons, leading to more synapses and improved cognitive function, which explains why it's a key component of L-TAMS.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27178134.html","research_question":"Does L-threonate directly elevate intraneuronal magnesium and regulate synapse density, and why is magnesium alone ineffective for enhancing learning and memory?","hypothesis":"The study aims to understand the unique role of threonate, specifically if it acts directly to elevate intraneuronal Mg2+ and mediates the therapeutic effects of L-TAMS.","methods":"The researchers investigated the effects of threonate in cultured hippocampal neurons and human neural stem cell-derived neurons. They measured intracellular Mg2+ concentration, NR2B-containing NMDAR expression, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and functional synapse density. They also examined the role of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in mediating threonate's effects and measured CSF threonate levels after oral L-TAMS treatment.","results":"Threonate is naturally present in CSF, and oral L-TAMS elevated CSF threonate. In cultured hippocampal neurons, threonate treatment directly increased intracellular Mg2+ concentration. Threonate also upregulated NR2B-containing NMDAR expression, boosted mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and increased functional synapse density. These effects were unique to threonate and mediated through glucose transporters (GLUTs). Threonate was equally effective at upregulating synapse density in human neural stem cell-derived neurons.","conclusion":"Threonate directly elevates intraneuronal magnesium and regulates structural and functional synapse density through glucose transporters, explaining its essential role in L-TAMS for promoting cognitive abilities.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34505026","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34505026","doi":"10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100997","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34505026/","title":"Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"EClinicalMedicine","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Omega-3 fatty acids reduce cardiovascular risks, with EPA monotherapy showing greater benefits but also increased risks of bleeding and atrial fibrillation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d34505026.html","research_question":"What are the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA and EPA+DHA, on fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of omega-3 FAs on cardiovascular outcomes and examine potential variability between EPA monotherapy and EPA+DHA therapy.","methods":"A meta-analysis of 38 randomized controlled trials was conducted, including 149,051 participants. The trials were stratified by EPA monotherapy and EPA+DHA therapy. Random-effects rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated, and the certainty of evidence was rated using GRADE. Key outcomes included cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes, bleeding, and atrial fibrillation (AF).","results":"Omega-3 FAs were associated with reductions in cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.93), non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) (RR, 0.87), coronary heart disease events (CHD) (RR, 0.91), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (RR, 0.95), and revascularization (RR, 0.91). EPA monotherapy showed greater reductions for cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.82), non-fatal MI (RR, 0.72), and CHD events (RR, 0.73) compared to EPA+DHA (cardiovascular mortality RR, 0.94; non-fatal MI RR, 0.92; CHD events RR, 0.94). Omega-3 FAs increased incident AF (RR, 1.26), and EPA monotherapy was associated with a higher risk of total bleeding (RR, 1.49) and AF (RR, 1.35).","conclusion":"Omega-3 fatty acids reduced cardiovascular mortality and improved cardiovascular outcomes. The cardiovascular risk reduction was more prominent with EPA monotherapy than with EPA+DHA.","limitations":"The abstract states 'None' for limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32951855","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32951855","doi":"10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32951855/","title":"Effect of Omega-3 Dosage on Cardiovascular Outcomes: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Interventional Trials","journal":"Mayo Clin Proc","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can reduce the risk of certain cardiovascular events, with greater benefits potentially seen at higher doses.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d32951855.html","research_question":"What is the effect of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, and how does dosage influence this effect?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that EPA/DHA supplementation will reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and that this effect may be dose-dependent.","methods":"This study is a random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving EPA/DHA supplementation and cardiovascular outcomes. It included RCTs published before August 2019, covering outcomes such as myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease (CHD) events, CVD events, CHD mortality, and fatal MI. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework was used to assess the strength of evidence.","results":"Forty studies with 135,267 participants were included. Supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of MI (RR, 0.87), CHD events (RR, 0.90), fatal MI (RR, 0.65), and CHD mortality (RR, 0.91). No significant reduction was observed for overall CVD events (RR, 0.95). The protective effect was found to be dose-dependent for CVD events and MI.","conclusion":"Supplementation with EPA and DHA is an effective lifestyle strategy for CVD prevention, and the protective effect likely increases with dosage.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study, but as a meta-analysis, it is dependent on the quality and reporting of the included individual studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32370731","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32370731","doi":"10.2174/1871530320666200506081407","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200506081407","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32370731/","title":"Oral Alpha Lipoic Acid Treatment for Symptomatic Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Study","journal":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral alpha-lipoic acid taken twice daily for six months can improve symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d32370731.html","research_question":"Can oral alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) treatment improve symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)?","hypothesis":"Oral 600mg ALA twice daily over 6 months will be effective in treating patients with DPN.","methods":"This was a prospective, single-center, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. 200 DPN patients were randomized to receive either oral 600mg ALA twice daily (n=100) or placebo (n=100) for 6 months. Outcomes including vibration perception threshold (VPT), neurological symptom score (NSS), neurological disability score (NDS), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain were assessed at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months.","results":"At baseline, there were no significant differences between the groups. In subsequent visits (1, 3, and 6 months), ALA-treated patients showed significantly better results across almost all outcome parameters (NSS, NDS, VAS, VPT). Mild nausea was reported in 6 patients, and no patients discontinued treatment.","conclusion":"Oral 600mg ALA twice daily for 6 months is an effective, safe, and tolerable treatment for DPN.","limitations":"The study was a single-center design, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24813065","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24813065","doi":"10.4088/JCP.13m08947","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08947","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24813065/","title":"Effect of adjunctive L-methylfolate 15 mg among inadequate responders to SSRIs in depressed patients","journal":"J Clin Psychiatry","year":2014,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Certain biological and genetic markers may identify depressed patients who are more likely to respond to adjunctive L-methylfolate when SSRIs are insufficient.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d24813065.html","research_question":"Can specific biological and genetic markers predict the antidepressant efficacy of adjunctive L-methylfolate 15 mg in depressed patients who have not adequately responded to SSRIs?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that specific biological and genetic markers would influence the antidepressant efficacy of adjunctive L-methylfolate 15 mg compared to placebo in patients with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder.","methods":"This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial using a sequential parallel comparison design. Outpatients with SSRI-resistant MDD received L-methylfolate 15 mg/d for 60 days, or placebo for 30 days followed by L-methylfolate 15 mg/d for 30 days, or placebo for 60 days. The primary response measure was the 28-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-28), and the effects of baseline biological and genetic markers on treatment response were evaluated.","results":"Seventy-five patients were enrolled. Patients with specific biological markers (BMI \">=\" 30 kg/m², elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, low S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio) and genetic markers at baseline showed significantly greater pooled mean change from baseline on the HDRS-28 with L-methylfolate versus placebo. Most combinations of baseline biological and genetic markers also predicted significantly greater reductions in pooled mean change from baseline in HDRS-28 scores with L-methylfolate versus placebo.","conclusion":"Biomarkers related to inflammation or metabolism and genomic markers associated with L-methylfolate synthesis and metabolism may help identify patients with SSRI-resistant depression who could benefit from adjunctive L-methylfolate 15 mg therapy.","limitations":"This was a post hoc analysis, and confirmatory studies are needed to validate these findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37265016","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37265016","doi":"10.1111/cen.14931","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14931","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37265016/","title":"A randomized controlled trial comparing myoinositol with metformin versus metformin monotherapy in PCOS","journal":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adding myoinositol to metformin improves menstrual regularity and quality of life in women with PCOS more than metformin alone, but other hormonal and metabolic markers are not significantly different.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37265016.html","research_question":"Does a combination of metformin with myoinositol and d-chiro-inositol offer superior benefits compared to metformin monotherapy in women with PCOS?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that the combination therapy will exert more beneficial effects in PCOS due to the insulin-sensitizing properties of myoinositol and d-chiro-inositol.","methods":"This was a 6-month randomized controlled trial involving overweight and obese women with PCOS aged 18-35. Participants were randomized into two groups: 27 received metformin monotherapy, and 26 received metformin with myoinositol and d-chiro-inositol. Various parameters including menstrual cycle duration, anthropometric measures, hormonal profiles, metabolic markers, and quality of life scores were assessed at baseline and after 6 months.","results":"Menstrual cycle regularity improved in both groups, with significantly greater improvement in the myoinositol combination group (p < .001). The PCOS Questionnaire (PCOSQ) score also showed significant improvement in the myoinositol-based therapy group (p < .001). Pregnancy rates were similar between both groups, and no statistically significant differences were observed in other hormonal or metabolic parameters.","conclusion":"Adding myoinositol to metformin provides additional benefits in improving menstrual cycle regularity and quality of life for women with PCOS.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27808588","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27808588","doi":"10.1080/09513590.2016.1236078","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2016.1236078","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27808588/","title":"Comparison of two insulin sensitizers, metformin and myo-inositol, in women with PCOS","journal":"Gynecol Endocrinol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Metformin and myo-inositol similarly improve insulin sensitivity, BMI, and menstrual cycles in women with PCOS.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant differences\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27808588.html","research_question":"What are the comparative effects of metformin and myo-inositol on clinical and metabolic features in women with PCOS?","hypothesis":"Insulin-sensitizer agents like metformin and inositols improve endocrine and metabolic aspects of PCOS, and this study aims to compare their effects.","methods":"Fifty women with PCOS, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >2.5) and/or hyperinsulinemia, were randomized to receive either metformin (1500 mg/day) or myo-inositol (4 g/day) for 6 months. Researchers evaluated insulin secretion, BMI, menstrual cycle length, acne, and hirsutism at baseline and after treatment. Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR >2.5, and hyperinsulinemia was defined by AUC for insulin after a glucose load above the laboratory's normal cutoff.","results":"Both treatment groups showed similar improvements. Insulin sensitivity improved in both groups. BMI significantly decreased, and the menstrual cycle normalized in approximately 50% of the women. No significant changes were observed in acne or hirsutism.","conclusion":"Metformin and myo-inositol are both useful in women with PCOS for lowering BMI, ameliorating insulin sensitivity, and improving menstrual cycles, with no significant differences between the two treatments.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38876040","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38876040","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2024.05.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2024.05.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38876040/","title":"Betaine supplementation modulates betaine concentration by MTHFR genotype in healthy active males","journal":"Nutr Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Betaine supplementation boosts betaine and lowers homocysteine in active men, with MTHFR genotype potentially influencing betaine levels.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38876040.html","research_question":"Does betaine supplementation increase betaine concentration and alter amino acid profiles in physically active males, and is this affected by MTHFR genotype and dose?","hypothesis":"Betaine supplementation will increase betaine concentration and alter amino acid profiles in relation to MTHFR genotype and dose in physically active males.","methods":"This study used a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over design. Blood samples were collected before and after each supplementation period to analyze serum for amino acid profile, homocysteine, betaine, choline, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations. A washout analysis included participants who started with betaine (n=20).","results":"Betaine concentration significantly increased from 4.89 \b\bµg/mL to 17.31 \b\bµg/mL after supplementation, with a greater increase in MTHFR T-allele carriers compared to CC. Homocysteine concentration decreased from 17.04 \b\bµmol/L to 15.44 \b\bµmol/L, and TMAO concentrations non-significantly increased from 0.27 \b\bµg/ml to 0.44 \b\bµg/ml. No differences were found in amino acid profile or choline concentrations. Serum betaine concentrations returned to baseline after a 21-day washout.","conclusion":"Betaine supplementation increased betaine and decreased homocysteine concentrations in healthy active males, but did not affect amino acid profile or choline concentrations. The increase in betaine concentrations may be dependent on MTHFR genotype.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations, but the non-significant increase in TMAO and the lack of dose-response analysis could be considered implicit limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32823974","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32823974","doi":"10.3390/nu12082447","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082447","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32823974/","title":"The Effect of a Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement on Immune Function in Healthy Older Adults: a randomized controlled trial","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A multivitamin supplement improved vitamin C and zinc levels and self-reported health in older adults, but did not change measured immune function.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d32823974.html","research_question":"Can a multivitamin and mineral (MVM) supplement improve immune function in healthy older adults?","hypothesis":"Taking a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement (MVM) could improve immune function in individuals 55 and older.","methods":"Healthy older adults were randomized to receive either an MVM supplement (RedoxonVI) or an inactive placebo daily for 12 weeks. Researchers measured blood mineral and vitamin status (vitamin C, zinc, vitamin D), immune function (bacterial killing, neutrophil phagocytic activity, reactive oxygen species), immune status (salivary IgA, plasma cytokine/chemokine levels), and self-reported health status before and after treatment.","results":"MVM supplementation improved blood vitamin C and zinc status, as well as self-reported health status. However, it did not alter measures of immune function, immune status, or vitamin D levels.","conclusion":"MVM supplementation may benefit healthy older adults by improving vitamin C and zinc status and self-reported health, but it did not show changes in measured immune function or status in this study.","limitations":"The study suggests that further development of functional assays and larger study populations are needed to better detect specific changes in immune function after supplementation in healthy older adults.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35747897","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35747897","doi":"10.1177/2333794X221099266","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X221099266","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35747897/","title":"Effect of Zinc Supplementation in Children on Diarrhea Attacks: A Randomized Controlled Trial","journal":"Glob Pediatr Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily zinc supplementation for four months reduced the occurrence and severity of diarrhea in young children.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced the incidence\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35747897.html","research_question":"Does daily zinc supplementation for 4 months affect the incidence and severity of diarrheal morbidity in children aged 6 months to less than 5 years old?","hypothesis":"The study aims to assess the effect of daily zinc supplements on the incidence and severity of diarrheal morbidity in children.","methods":"A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 140 apparently healthy children aged 6 months to less than 5 years old. Children were randomly assigned to either a zinc supplementation group (70 children) or a placebo group (70 children) for 4 months. Serum zinc levels were measured at baseline, and a questionnaire was used during follow-up to record the occurrence of diarrhea.","results":"The mean age of participants was 25.26 ± 15.7 months, and the mean baseline serum zinc was 51.08 μg/dL, with 70% of children having low baseline serum zinc. The cumulative incidence of diarrhea, the number of diarrhea episodes per child, and the frequency of stools per day significantly decreased in the zinc group. The risk ratio for diarrhea was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.97).","conclusion":"Daily zinc supplementation for 4 months reduced the incidence and severity of diarrhea in children.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36014852","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36014852","doi":"10.3390/nu14163346","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163346","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36014852/","title":"Selenium and Coenzyme Q Intervention Prevents Telomere Attrition, with Association to Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation may help preserve telomere length and reduce cardiovascular mortality in older adults with low selenium.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36014852.html","research_question":"Does long-term supplementation with combined selenium and coenzyme Q10 prevent telomere attrition and reduce cardiovascular mortality in elderly individuals with low selenium levels?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to determine if selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation could prevent telomere shortening and decrease cardiovascular mortality.","methods":"This was an explorative sub-study of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. 118 Swedish citizens aged 70-80 years with low selenium levels were included. Participants received either active treatment (selenium and coenzyme Q10) or placebo for 4 years, with a 10-year follow-up. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was measured at baseline and after 42 months using PCR.","results":"At 42 months, the active treatment group showed less shortening of LTL (+0.019) compared to the placebo group (-0.129), a significant difference (p = 0.02). Analyzing individual changes in LTL also showed a significant difference (p < 0.001). Subjects who died later had significantly shorter LTL at 42 months (0.791) than survivors (0.941) (p = 0.01), and there was a significant difference in LTL change based on cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.03).","conclusion":"Supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 was associated with the preservation of leukocyte telomere length, which in turn was associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d25511910","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"25511910","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.11.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.11.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25511910/","title":"Selenium and coenzyme Q10 interrelationship in cardiovascular diseases","journal":"J Trace Elem Med Biol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Supplementing with selenium and coenzyme Q10 may improve cardiovascular outcomes in elderly individuals, potentially by enhancing antioxidant capacity.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d25511910.html","research_question":"What is the potential role of selenium deficiency and selenium intervention in atherosclerotic heart disease, and how does it interrelate with coenzyme Q10?","hypothesis":"Selenium deficiency may lead to reduced anti-oxidative capacity, influencing the prognosis of atherosclerotic disease. Combining selenium and coenzyme Q10 may offer a theoretical advantage in intervention due to their anti-oxidative properties.","methods":"This is a short review discussing the potential role of selenium deficiency and intervention trials in atherosclerotic heart disease. It also presents the interrelationship between selenium and coenzyme Q10 and discusses clinical results from an intervention study using both substances in an elderly population.","results":"Selenium intake in Europe is often at the lower margin of recommendations, potentially leading to deficient anti-oxidative capacity in conditions like atherosclerotic disease. Increased oxidative stress is demonstrated in ischemic heart disease and heart failure. A clinical intervention study in an elderly population using both selenium and coenzyme Q10 showed a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, improved cardiac function by echocardiography, and lower NT-proBNP concentrations in the active treatment group compared to placebo.","conclusion":"Selenium deficiency may contribute to atherosclerotic disease due to reduced anti-oxidative capacity. Supplementation with both selenium and coenzyme Q10 in an elderly population demonstrated benefits including reduced cardiovascular mortality, improved cardiac function, and lower myocardial wall tension.","limitations":"The review does not specify the exact details, sample sizes, or statistical significance of the discussed intervention studies. It also does not quantify the observed reductions or improvements.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23597877","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"23597877","doi":"10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.02.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.02.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23597877/","title":"L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Mayo Clin Proc","year":2013,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-carnitine may reduce mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, and angina after a heart attack, but more research is needed.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d23597877.html","research_question":"Does L-carnitine reduce morbidity and mortality in patients who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that L-carnitine, compared to placebo or control, will reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes such as mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, angina, heart failure, and reinfarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, including 13 controlled trials with a total of 3629 participants. The researchers searched Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and Embase databases for studies published between May 1, 2012, and August 31, 2012. The effects of L-carnitine versus placebo or control on mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), angina, heart failure, and reinfarction were evaluated.","results":"L-carnitine was associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias, and a 40% reduction in the development of angina. There was no significant reduction in the development of heart failure or myocardial reinfarction.","conclusion":"L-carnitine is associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, and anginal symptoms in patients who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis, but it suggests that further large randomized controlled trials are warranted, implying a need for more robust evidence.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d41000008","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"41000008","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41000008/","title":"Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","journal":"Hypertension","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Magnesium supplementation can help lower blood pressure, especially in people with high blood pressure or low magnesium levels, but more research is needed due to study variability.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d41000008.html","research_question":"What is the effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive populations?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to explore the relationship between magnesium supplementation and blood pressure.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of 38 randomized controlled trials, involving 2709 participants, was conducted. Studies had a duration of at least 4 weeks, with elemental magnesium doses ranging from 82.3 mg to 637 mg (median 365 mg) and a median intervention period of 12 weeks. Mean differences of changes in blood pressure were calculated using a random effects meta-analysis, and a cubic spline regression model was used for dose-response analysis.","results":"Magnesium supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure by -2.81 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by -2.05 mm Hg overall. Greater reductions in systolic blood pressure were observed in hypertensive individuals on BP-lowering medication (-7.68 mm Hg) and individuals with hypomagnesemia (-5.97 mm Hg). Diastolic blood pressure also saw greater reductions in these groups (-2.96 mm Hg and -4.75 mm Hg, respectively). No statistically significant effect was found in normotensive groups, and no dose-response relationship was identified.","conclusion":"Magnesium supplementation has a beneficial effect on reducing blood pressure, particularly in populations with hypertension and hypomagnesemia. However, the high heterogeneity across studies suggests that these effects should be interpreted with caution.","limitations":"The study identified high heterogeneity across the included trials. Further larger, well-designed studies are needed to assess higher magnesium doses and refine the dose-response relationship, as well as to identify optimal supplementation strategies for specific subpopulations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32385715","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32385715","doi":"10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32385715/","title":"The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a meta-analysis","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Magnesium supplementation can help lower blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes, especially with higher doses or longer durations.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d32385715.html","research_question":"Does magnesium supplementation affect blood pressure and obesity measures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to evaluate the effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure and obesity measures in type 2 diabetes patients.","methods":"A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted by searching major electronic databases (Web of Science, Cochrane library, PubMed, Scopus) up to October 15, 2019. Outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model and expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were also assessed.","results":"Pooling five RCTs showed that magnesium supplementation did not significantly affect body weight (WMD: -0.01 kg), BMI (WMD: -0.07), or waist circumference (WMD: 0.12). However, pooling seven RCTs showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (WMD: -5.78 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: -2.50 mmHg). Subgroup analysis indicated that magnesium supplementation for more than 12 weeks, at doses higher than 300 mg/day, or in inorganic forms, significantly decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.","conclusion":"Magnesium supplementation has beneficial effects on blood pressure in type 2 diabetes patients, independent of body weight status.","limitations":"The study suggests that further investigations are needed to provide more reliable evidence.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27797728","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27797728","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27797728/","title":"beta-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine;Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137;p139","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"137;139","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"\"beta\"-alanine supplementation can improve exercise capacity and performance, especially for exercise lasting 0.5-10 minutes and when co-supplemented with sodium bicarbonate.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27797728.html","research_question":"What are the effects of \"beta\"-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze existing evidence to determine the effects of \"beta\"-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. Researchers searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies on chronic \"beta\"-alanine supplementation and exercise measures in healthy participants. Cross-over designs were excluded. A 3-level mixed effects model was used to analyze effect sizes from 70 exercise measures across 40 studies and 1461 participants.","results":"A significant overall effect size of 0.18 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.28) was found for \"beta\"-alanine supplementation. Exercise duration significantly moderated effect sizes (p=0.004), as did exercise type within the 0.5-10 minute timeframe (p=0.013). Greater effect sizes were observed for exercise capacity (0.4998) compared to performance (0.1078) in this timeframe. Training status, intermittent/continuous exercise, and total \"beta\"-alanine ingested did not significantly moderate effects. Co-supplementation with sodium bicarbonate showed the largest effect size (0.43).","conclusion":"\"beta\"-alanine supplementation has a significant overall effect on exercise capacity and performance, with exercise duration and type being significant modifying factors. These findings can help individuals make informed decisions about using \"beta\"-alanine based on their exercise modality.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39032921","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39032921","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39032921/","title":"Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Maximal Intensity Exercise in Trained Young Males: A Meta-Analysis","journal":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Beta-alanine supplementation can enhance maximal exercise performance in trained young men, especially with specific durations and dosages.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d39032921.html","research_question":"Does beta-alanine supplementation improve maximal intensity exercise performance in trained young males?","hypothesis":"Beta-alanine supplementation will improve exercise performance by buffering hydrogen ions and delaying fatigue through increased intramuscular carnosine synthesis.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis searched six databases for randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials published up to August 10, 2023. Included studies investigated chronic beta-alanine supplementation in trained males aged 18-40 years, evaluating maximal or supramaximal intensity exercise lasting 0.5-10 minutes. A total of 18 studies, 18 exercise protocols, and 15 outcome measures from 331 participants were analyzed.","results":"A significant overall effect size of 0.39 (95% CI [0.09, 0.69], p = .01) was observed in favor of beta-alanine supplementation. Significant effects were noted at 4 weeks of supplementation (effect size 0.34, 95% CI [0.02, 0.67], p = .04), for maximal efforts lasting 4-10 minutes (effect size 0.55, 95% CI [0.07, 1.04], p = .03), and with a high beta-alanine dosage of 5.6-6.4 g per day (effect size 0.35, 95% CI [0.09, 0.62], p = .009).","conclusion":"Beta-alanine supplementation significantly improves maximal intensity exercise performance in trained young males, particularly with 4 weeks of supplementation, for efforts lasting 4-10 minutes, and at dosages of 5.6-6.4 g per day.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, but rather provides insights for future research and practical applications.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31387121","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31387121","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqz147","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz147","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31387121/","title":"The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Menaquinone-7 supplementation did not reduce vascular calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and may have slightly increased active calcification.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d31387121.html","research_question":"Does menaquinone-7 supplementation decrease vascular calcification in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease?","hypothesis":"Menaquinone-7 supplementation, compared to placebo, will decrease vascular calcification in people with type 2 diabetes and known cardiovascular disease.","methods":"This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Participants with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were assigned to receive either 360 µg/d menaquinone-7 (MK-7) or placebo for 6 months. Femoral arterial calcification was measured at baseline and 6 months using 18F-NaF PET scans (target-to-background ratios, TBRs) for active calcification and conventional CT scans for calcification mass. Dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) concentrations were also measured.","results":"35 patients were assigned to the MK-7 group (33 completed) and 33 to the placebo group (27 completed). After 6 months, TBR tended to increase in the MK-7 group compared with placebo (0.25; P = 0.06), though not significantly. Log-transformed CT calcification mass did not increase in the intervention group compared with placebo (0.50; P = 0.18). MK-7 supplementation significantly reduced dp-ucMGP compared with placebo (-205.6 pmol/L). No adverse events were reported.","conclusion":"Menaquinone-7 supplementation tended to increase active calcification as measured by 18F-NaF PET activity, but had no effect on conventional CT calcification. Further research is needed to interpret 18F-NaF PET activity.","limitations":"The study found a non-significant trend towards increased active calcification with MK-7, and the interpretation of 18F-NaF PET activity requires further investigation.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36695702","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36695702","doi":"10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36695702/","title":"Effect of vitamin K supplementation on arterial stiffness in vitamin K-deficient kidney transplant recipients","journal":"Am J Transplant","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin K supplementation in kidney transplant recipients improved vitamin K status and prevented arterial stiffness progression, but did not change calcification propensity.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not alter\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36695702.html","research_question":"Does vitamin K supplementation affect serum calcification propensity and arterial stiffness in vitamin K-deficient kidney transplant recipients?","hypothesis":"Vitamin K deficiency likely contributes to progressive vascular calcification and stiffness in kidney transplant recipients, suggesting that supplementation might improve these outcomes.","methods":"This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 40 vitamin K-deficient kidney transplant recipients. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7, 360 μg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was serum calcification propensity (T50), and secondary endpoints included arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity [PWV]) and vitamin K status (dp-ucMGP).","results":"Vitamin K supplementation did not significantly affect calcification propensity (change in T50 vs baseline +2.3 ± 27.4 minutes for vitamin K vs +0.8 ± 34.4 minutes for placebo; P= .88). However, it prevented the progression of PWV (change vs baseline -0.06 ± 0.26 m/s for vitamin K vs +0.27 ± 0.43 m/s for placebo; P= .010). Vitamin K status significantly improved with supplementation (change in dp-ucMGP vs baseline -385 pmol/L for vitamin K vs +39 pmol/L for placebo; P< .001), though most patients remained vitamin K-deficient.","conclusion":"Vitamin K supplementation did not alter serum calcification propensity but prevented the progression of arterial stiffness in vitamin K-deficient kidney transplant recipients. This suggests that vitamin K may have vascular effects independent of calciprotein particles.","limitations":"The study was a single-center trial and, despite improved vitamin K status, most patients remained vitamin K-deficient, indicating that the dose or duration might not have been sufficient to fully correct the deficiency or impact calcification propensity. The abstract also suggests the need for longer-term intervention studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31987255","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31987255","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102241","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102241","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987255/","title":"Effect of carnosine on lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, HbA1C and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carnosine supplementation may help lower HbA1C levels, but it does not appear to impact other markers of glucose metabolism or lipid profile.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreases hba1c\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d31987255.html","research_question":"Does carnosine supplementation affect lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, and insulin resistance?","hypothesis":"Carnosine supplementation may improve glucose disorders and dyslipidemia.","methods":"A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted by searching MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to June 2019. The search used Medical Subject Heading and keywords. Combined effect sizes were calculated as weighted mean difference (WMD) using a random-effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test and I .","results":"Four RCTs, involving 184 participants, were analyzed. Carnosine intervention significantly reduced HbA1C levels (WMD: -0.92 %, 95 % CI: -1.20, -0.63, I:69 %). However, combined results from four studies with 183 participants showed no significant reduction in triglycerides (WMD: -14.46 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -29.11, 0.19, I:94 %). No significant changes were observed for HOMA-IR, Cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, or HDL-C.","conclusion":"Carnosine supplementation decreases HbA1C but does not significantly affect HOMA-IR, Cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, or HDL-C.","limitations":"The study notes that future research with larger sample sizes, varied carnosine doses, and population-specific subgroups is needed to confirm and strengthen these findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36216435","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36216435","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.122.025858","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.025858","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216435/","title":"Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2022,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ApoB is a better indicator of heart disease risk than LDL-C because it directly measures the number of harmful particles, which is more accurate than measuring only the cholesterol within them.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"harmful\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36216435.html","research_question":"What are the physiological mechanisms that make apolipoprotein B (apoB) a superior marker of cardiovascular risk compared to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol?","hypothesis":"The review posits that specific physiological mechanisms related to the nature, number, and cholesterol content of atherogenic apoB lipoprotein particles explain why apoB is a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk.","methods":"This is a narrative review that outlines the physiological mechanisms. It discusses the nature and relative numbers of different apoB particles, the mechanisms governing the number of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and the mechanisms governing the cholesterol mass within these particles. It also briefly outlines major apoB dyslipoproteinemias.","results":"The review explains that LDL particles are typically the primary determinants of cardiovascular risk. It details how concentrations of triglycerides and LDL-C can obscure this relationship. It further clarifies that the total number of apoB particles, except in cases of dysbetalipoproteinemia, determines cardiovascular risk. The review highlights that the discordance between the cholesterol mass within apoB particles (measured as LDL-C or non-HDL-C) and the actual number of apoB particles (measured as apoB) is responsible for apoB's superior predictive power.","conclusion":"Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol due to specific physiological mechanisms related to the number and cholesterol content of atherogenic apoB lipoprotein particles. This review provides a physiological framework for healthcare providers to understand this superiority.","limitations":"This is a review article and does not present new experimental data or a meta-analysis of existing studies. It focuses on explicating known physiological mechanisms.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30595507","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30595507","doi":"10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30595507/","title":"Non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B compared with LDL-cholesterol in cardiovascular disease risk assessment","journal":"Pathology","year":2018,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B may be better indicators of heart disease risk than LDL-cholesterol, especially in certain individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d30595507.html","research_question":"What are the measurement, potential role, utility, and current status of non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B compared with LDL-cholesterol in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk assessment?","hypothesis":"The authors hypothesize that non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) may be superior to LDL-cholesterol in predicting ASCVD risk, particularly in certain patient populations.","methods":"This study is a review of existing literature, examining the measurement, potential role, utility, and current status of non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB in comparison to LDL-cholesterol for ASCVD risk assessment.","results":"LDL-cholesterol is a primary therapeutic target for ASCVD, but its estimation via the Friedewald equation has limitations, and direct measures are not standardized. Non-HDL-cholesterol includes remnant cholesterol and is independent of triglyceride variability, but it is affected by non-specificity bias of direct HDL-cholesterol methods. ApoB measures the number of atherogenic lipoproteins, and its methods are standardized, though it incurs an additional cost. Non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB are more accurate than LDL-cholesterol in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia, in non-fasting samples, and in those with very low LDL-cholesterol. Evidence suggests non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB are superior to LDL-cholesterol in predicting ASCVD risk and are designated as secondary targets in some guidelines.","conclusion":"Non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B offer advantages over LDL-cholesterol in ASCVD risk assessment, particularly in specific patient groups, and accumulating evidence supports their superiority in predicting ASCVD risk.","limitations":"The review does not present new experimental data or specific quantitative comparisons from a single study, but rather synthesizes existing evidence.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33236085","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33236085","doi":"10.1093/clinchem/hvaa247","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa247","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33236085/","title":"Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease","journal":"Clin Chem","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High lipoprotein(a) levels are causally linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk, but more research is needed to confirm treatment benefits.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\" | favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33236085.html","research_question":"Does high lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) concentration causally increase the risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease, and does it represent an unmet medical need?","hypothesis":"The review implicitly hypothesizes that high Lp(a) concentrations are causally linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk and may represent an unmet medical need requiring treatment.","methods":"This is a narrative review summarizing evidence from mechanistic, observational, and large genetic epidemiologic studies regarding the causality of high Lp(a) concentrations in cardiovascular disease. It also discusses Lp(a) measurement methods and future treatment options.","results":"Evidence from mechanistic, observational, and genetic studies supports a causal role of Lp(a) in the development of cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, aortic valve stenosis, and likely ischemic stroke. High Lp(a) concentrations predict 2- to 3-fold increases in risk for myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic valve stenosis. High Lp(a) concentrations are present in 10%-20% of the population, affecting an estimated >1 billion individuals worldwide.","conclusion":"High lipoprotein(a) concentrations are causally linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic valve stenosis. Standardized Lp(a) measurements are crucial, and randomized cardiovascular outcome trials are necessary to confirm causality and evaluate the clinical benefit of Lp(a)-lowering therapies.","limitations":"The review highlights the need for randomized cardiovascular outcome trials to provide final evidence of causality and assess the clinical benefit of novel Lp(a) lowering therapies, indicating that current evidence, while strong, is not definitive for treatment decisions.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35450575","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35450575","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35450575/","title":"Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Elevated lipoprotein(a) is associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, partly independent of its effects on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35450575.html","research_question":"Does elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), and is this association independent of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)?","hypothesis":"The study investigated the role of Lp(a) in AF and whether it is independent of ASCVD.","methods":"The study analyzed measured and genetically predicted Lp(a) levels in relation to 20,432 cases of incident AF in the UK Biobank (N = 435,579). Mendelian randomization analyses were also conducted using summary-level data for AF from publicly available genome-wide association studies (N = 1,145,375).","results":"In the UK Biobank, each 50 nmol/L increase in Lp(a) was associated with an increased risk of incident AF (measured Lp[a]: HR: 1.03; genetically predicted Lp[a]: OR: 1.03). Mendelian randomization analyses replicated this effect (OR: 1.04 per 50 nmol/L Lp[a] increase). Only 39% of Lp(a) risk was mediated through ASCVD, suggesting an independent influence on AF.","conclusion":"The findings suggest that Lp(a) is a potential causal mediator in the development of AF, with effects extending across myocardial tissues and partly independent of its known effects on ASCVD. Ongoing clinical trials for Lp(a)-lowering therapies should evaluate effects on AF prevention.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d10733371","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"10733371","doi":"10.1056/NEJM200003233421202","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200003233421202","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10733371/","title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2000,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adding C-reactive protein to standard lipid screening can better identify postmenopausal women at risk for cardiovascular events.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d10733371.html","research_question":"Can measuring markers of inflammation improve the prediction of cardiovascular event risk?","hypothesis":"Measurement of markers of inflammation, in addition to traditional risk factors, will improve the prediction of cardiovascular event risk.","methods":"A prospective, nested case-control study was conducted among 28,263 apparently healthy postmenopausal women over a mean follow-up of three years. Researchers assessed the risk of cardiovascular events associated with baseline levels of various markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum amyloid A, interleukin-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (sICAM-1), homocysteine, and lipid measurements. Cardiovascular events included death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke, or the need for coronary-revascularization procedures.","results":"Hs-CRP was the strongest univariate predictor of cardiovascular events, with a relative risk of 4.4 for women in the highest versus lowest quartile. Other significant univariate predictors included serum amyloid A (3.0), sICAM-1 (2.6), interleukin-6 (2.2), homocysteine (2.0), total cholesterol (2.4), LDL cholesterol (2.4), apolipoprotein B-100 (3.4), HDL cholesterol (0.3), and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (3.4). Prediction models incorporating inflammation markers and lipids were significantly better than lipid-only models (P<0.001). Hs-CRP and serum amyloid A were significant predictors even in women with LDL cholesterol below 130 mg/dL. In multivariate analyses, only hs-CRP (relative risk 1.5) and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (relative risk 1.4) independently predicted risk.","conclusion":"Adding C-reactive protein measurement to lipid-based screening may improve the identification of individuals at risk for cardiovascular events.","limitations":"The study was conducted in apparently healthy postmenopausal women, which may limit generalizability to other populations. The follow-up period was a mean of three years, which might not capture long-term risks.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39216091","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39216091","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa2405182","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2405182","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39216091/","title":"Inflammation, Cholesterol, Lipoprotein(a), and 30-Year Cardiovascular Outcomes in Women","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Measuring inflammation and cholesterol markers can predict long-term cardiovascular risk in women, supporting earlier and longer-term prevention strategies.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d39216091.html","research_question":"How useful are high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) levels for predicting cardiovascular risk over 30 years in women?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to determine if baseline levels of high-sensitivity CRP, LDL cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) can predict long-term cardiovascular risk in women, given their established utility in shorter-term predictions and the importance of early-life intervention.","methods":"This study measured baseline levels of high-sensitivity CRP, LDL cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) in 27,939 initially healthy U.S. women, who were then followed for 30 years. The primary end point was a first major adverse cardiovascular event, a composite of myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, stroke, or cardiovascular death. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated across quintiles of each biomarker, along with 30-year cumulative incidence curves adjusted for age and competing risks.","results":"During 30 years, 3662 first major cardiovascular events occurred among participants with a mean baseline age of 54.7 years. Increasing baseline levels across quintiles of high-sensitivity CRP, LDL cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) all predicted 30-year risks. The adjusted hazard ratios for the primary end point comparing the top to the bottom quintile were 1.70 for high-sensitivity CRP, 1.36 for LDL cholesterol, and 1.33 for lipoprotein(a). Each biomarker independently contributed to overall risk, and models combining all three biomarkers showed the greatest risk spread.","conclusion":"A single combined measure of high-sensitivity CRP, LDL cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) levels at baseline in initially healthy U.S. women is predictive of incident cardiovascular events over a 30-year period. These findings support extending primary prevention strategies for atherosclerotic events beyond traditional 10-year risk estimates.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27397734","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27397734","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.049","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.049","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27397734/","title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and mortality in patients referred for coronary angiography","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in red blood cells are linked to lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27397734.html","research_question":"Do omega-3 fatty acids protect from cardiovascular disease mortality?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids would be associated with mortality in patients referred for coronary angiography.","methods":"Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid proportions were measured at baseline in 3259 participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study (LURIC) using the HS-Omega-3 Index method. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to investigate associations of omega-3 fatty acid proportions with mortality.","results":"During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 975 patients (29.9%) died, with 614 patients (18.8%) dying from cardiovascular causes. Proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, even after adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The strongest association was for EPA, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.89 (0.83-0.96) per increase of one standard deviation. Evidence for a non-linear relationship between EPA and mortality was also observed.","conclusion":"EPA and DHA were associated with reduced mortality in the LURIC study, independent of other risk factors. The association between EPA and mortality appeared to be non-linear.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d11141143","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"11141143","doi":"10.1136/bmj.322.7277.15","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7277.15","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11141143/","title":"Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort","journal":"BMJ","year":2001,"primary_compound":"HbA1c Home Kit","linked_compounds":"HbA1c Home Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p144","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher HbA1c levels are continuously linked to increased mortality risk in men, even in those without diagnosed diabetes, suggesting a need for broader preventive efforts.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"excess mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d11141143.html","research_question":"Does glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration predict death from cardiovascular and all causes in men?","hypothesis":"The study aims to examine the value of HbA1c as a predictor of mortality.","methods":"This was a prospective population study conducted within the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). It included 4662 men aged 45-79 years who had baseline HbA1c measurements between 1995-1997 and were followed up until December 1999. Mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, and other causes was assessed.","results":"Men with known diabetes had increased mortality from all causes (relative risk 2.2), cardiovascular disease (relative risk 3.3), and ischaemic disease (relative risk 4.2) compared to men without known diabetes. This increased risk in diabetic men was largely explained by HbA1c concentration. HbA1c was continuously related to subsequent all-cause, cardiovascular, and ischaemic heart disease mortality across the entire population, with the lowest rates observed in those with HbA1c concentrations below 5%. A 1% increase in HbA1c was associated with a 28% increase in the risk of death, independent of other risk factors. Even after excluding men with known diabetes, HbA1c >=7%, or a history of myocardial infarction or stroke, this effect remained (relative risk 1.46). While 18% of the population excess mortality risk associated with HbA1c >=5% occurred in men with diabetes, 82% occurred in men with concentrations of 5%-6.9%.","conclusion":"Glycated haemoglobin concentration appears to explain most of the excess mortality risk associated with diabetes in men and acts as a continuous risk factor across the entire population distribution. Preventive strategies should consider not only individuals with established diabetes but also the potential to reduce the population distribution of HbA1c through behavioral interventions.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d25264116","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"25264116","doi":"10.1007/s00125-014-3383-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3383-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25264116/","title":"Contrasting associations of insulin resistance with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the elderly: PROSPER","journal":"Diabetologia","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In older adults, insulin resistance predicts diabetes but does not significantly predict cardiovascular disease or mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d25264116.html","research_question":"Does insulin resistance, measured by fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, predict incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes in older people, and do these associations differ in strength?","hypothesis":"Insulin resistance is commonly proposed as a precursor to both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.","methods":"The study used data from the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) cohort, specifically 4,742 older individuals (70-82 years) without diabetes at baseline who had HOMA-IR measurements. Participants were followed for 3.2 years for incident diabetes and 8.6 years for all-cause mortality, CHD deaths, and fatal/non-fatal CVD events. Cause-specific Cox proportional-hazards models were fitted using multivariable models to assess associations.","results":"Higher HOMA-IR was associated with incident diabetes, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.80 (95% CI 3.14, 7.33) when comparing extreme thirds after adjustment. However, HOMA-IR in the top third was not associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.90, 1.17), CHD mortality (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.79, 1.36), or fatal/non-fatal CVD (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.74, 1.20). Similar results were observed when fasting insulin was used as the exposure.","conclusion":"The data support insulin resistance as a predictor of diabetes in later life. However, this pathway appears to be of negligible importance to cardiovascular disease outcomes in the elderly.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations beyond the scope of the study, but it implies that the findings regarding CVD in the elderly might be surprising given common proposals.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d12393075","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"12393075","doi":"10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00434-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00434-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12393075/","title":"Total plasma homocysteine level and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","journal":"J Clin Epidemiol","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Homocysteine Test","linked_compounds":"Homocysteine Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p146","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher homocysteine levels are moderately associated with an increased risk of cardiac events and ischemic stroke.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d12393075.html","research_question":"Does total plasma homocysteine level increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?","hypothesis":"The role of homocysteine as a cardiovascular disease risk factor is controversial, with conflicting results from different study types.","methods":"This meta-analysis synthesized data from 14 published prospective cohort studies. Average relative risks (ARRs) were calculated using fixed and random effect models. The study also assessed for publication and selection bias and the impact of individual studies on the ARR.","results":"No evidence of publication bias (P =.62) or heterogeneity (P =.56) was found. The ARR for cardiac events was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.31-1.70), and for ischemic stroke, it was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.99-1.99). Age and duration of follow-up did not significantly alter these ARRs.","conclusion":"Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with a moderate increase in the risk of a first cardiovascular event, independent of age and follow-up duration.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, beyond acknowledging the prior controversy and potential for reverse causality bias in case-control studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d16033854","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"16033854","doi":"10.1681/ASN.2005040423","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005040423","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16033854/","title":"Time-dependent associations between iron and mortality in hemodialysis patients","journal":"J Am Soc Nephrol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Maintaining specific iron levels and administering moderate intravenous iron doses may improve survival in hemodialysis patients, but high ferritin levels are often confounded by malnutrition-inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d16033854.html","research_question":"What is the independent association between iron indices or administered intravenous iron and survival in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, considering their time-varying nature?","hypothesis":"The associations between moderately high levels of serum ferritin, iron, iron saturation ratio, or administered intravenous iron and all-cause and cardiovascular death in MHD patients are confounded by the time-varying effects of malnutrition-inflammation-cachexia syndrome (MICS).","methods":"Time-dependent Cox regression models were used to analyze prospectively collected data from a 2-year historical cohort (July 2001 to June 2003) of 58,058 MHD patients from DaVita dialysis clinics in the United States. Adjustments were made for case mix, administered intravenous iron and erythropoietin doses, and surrogates of MICS.","results":"Serum ferritin levels between 200 and 1200 ng/ml, serum iron levels between 60 and 120 microg/ml, and iron saturation ratio between 30 and 50% were associated with the lowest all-cause and cardiovascular death risks. Administered intravenous iron up to 400 mg/mo was associated with improved survival, while doses >400 mg/mo tended to be associated with higher death rates. The association between serum ferritin levels >800 ng/ml and mortality appeared to be mostly due to MICS confounding.","conclusion":"Optimal ranges for serum ferritin (200-1200 ng/ml), serum iron (60-120 microg/ml), and iron saturation ratio (30-50%) are associated with the lowest mortality risks in MHD patients. Intravenous iron doses up to 400 mg/mo are linked to improved survival, but higher doses may increase death rates. The link between high ferritin (>800 ng/ml) and mortality is largely explained by MICS.","limitations":"The study design cannot definitively determine if the observed associations between moderate doses of intravenous iron and improved survival are causal or due to selection bias by indication. Clinical trials are needed to clarify this.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24915118","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24915118","doi":"10.1210/jc.2014-1250","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1250","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24915118/","title":"Thyroid antibody status, subclinical hypothyroidism, and the risk of coronary heart disease","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Thyroid (TSH) Home Panel","linked_compounds":"Thyroid (TSH) Home Panel","linked_monograph_ids":"p148","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Thyroid antibody status does not independently predict coronary heart disease risk in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not differ\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d24915118.html","research_question":"Does thyroid autoimmunity, specifically the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs), independently affect the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to compare the CHD risk in subclinical hypothyroidism with and without TPOAbs to determine if thyroid autoimmunity independently affects CHD risk.","methods":"A MEDLINE and EMBASE search from 1950 to 2011 was conducted to identify prospective cohorts reporting baseline thyroid function, antibodies, and CHD outcomes. Individual data from 38,274 participants across six cohorts were analyzed for CHD mortality, and 33,394 participants from four cohorts for CHD events.","results":"Among 38,274 adults, 1691 (4.4%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, with 775 (45.8%) of these having positive TPOAbs. Compared with euthyroid individuals, age- and gender-adjusted risks of CHD mortality in subclinical hypothyroidism were similar for those with and without TPOAbs (HR 1.15 vs HR 1.26). Similarly, risks of CHD events did not differ by TPOAb status (HR 1.16 vs HR 1.26). Risks of CHD mortality and events increased with higher thyrotropin levels, but within each thyrotropin stratum, risks did not differ by TPOAb status.","conclusion":"The risk of coronary heart disease associated with subclinical hypothyroidism did not differ based on thyroid peroxidase antibody status. This suggests that biomarkers of thyroid autoimmunity do not provide independent prognostic information for CHD outcomes.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34652868","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34652868","doi":"10.1002/smi.3106","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3106","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34652868/","title":"Hair cortisol, perceived stress, and resilience as predictors of coronary arterial disease","journal":"Stress Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hair cortisol levels show a small, inverse association with coronary artery disease risk, but perceived stress and resilience do not independently predict it.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d34652868.html","research_question":"Can hair cortisol concentration (HCC), perceived chronic stress, and resilience predict the risk of coronary arterial disease (CAD)?","hypothesis":"Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and perceived chronic stress are associated with CAD risk, and psychological and physiological resilience measures may also play a role.","methods":"This was a cross-sectional study of 24 participants. The researchers assessed the risk of CAD associated with HCC and perceived chronic stress (Perceived Stress Score), controlling for age, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. They also evaluated CAD risk with the simultaneous inclusion of psychological and physiological resilience measures (CD-RISC, DHEA-S) in fully adjusted Poisson regression models.","results":"Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) was significantly associated with CAD (incident rate ratio 0.99, confidence interval 0.98-1.00, p = 0.01), but the association was weak and inverse. This association was less pronounced than with dyslipidemia and age. Perceived Stress Score was not significantly associated with CAD. The association between HCC and CAD remained significant after including a combined resiliency score, but resilience itself was not independently significantly associated with CAD.","conclusion":"Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) contributes a small amount to CAD risk in an average-risk population, even after adjusting for multisystem resilience. Perceived stress and resilience measures were not independently significant predictors of CAD in this study.","limitations":"The study was cross-sectional and involved a small sample size of 24 participants. The magnitude of the association between HCC and CAD was weak and inverse.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40289348","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40289348","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf207","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf207","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40289348/","title":"ApoB-containing lipoproteins: count, type, size, and risk of coronary artery disease","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2025,"primary_compound":"NMR Lipoprotein Particle Test","linked_compounds":"NMR Lipoprotein Particle Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p150","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Total apoB particle count is the primary indicator of atherosclerotic risk, with Lp(a) providing additional independent predictive value, while particle type or size offers little extra insight.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d40289348.html","research_question":"Does the type or size of apoB-containing lipoprotein particles add predictive value for coronary artery disease (CAD) beyond the total apoB concentration?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that the type or size of apoB particles might offer additional predictive value for CAD beyond the total apoB particle count.","methods":"A prospective analysis was conducted on 207,368 UK Biobank participants without prior atherosclerotic disease, diabetes, or active lipid-lowering therapy. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were used to assess the association between incident CAD and nuclear magnetic resonance-measured apoB-P, concentrations of individual lipoprotein classes (VLDL, LDL), size subclasses, average particle diameter, and immunoassay-measured lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)].","results":"A one standard deviation (SD) increase in apoB-P was associated with a 33% higher CAD risk (HR: 1.33). VLDL particles showed a higher per-particle risk (HR per 100 nmol/L: 1.22) compared to LDL (HR per 100 nmol/L: 1.07), but this difference was balanced when considering relative particle abundance (LDL 91% vs VLDL 9% of total apoB-P), resulting in respective HR per 1-SD of 1.09 for LDL and 1.24 for VLDL. Particle diameter or size subclasses were not associated with CAD after apoB-P adjustment. Lp(a) showed a robust association even after apoB-P adjustment (HR: 1.18) and provided independent prognostic value for CAD (AUC: 0.769 vs 0.774, P < .001).","conclusion":"The total count of apoB-containing lipoprotein particles most accurately reflects lipid-related atherosclerotic risk, and this risk is largely unaffected by the major particle type (VLDL, LDL) or size. An elevated count of Lp(a) adds additional risk, suggesting that assessing atherogenic risk from dyslipidemia is best done by considering both apoB-P and Lp(a) concentrations.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36522243","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36522243","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2022.11.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2022.11.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36522243/","title":"The benefits of measuring the size and number of lipoprotein particles for cardiovascular risk prediction: a meta-analysis","journal":"Clin Investig Arterioscler","year":2022,"primary_compound":"NMR Lipoprotein Particle Test","linked_compounds":"NMR Lipoprotein Particle Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p150","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Measuring the number and size of lipoprotein particles provides additional insights into cardiovascular risk beyond traditional cholesterol measurements.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased cardiovascular risk\" | favorable-cue: \"associated with decreased\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36522243.html","research_question":"What is the cardiovascular risk (CVR) associated with LDL and HDL particle size and number, as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, compared to conventional total cholesterol measurements?","hypothesis":"The study aims to assess the CVR associated with LDL and HDL particle size and number, suggesting these metrics may offer additional insights beyond conventional total cholesterol measurements.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using MEDLINE and Scopus databases for studies published before January 1, 2019. Included studies were cohort and case-control designs with adult patients, where HDL-P, LDL-P, HDL-Z, and/or LDL-Z were measured by NMR spectroscopy, and cardiovascular events were outcome variables with risk expressed as odds or hazard ratios. A meta-analysis was performed for four LDL and five HDL exposure variables, considering both highest versus lowest quartile and 1-standard deviation increment measures.","results":"The review included 24 studies. An increased number of LDL particles was directly associated with CVR, with a 28% risk increase per standard deviation increment. LDL particle size was inversely associated with CVR, showing an 8% risk reduction per standard deviation increment. The number of small LDL particles increased CVR by 12% per standard deviation increase. Both HDL particle number and size were inversely associated with CVR.","conclusion":"A larger number of LDL particles and smaller LDL particle size are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Conversely, an increasing number and size of HDL particles are associated with decreased risk. Larger HDL particle size provided greater protection, though this finding was inconsistent across studies.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study, but it notes that the relationship between larger HDL particle size and greater protection was inconsistent between studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33485730","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33485730","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.017","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.017","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33485730/","title":"Elevated serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Higher serum uric acid levels are linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular death in hemodialysis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33485730.html","research_question":"Does elevated serum uric acid (SUA) increase the risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients?","hypothesis":"The meta-analysis aimed to determine if higher SUA values are a risk factor for cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients, given inconsistent results from previous studies.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted by searching Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane library up to August 31, 2020, for longitudinal studies investigating the association between elevated SUA and cardiovascular or all-cause mortality risk in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Pooled adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Ten studies with 264,571 hemodialysis patients were included.","results":"Patients with the highest SUA levels had a decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.87) compared to those with the lowest SUA, after adjusting for confounders. For every 1 mg/dl increase in SUA, the overall risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality decreased by 6% (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.99) and 9% (HR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.89-0.94), respectively.","conclusion":"Elevated SUA levels are strongly and independently associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients.","limitations":"The study suggests that more designed studies, especially randomized controlled trials, are needed to definitively determine if high SUA levels are an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28286137","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28286137","doi":"10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28286137/","title":"Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality","journal":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly linked to a lower risk of death from all causes and specific diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28286137.html","research_question":"What is the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on all-cause and disease-specific mortality?","hypothesis":"The hypothesis is that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely related to all-cause and disease-specific mortality.","methods":"This is a review article that synthesizes evidence regarding cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality, focusing on advances since 2009. It examines studies that used various methods to assess CRF, including directly measured maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), estimated exercise tests, and non-exercise prediction equations.","results":"Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has consistently emerged as a strong, independent predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality over the past three decades. The inverse relationship between CRF and mortality has been observed despite variations in CRF assessment methods.","conclusion":"Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a powerful prognostic indicator for all-cause and disease-specific mortality. The American Heart Association advocates for its routine assessment as a clinical vital sign.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the review itself, but it notes that the evidence for CRF's prognostic value exists despite a wide variation of methods used to assess CRF in the studies reviewed.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27444976","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27444976","doi":"10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27444976/","title":"Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Study","journal":"Mayo Clin Proc","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness over time is important for reducing the risk of all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html","research_question":"Is long-term change in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), measured by respiratory gas exchange during exercise, associated with all-cause mortality?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to investigate if long-term change in CRF is associated with all-cause mortality, implying a hypothesis that changes in CRF would correlate with mortality risk.","methods":"A population-based sample of 579 men, aged 42 to 60 years, with complete data at baseline (V1) and 11-year reexamination (V2) was included. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured at both visits using respiratory gas exchange during maximal exercise testing, and the difference (ΔVO2max) was calculated. Deaths were tracked annually for 15 years after V2 using national death certificates. Multivariate analysis adjusted for various baseline factors was performed.","results":"The mean ΔVO2max was -5.2 mL/min*kg. During a median follow-up of 13.3 years, 123 deaths (21.2%) were recorded. A 1 mL/min*kg higher ΔVO2max was associated with a 9% relative risk reduction of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.95) in multivariate analysis.","conclusion":"Long-term reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in this population.","limitations":"The study population consisted only of men aged 42 to 60 years at baseline, limiting generalizability to other demographics. The abstract does not explicitly state other limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36332759","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36332759","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2022.101778","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101778","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36332759/","title":"Thresholds of handgrip strength for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower handgrip strength is linked to increased mortality risk, with the specific dose-response varying by cause of death.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36332759.html","research_question":"Is the association between handgrip strength and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality dose-dependent?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to investigate the dose-response relationship of handgrip strength with all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using data from PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus up to February 8, 2022. Prospective cohort studies of healthy adults with objective handgrip strength measures were included. A random forest model and a two-stage random-effects hierarchical meta-regression model were used to analyze the dose-response relationship for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality.","results":"Forty-eight studies with 3,135,473 participants (49.6% women, aged 35-85 years) were included. Random forest models indicated a significant inverse association between handgrip strength and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Dose-response meta-analyses showed that higher handgrip strength significantly reduced all-cause mortality risk within 26-50 kg in a close-to-linear inverse fashion. Cancer mortality showed a U-shaped association with significant risk reduction between 16 and 33 kg, while cardiovascular mortality displayed a close-to-linear inverse shape with significant risk reduction ranging from 24 to 40 kg.","conclusion":"There is strong evidence that lower handgrip strength is associated with higher all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality risk. The dose-response relationship of handgrip strength varies substantially depending on the cause of mortality.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39439054","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39439054","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.13619","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13619","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39439054/","title":"Association of Muscle Strength With All-Cause Mortality in the Oldest Old: a 28-country cohort","journal":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher muscle strength is gradually associated with a lower risk of death in people aged 90 and older.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d39439054.html","research_question":"Does muscle strength associate with all-cause mortality risk in the oldest old in a gradual or threshold-specific manner?","hypothesis":"The study investigates the prospective association of muscle strength with all-cause mortality in the oldest old.","methods":"This study included 1890 adults aged 90 years or older from 27 European countries and Israel. Muscle strength was measured using handgrip dynamometry. Time-varying Cox regression with restricted cubic splines was used to determine the association of muscle strength with mortality, adjusting for several confounding factors.","results":"Over a mean follow-up of 4.2 years, 51.4% of participants died. Mean handgrip strength was 20.4 kg overall, with men having 26.7 kg and women 16.4 kg. Lower and higher levels of muscle strength were associated in a gradual and curvilinear fashion with higher and lower mortality risk, respectively, using the median strength (18 kg) as reference. The 10th percentile of muscle strength (10 kg) had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.27, while the 90th percentile (31 kg) had an HR of 0.69. Sex-stratified results showed similar trends, with the 10th percentile for men (15 kg) having an HR of 1.33 and for women (10 kg) an HR of 1.19. The 90th percentile for men (35 kg) had an HR of 0.75 and for women (23 kg) an HR of 0.75.","conclusion":"Muscle strength is gradually and inversely associated with mortality risk in the oldest old, rather than having a specific threshold.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations, but the findings were confirmed by sensitivity analyses.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d12181617","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"12181617","doi":"10.1007/s001980200081","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980200081","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12181617/","title":"Quantitative ultrasound and mortality: a prospective study","journal":"Osteoporos Int","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Heel Ultrasound Bone Scanner","linked_compounds":"Heel Ultrasound Bone Scanner","linked_monograph_ids":"p154","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower quantitative ultrasound (QUS) readings are linked to a higher risk of death in older women, independent of other health factors.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d12181617.html","research_question":"Is there a relationship between quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements and mortality in older women?","hypothesis":"The study aims to investigate the relationship between QUS and mortality, building on previous findings that low bone mineral density (BMD) is associated with increased mortality.","methods":"The study included 5816 women over age 70 from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Baseline measurements included QUS of the calcaneus and BMD of the calcaneus and hip. Vital status was monitored every 4 months over 5.0 years, with deaths confirmed by death certificates or hospital records and classified by ICD-9 code. Statistical adjustments were made for various factors including age, health status, and lifestyle.","results":"During 5.0 years of follow-up, 677 women died. Women in the lowest quintile of QUS had the highest mortality. After adjustments, each 1 SD reduction in broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) was associated with a 16% increase in mortality. Low QUS was linked to increased mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes, though the association with cancer deaths was not statistically significant after adjustments. Low BMD also showed an increased risk of total and cause-specific mortality, but BUA and BMD were not found to be independent predictors of mortality.","conclusion":"In older women, low quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is associated with both total and cause-specific mortality, independent of other mortality-related factors. This suggests QUS and BMD may reflect aspects of aging not captured by traditional factors.","limitations":"The study found little evidence that BUA and BMD were independent predictors of mortality, suggesting potential overlap in what these measures reflect.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38103812","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38103812","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102343","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102343","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38103812/","title":"Long-term systolic blood pressure variability is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis","journal":"Curr Probl Cardiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher long-term systolic blood pressure variability is associated with increased risks of death and cardiovascular events, particularly stroke.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with increased\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38103812.html","research_question":"Is long-term systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) associated with cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, even after adjusting for mean blood pressure?","hypothesis":"The study aims to evaluate the associations between mean blood pressure adjusted long-term SBPV and CV outcomes, suggesting a potential association.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct on January 4, 2023. The analysis included 43 studies with a total of 9,944,254 subjects.","results":"Long-term SBPV was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.21), CV mortality (HR 1.10), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (HR 1.10), cerebrovascular stroke (HR 1.22), and myocardial infarction (HR 1.13). European populations showed a generally higher risk compared to other continents.","conclusion":"Long-term SBPV is associated with all-cause mortality, CV mortality, MACE, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Poor outcomes linked to long-term SBPV appear to be more driven by cerebrovascular events than coronary events.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, but notes the questionability of the association after adjusting for mean BP, which the study aimed to address.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39347158","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39347158","doi":"10.7759/cureus.68247","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68247","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39347158/","title":"Can Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Predict All-Cause Mortality in Hypertensive Patients?","journal":"Cureus","year":2024,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher serum GGT levels are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in hypertensive men.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d39347158.html","research_question":"Can serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) predict all-cause mortality in hypertensive patients?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that serum GGT levels would be associated with all-cause mortality in hypertensive patients.","methods":"The study analyzed 1,101 female (average age 69 years) and 916 male (average age 67 years) hypertensive participants from the Nomura cohort study. Participants were followed for a median of 13.9 years, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios for mortality risk.","results":"During a median follow-up of 13.9 years, 716 deaths occurred (360 men, 356 women), with a mortality rate of 25.5 deaths per 1,000 person-years. Male participants with serum GGT levels of 42-86 IU/L had a 64% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.64), and those with GGT levels of 87 IU/L or higher had a 93% elevated risk (HR: 1.93) compared to men with GGT levels below 19 IU/L. This association was more pronounced in men than in women, with a significant interaction between gender and baseline serum GGT (p = 0.020).","conclusion":"Irregular GGT levels are notably correlated with overall mortality in Japanese individuals with hypertension. GGT activity is a critical biomarker for predicting long-term survival, especially in older males.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38597157","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38597157","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgae225","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae225","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38597157/","title":"Cystatin C Is a Predictor for Long-Term, All-Cause, and Cardiovascular Mortality in US Adults With Metabolic Syndrome","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher cystatin C levels are linked to increased risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in adults with metabolic syndrome.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38597157.html","research_question":"What is the relationship between cystatin C (CysC) levels and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in US adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS)?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesized that higher cystatin C levels would be associated with increased mortality rates in MetS patients.","methods":"This prospective cohort study utilized data from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including 1980 MetS participants. Researchers used fitted curves, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, Cox regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curves to assess the relationship between CysC levels and mortality outcomes.","results":"During a mean follow-up of 15.3 years, 819 deaths occurred. Higher CysC levels were linked to increased all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality rates. After adjustment, CysC was associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.63), CVD mortality (HR 1.53), and cancer mortality (HR 1.53). Participants in the highest CysC tertile had higher risks for all-cause (HR 1.87), CVD (HR 1.97), and cancer mortality (HR 1.72) compared to the lowest tertile. CysC showed higher predictive efficacy for mortality outcomes than eGFR, urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and C-reactive protein. CysC alone had substantial predictive value for all-cause (AUC 0.773) and CVD mortality (AUC 0.726), which improved when combined with age (AUC 0.861 for all-cause, AUC 0.771 for CVD mortality).","conclusion":"Elevated cystatin C levels are associated with a higher risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer death in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cystatin C may serve as a predictor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in this population.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36344968","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36344968","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01671-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01671-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36344968/","title":"NT-proBNP and mortality across the spectrum of glucose tolerance in the general US population","journal":"Cardiovasc Diabetol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"NT-proBNP Cardiac Test","linked_compounds":"NT-proBNP Cardiac Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p158","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher NT-ProBNP levels are independently linked to increased risk of death from any cause and cardiovascular disease, regardless of blood sugar levels.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36344968.html","research_question":"Can N-terminal pro-B natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) levels identify individuals at higher cardiovascular risk, independent of their blood glucose levels?","hypothesis":"The study aims to evaluate if NT-ProBNP can help identify subjects at higher cardiovascular risk, independently of blood glucose levels.","methods":"Serum NT-ProBNP levels were measured in 5502 participants aged 45-79 years without heart failure from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants included 3380 with normoglycemia, 1125 with pre-diabetes, and 997 with diabetes. Cox and Fine Gray models, adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, were used to assess the association between NT-ProBNP levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality through December 2015.","results":"After a median follow-up of 13 years, 1509 participants died, with 330 deaths due to cardiovascular causes. Compared to participants with NT-ProBNP < 100 pg/ml, those with levels 100-300 pg/ml had a higher incidence of all-cause mortality (HR 1.61) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.57). Participants with NT-ProBNP levels \">=\" 300 pg/ml had an even higher incidence of all-cause mortality (HR 2.96) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.08). This association remained consistent across subgroups based on glycemic status, obesity, age, and sex.","conclusion":"Elevated NT-ProBNP is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population and may help identify patients at the highest risk.","limitations":"The study design does not evaluate whether intensification of treatment based on biomarker data might lead to improvements in cardiovascular risk reduction.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31869834","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31869834","doi":"10.7326/M19-2501","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2501","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31869834/","title":"Preoperative NT-proBNP and Cardiovascular Events After Noncardiac Surgery: A Cohort Study","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"NT-proBNP Cardiac Test","linked_compounds":"NT-proBNP Cardiac Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p158","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Measuring preoperative NT-proBNP levels can significantly improve the prediction of cardiovascular complications and death after noncardiac surgery.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d31869834.html","research_question":"Does preoperative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) provide additional predictive value beyond a clinical risk score for vascular death and myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) within 30 days?","hypothesis":"Preoperative NT-proBNP may improve risk prediction in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.","methods":"This was a prospective cohort study involving 10,402 patients aged 45 years or older undergoing inpatient noncardiac surgery across 16 hospitals in 9 countries. All patients had NT-proBNP levels measured before surgery and troponin T levels measured daily for up to 3 days after surgery.","results":"Compared with NT-proBNP values less than 100 pg/mL, higher levels were associated with increased adjusted hazard ratios for the primary outcome (vascular death and MINS). Specifically, levels of 100 to less than 200 pg/mL had an HR of 2.27, 200 to less than 1500 pg/mL had an HR of 3.63, and 1500 pg/mL or greater had an HR of 5.82. The incidences of the primary outcome for these groups were 12.3%, 20.8%, and 37.5%, respectively. Adding NT-proBNP thresholds to clinical stratification (Revised Cardiac Risk Index) resulted in a net absolute reclassification improvement of 258 per 1000 patients. Preoperative NT-proBNP values were also significantly associated with 30-day all-cause mortality, with incidences of 0.3% for less than 100 pg/mL, 0.7% for 100 to less than 200 pg/mL, 1.4% for 200 to less than 1500 pg/mL, and 4.0% for 1500 pg/mL or greater.","conclusion":"Preoperative NT-proBNP is strongly associated with vascular death and MINS within 30 days after noncardiac surgery and improves cardiac risk prediction beyond the Revised Cardiac Risk Index.","limitations":"External validation of the identified NT-proBNP thresholds in other cohorts would reinforce these findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37776079","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37776079","doi":"10.1002/jbio.202300215","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202300215","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37776079/","title":"Dose response of transcranial near infrared light stimulation on cognition in older adults","journal":"J Biophotonics","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Transcranial PBM Helmet","linked_compounds":"Transcranial PBM Helmet","linked_monograph_ids":"p159","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-dose near-infrared light stimulation improved brain connectivity and processing speed in older adults in a small study.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37776079.html","research_question":"What are the effects of different doses of transcranial near-infrared light stimulation (photobiomodulation) on cognition and resting-state brain functional connectivity in older adults?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that photobiomodulation will affect brain activity and cognition in humans, with a dose-response relationship.","methods":"Twenty-five cognitively normal adults aged 55-70 years were randomized to a single session of either a sham group, a \"low-dose\" group (26 J/cm2 transcranial, 9 J/cm2 intranasal), or a \"high-dose\" group (52 J/cm2 transcranial, 18 J/cm2 intranasal) of near-infrared light stimulation. The effects on cognition and resting-state brain functional connectivity were then compared.","results":"The \"high-dose\" group showed a significant increase in resting-state functional connectivity of the left superior frontal gyrus with the left planum temporale (p = 0.0016) and with the left inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis (p = 0.0235), compared to the \"sham\" group. This group also demonstrated a significant improvement in visual search and processing speed (p = 0.012). These effects were observed only in the \"high-dose\" group.","conclusion":"A single session of high-dose transcranial near-infrared light stimulation can significantly increase resting-state functional connectivity in specific brain regions and improve visual search and processing speed in cognitively normal older adults.","limitations":"The study involved a small sample size of 25 participants and requires replication in an adequately powered randomized sham-controlled study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34221541","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34221541","doi":"10.14336/AD.2021.0229","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.0229","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34221541/","title":"Transcranial Near Infrared Light Stimulations Improve Cognition in Patients with Dementia","journal":"Aging Dis","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Transcranial PBM Helmet","linked_compounds":"Transcranial PBM Helmet","linked_monograph_ids":"p159","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Transcranial near-infrared light therapy appears safe and improves cognitive function, sleep, and mood in dementia patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d34221541.html","research_question":"Can transcranial near-infrared (tNIR) light stimulations safely improve cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate dementia?","hypothesis":"Transcranial near-infrared light stimulations will be safe and provide therapeutic benefits for patients with dementia.","methods":"Patients with mild to moderate dementia were randomized into active and sham treatment groups at a 2:1 ratio. The active group received low-power tNIR light stimulations for 6 minutes twice daily over 8 weeks, while the sham group received the same routine with a sham device. Neuropsychological tests were administered before and after treatment, and outcomes were analyzed using ANOVA. Sixty subjects were enrolled, and 57 completed the study.","results":"Fifty-seven subjects completed the study without reporting health or adverse side effects related to tNIR light. The active treatment group showed improvements in cognitive functions, including an average increase of MMSE by 4.8 points, Logical Memory Tests I and II by approximately 3.0 points, Trail Making Tests A and B by approximately 24%, and Boston Naming Test by approximately 9%. Improvements were also observed in Auditory Verbal Learning Tests across all subtest categories and overall performance time. Many patients reported improved sleep after about 7 days, and caregivers noted less anxiety, improved mood, energy, and positive daily routine after about 14-21 days.","conclusion":"Transcranial near-infrared light treatments are safe and lead to positive cognitive improvements in patients with dementia. The developed treatment protocol is suitable for home use.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study, but it suggests that additional trials are warranted.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32251502","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32251502","doi":"10.1093/ptj/pzaa054","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa054","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32251502/","title":"Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Pain and Physical Function in Osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis","journal":"Phys Ther","year":2020,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy significantly reduces pain, stiffness, and improves physical function in osteoarthritis patients in the short term.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d32251502.html","research_question":"Does pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy effectively treat symptoms and improve quality of life (QOL) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA)?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to examine the effects of PEMF therapy and its parameters on symptoms and QOL in OA patients, suggesting an underlying hypothesis that PEMF therapy may be beneficial.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted by searching multiple databases including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, clinical trial registers, and reference lists up to April 2019. The analysis included randomized, placebo-controlled trials published in English, focusing on OA patients and symptom/QOL outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent authors.","results":"Sixteen studies were included in the systematic review, with 15 studies providing complete data for the meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference for pain was 1.06, for stiffness 0.37, for function 0.46, and for QOL 1.49. PEMF parameters did not influence symptoms.","conclusion":"PEMF therapy showed beneficial effects on pain, stiffness, and physical function in OA patients compared to placebo. The duration of treatment may not be a critical factor for pain management. Further research is needed to confirm the effects of PEMF therapy on QOL.","limitations":"The current evidence was limited to the short-term effects of PEMF therapy. More studies are required to confirm the effects on quality of life.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40011687","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40011687","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-91644-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91644-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40011687/","title":"Effects of 12-week whole-body vibration training versus resistance training in older people with sarcopenia","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both whole-body vibration and resistance training improve physical health in older adults with sarcopenia, with resistance training being better for muscle strength.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d40011687.html","research_question":"What are the effects of 12-week whole-body vibration training (WBVT) versus resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscle strength, physical performance, and blood biomarkers in older people with sarcopenia?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that both WBVT and RT would improve physical condition in older people with sarcopenia, with a potential for differential effects on specific outcomes.","methods":"This was a 12-week, 3-times-weekly, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial involving 27 older people with sarcopenia (aged \">= 65 years). Participants were randomized into a WBVT group (n = 14) and an RT group (n = 13). Primary outcome was knee extension strength (KES), with secondary outcomes including body composition, muscle strength, physical performance, blood biomarkers, and quality of life.","results":"After 12 weeks, the WBVT group showed significant improvements in body weight, BMI, PBF, ASMI, KES, GS, SPPB, 5CST, IGF-1, growth hormone, FST, CK, and quality of life. The RT group showed significant improvements in body weight, BMI, PBF, KES, GS, SPPB, growth hormone, FST, CK, and quality of life. Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences only for KES (P = 0.007) and the role-physical dimension of the SF-36 (P = 007), with RT excelling in KES.","conclusion":"Both whole-body vibration training and resistance training improved the physical condition of older people with sarcopenia. Resistance training was superior in improving muscle strength (KES), while whole-body vibration training offers a valuable alternative, especially for individuals with physical restrictions, due to its low risk and flexibility.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29343219","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29343219","doi":"10.1186/s12877-018-0712-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0712-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29343219/","title":"Whole-body vibration on skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life in older people with sarcopenia","journal":"BMC Geriatr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Whole-body vibration may improve muscle mass, physical function, and quality of life in older adults with sarcopenia in institutional settings.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29343219.html","research_question":"Can whole-body vibration improve skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life in older adults with sarcopenia living in institutions?","hypothesis":"Whole-body vibration intervention will improve skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life in older adults with sarcopenia living in institutions.","methods":"This quasi-experimental study used a single-group, pretest-posttest design. Older adults with sarcopenia living in institutions underwent a 3-month whole-body vibration intervention, training 3 times per week for 10 repetitions of 60 seconds with 30-second breaks. Skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life were measured before and after the intervention, and nonparametric statistical methods were used for analysis.","results":"After 12 weeks of whole-body vibration, significant improvements were observed in skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness measures (standing on one foot, shoulder-arm flexibility, 8-ft up and go test, hand grip strength, and five repeated sit-to-stand tests), and quality of life.","conclusion":"Whole-body vibration intervention can improve skeletal muscle mass index, physical fitness, and quality of life in older adults with sarcopenia living in institutions.","limitations":"The study used a quasi-experimental, single-group, pretest-posttest design, which may limit the generalizability and causal inference due to the lack of a control group.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36064503","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36064503","doi":"10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36064503/","title":"Association of handgrip strength with all-cause mortality: a nationally longitudinal cohort study in China","journal":"J Sci Med Sport","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Stronger handgrip strength is linked to a lower risk of death from all causes in middle-aged and older Chinese adults, especially in younger men.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36064503.html","research_question":"What is the association between handgrip strength and all-cause mortality among middle-aged and older Chinese adults?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that handgrip strength would be associated with overall mortality risk among Chinese adults.","methods":"This was a longitudinal cohort study using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Handgrip strength was measured for both hands using a dynamometer. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between handgrip strength and all-cause mortality, adjusting for various demographic and lifestyle factors. Deaths were ascertained through follow-up surveys.","results":"Over an average follow-up of approximately 8 years, among 11,618 participants aged 45 and older, 1290 deaths were recorded. Greater handgrip strength was associated with a lower overall mortality risk. The adjusted ORs (comparing extreme tertiles) were 0.47 in men and 0.51 in women. This inverse association appeared stronger in younger men (OR = 0.29) compared to older men (OR = 0.49).","conclusion":"Handgrip strength was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality, particularly among younger men.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations, but it suggests that further investigations are needed to understand the underlying mechanism of the observed association.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36163509","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36163509","doi":"10.1038/s41371-022-00758-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-022-00758-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36163509/","title":"Prognostic value of home blood pressure monitoring in patients under antihypertensive treatment","journal":"J Hum Hypertens","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Home blood pressure monitoring independently predicts cardiovascular events in people already being treated for high blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36163509.html","research_question":"Does home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) have prognostic value for cardiovascular events in treated hypertensive patients?","hypothesis":"The prognostic value of HBPM in treated hypertensive subjects is controversial, and this study aims to evaluate it.","methods":"Medicated hypertensive patients who performed a 4-day HBPM between 2008 and 2015 were followed for a median of 5.9 years. The occurrence of a composite primary outcome of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events was registered. Cox regression models were used to analyze the prognostic value of HBPM, considering 4-day measurements (discarding the first day) and analyzing morning, afternoon, and evening periods separately. The analysis included 1582 patients.","results":"During follow-up, 273 cardiovascular events occurred. HBPM was significantly associated with cardiovascular events in all five scenarios in unadjusted models. After adjusting for office BP and other cardiovascular risk factors, the association remained marginally significant for the 4-day period (HR 1.04 [95% CI 1-1.1] and 1.04 [95% CI 1-1.1] when discarding the first day). The association was statistically significant for all separate measurement periods: morning (HR 1.32 [95% CI 1.01-1.72]), afternoon (HR 1.33 [95% CI 1.02-1.72]), and evening (HR 1.30 [95% CI 1.01-1.67]). When fatal and non-fatal events were analyzed separately, statistical significance was only maintained for fatal events.","conclusion":"HBPM is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients undergoing treatment.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36150665","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36150665","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36150665/","title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized clinical trial","journal":"Brain Stimul","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vagus Nerve Stimulator (tVNS)","linked_compounds":"Vagus Nerve Stimulator (tVNS)","linked_monograph_ids":"p164","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation improved cognitive function and sleep quality in patients with mild cognitive impairment over 24 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36150665.html","research_question":"Can transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) improve cognitive functions in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?","hypothesis":"Transcutaneous electrical stimulation of auricular acupoints in the distribution of the vagus nerve will be effective in improving cognitive functions in patients with MCI.","methods":"This was a randomized controlled trial involving 52 patients with MCI, aged 55-75 years. Patients were randomly assigned to either a taVNS group, where two auricular acupoints (heart and kidney in the concha) within the vagus nerve distribution were stimulated, or a sham taVNS group, where two other auricular acupoints (elbow and shoulder in the scaphoid fossa) outside the vagus nerve distribution were stimulated. The primary outcome was the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B), and secondary outcomes included various cognitive and sleep measures. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 24 weeks of intervention.","results":"After 24 weeks, there was a significant difference in overall MoCA-B scores between the taVNS and sham taVNS groups (p = 0.033). In the taVNS group, compared to baseline, overall MoCA-B scores increased significantly (p < 0.001). Specific sub-indicators of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test-HuaShan version (N5 and N7) and Boston Naming Test (BNT) also significantly increased (all ps < 0.001) in the taVNS group. The Shape Trails Test B (STTB) significantly decreased (p = 0.016), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) significantly decreased (p = 0.002, 0.025, <0.001, 0.006 respectively) in the taVNS group. One patient in the taVNS group reported mild, transient adverse reactions.","conclusion":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) can improve cognitive performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This method may be recommended as a therapy to prevent or prolong the development of MCI into dementia, though further investigation is needed.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations, but it does mention that further investigation is required, implying a need for more research to fully establish the therapy's efficacy and generalizability.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36576599","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36576599","doi":"10.1007/s11325-022-02773-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-022-02773-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36576599/","title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training on blood pressure and sleep in obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis","journal":"Sleep Breath","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inspiratory muscle training may help lower blood pressure and improve sleep in people with obstructive sleep apnea, but more research is needed.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d36576599.html","research_question":"Does inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improve blood pressure and sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?","hypothesis":"Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) may reduce airway collapsibility and sympathetic output, potentially decreasing OSA severity and blood pressure.","methods":"This meta-analysis included seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 160 patients with OSA. The researchers searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant RCTs published before November 2022.","results":"Compared to control groups, the IMT group showed significantly lower systolic blood pressure (mean difference [MD]: -10.77 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (MD: -4.58 mmHg), plasma catecholamine levels (MD: -128.64 pg/mL), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (MD: -3.06), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (MD: -4.37). No significant differences were found in the apnea-hypopnea index, forced vital capacity, ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity, or adverse effects.","conclusion":"Inspiratory muscle training improved blood pressure and sleep-related outcomes in patients with OSA without causing adverse effects, suggesting it could be a reasonable option for lowering blood pressure in this population.","limitations":"The level of certainty for the findings remains low, and additional studies with larger sample sizes and more rigorous designs are needed to increase this certainty.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37285766","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37285766","doi":"10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.05.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.05.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37285766/","title":"Effects of high intensity inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial","journal":"Heart Lung","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High intensity inspiratory muscle training improves multiple health markers in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37285766.html","research_question":"What are the effects of high intensity interval-based inspiratory muscle training (H-IMT) on cardiovascular, pulmonary, physical, and psychosocial functions in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that determining the most appropriate IMT protocol, specifically high intensity interval-based inspiratory muscle training, would optimize training benefits in patients with heart failure.","methods":"Thirty-four HFrEF patients were randomized to either an H-IMT group or a control group for 8 weeks, 3 days/week. The H-IMT group trained at 70% of maximal inspiratory pressure, while the control group performed unloaded IMT. Each session involved 7 sets of 2-min training and 1-min interval, totaling 21 minutes. Various cardiovascular, pulmonary, physical, and psychosocial functions were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks by blinded assessors.","results":"Statistically significant between-group differences favoring the H-IMT group were observed in time domain parameters of heart rate variability, arterial stiffness, inspiratory and quadriceps muscle strength, respiratory muscle endurance, diaphragm thickness, functional capacity, frailty, dyspnea, fatigue, and disease-specific health-related quality of life.","conclusion":"High intensity interval-based inspiratory muscle training (H-IMT) is an effective protocol for improving cardiac autonomic function, arterial stiffness, inspiratory and quadriceps muscle strength, respiratory muscle endurance, diaphragm thickness, functional capacity, frailty, dyspnea, fatigue, and disease-specific quality of life in patients with HFrEF.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31436511","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31436511","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00442.2019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00442.2019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31436511/","title":"Device-guided slow breathing reduces blood pressure and sympathetic activity in young normotensive individuals","journal":"J Appl Physiol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Slow-Breathing Pacer Device","linked_compounds":"Slow-Breathing Pacer Device","linked_monograph_ids":"p166","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Device-guided slow breathing effectively reduces blood pressure and sympathetic activity in both young normotensive men and women.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d31436511.html","research_question":"Do blood pressure responses to slow breathing differ between men and women, and what are the autonomic contributors to these changes?","hypothesis":"An acute bout of slow breathing would induce larger decreases in blood pressure in males than in females, given that males typically have higher resting blood pressure.","methods":"Normotensive females (n=10, age: 22±2 y) and males (n=12, age: 23±3 y) were tested at baseline and during the last 5 minutes of a 15-minute RESPeRATE-guided slow breathing session. Measurements included blood pressure, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and spontaneous cardiovagal and vascular sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity.","results":"Overall, slow breathing reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.2±0.8 mmHg. Females had lower systolic blood pressure, but there was no interaction between sex and slow breathing. Slow breathing also reduced muscle sympathetic nerve activity burst incidence by -5.0±1.4 bursts/100 heartbeats, with no interaction between sex and slow breathing. Cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity improved during slow breathing (21.0 vs. 36.0 ms/mmHg), with no effect of sex.","conclusion":"Slow breathing is equally effective in reducing blood pressure in both males and females, even in young, normotensive individuals, despite females having lower overall blood pressure. The RESPeRATE device is effective for reducing blood pressure in both sexes.","limitations":"The study was conducted on young, normotensive individuals, which may limit generalizability to other populations, such as those with hypertension.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35601033","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35601033","doi":"10.1002/hsr2.636","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.636","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35601033/","title":"Device and nondevice-guided slow breathing to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis","journal":"Health Sci Rep","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Slow-Breathing Pacer Device","linked_compounds":"Slow-Breathing Pacer Device","linked_monograph_ids":"p166","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Device-guided slow breathing did not significantly lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients compared to usual care.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not reduce\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35601033.html","research_question":"What are the effects of device-guided slow breathing (DGSB) and nondevice-guided slow breathing (NDGSB) on blood pressure levels in patients with hypertension?","hypothesis":"The study aims to summarize the effects of DGSB and NDGSB on blood pressure levels, implying an investigation into whether these methods reduce blood pressure.","methods":"This systematic review and meta-analysis included randomized clinical trials involving hypertensive patients over 18 years old, of both sexes, with or without comorbidity or hypertensive medication. Studies compared groups performing DGSB and/or NDGSB with control conditions. The primary outcomes were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values after interventions. A random effect model was used for quantitative analysis.","results":"Twenty-two studies with 17,214 participants were included. DGSB did not significantly reduce SBP or DBP compared to usual care. For SBP, the mean difference was -2.13 mmHg (288 individuals), and for DBP, it was -0.90 mmHg (288 individuals). SBP variations showed a mean difference of -2.42 (443 individuals), and DBP variations showed a mean difference of -1.67 (443 individuals). Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies.","conclusion":"Device-guided slow breathing (DGSB) did not reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Nondevice-guided slow breathing (NDGSB) is suggested as a potential future research direction.","limitations":"The abstract indicates considerable heterogeneity between the included studies, which may impact the generalizability of the findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33418535","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33418535","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2020-0364","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2020-0364","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33418535/","title":"The Effects of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Endurance Athletes","journal":"J Sport Rehabil","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intermittent pneumatic compression offers only short-term relief for muscle soreness and does not effectively reduce overall exercise-induced muscle damage in endurance athletes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33418535.html","research_question":"What are the effects of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) on the reduction of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in endurance athletes following prolonged exercise?","hypothesis":"The hypothesis was not explicitly stated in the abstract, but the studies investigated whether IPC could reduce EIMD.","methods":"A literature search was conducted to identify studies on the effects of IPC on EIMD. Three studies were selected: two randomized controlled trials and one randomized cross-over study. These studies investigated the effect of IPC on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and plasma creatine kinase (CK) in ultramarathoners, marathoners, triathletes, and cyclists.","results":"All three selected studies concluded that intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) was not an effective method for improving the reduction of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in endurance-trained athletes.","conclusion":"Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) may offer short-term relief for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), but it does not provide sustained relief from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD).","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the reviewed studies beyond their findings regarding IPC's effectiveness.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40094188","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40094188","doi":"10.1002/pmrj.13377","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.13377","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40094188/","title":"Effects of intermittent pneumatic compression on delayed onset muscle soreness and recovery","journal":"PM R","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intermittent pneumatic compression may help reduce muscle soreness and improve muscle recovery 48-72 hours after intense exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d40094188.html","research_question":"Does intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) effectively prevent or treat delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by plyometric exercise?","hypothesis":"The study aims to characterize the therapeutic effect of IPC on DOMS induced by plyometric exercise, suggesting an expected benefit.","methods":"Twenty healthy untrained male college students were randomized into an IPC group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). DOMS was induced by lower limb plyometric exercises. The IPC group received 15 minutes of treatment immediately and at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. Muscle soreness (Visual Analog Scale) and muscle condition (tensiomyography for maximal radial displacement, contraction time, and sustain time) were measured at various time points up to 96 hours post-exercise.","results":"The IPC group showed significantly improved recovery in muscle soreness (VAS), maximal radial displacement (Dm), and contraction time (Tc) compared to the control group. Significant differences were observed in VAS, Dm, and Tc at 48 and 72 hours post-exercise (all p < .05), and in sustain time (Ts) at 72 hours post-exercise (p < .05). A strong negative correlation between VAS score and Dm, and a positive correlation with Tc, delay time, relaxation time, and Ts were found 48 hours after exercise.","conclusion":"Intermittent pneumatic compression may mitigate exercise-induced DOMS following plyometric exercise, with peak therapeutic effects appearing 48-72 hours after exercise.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40206177","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40206177","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1561970","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1561970","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40206177/","title":"Effect of percussion massage therapy on recovery of delayed onset muscle soreness: a randomized controlled trial","journal":"Front Public Health","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Longer duration percussive massage therapy (40 minutes) is more effective than static stretching or shorter duration percussive massage (25 minutes) for recovering from delayed onset muscle soreness.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d40206177.html","research_question":"What is the effect of percussive massage treatment (PMT) on recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in physically active young men, compared to static stretching and shorter duration PMT?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that PMT, particularly longer durations, will be more effective than static stretching for DOMS recovery.","methods":"Thirty physically active male college students were randomized into three groups: static stretching (SS), short-duration PMT (S-PMT, 25 min), and long-duration PMT (L-PMT, 40 min). DOMS was induced via squats. Measurements of pain (VAS), knee joint range of motion (ROM), countermovement jump (CMJ), and integrated electromyography (iEMG) were taken at baseline, post-DOMS, post-intervention, 24h post-intervention, and 48h post-intervention.","results":"At 48 hours post-intervention (P4), the L-PMT group showed significantly greater jump height, peak ground reaction force, and propulsion impulse during CMJ compared to both SS and S-PMT groups. Normalized iEMGs of three muscles in the L-PMT group were significantly lower than in both S-PMT and SS groups at P4. The L-PMT group also had significantly lower VAS scores and greater knee joint ROM than the SS group at P4.","conclusion":"Percussive massage treatment (PMT) is more effective than static stretching for DOMS recovery. Specifically, two 40-minute PMT sessions provided greater benefits than two 25-minute sessions for treating DOMS.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38536167","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38536167","doi":"10.1001/jama.2024.1416","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.1416","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38536167/","title":"Risk Assessment and Prevention of Falls in Older Community-Dwelling Adults: A Review","journal":"JAMA","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exercise, multifactorial interventions, cataract surgery, podiatry, and environmental modifications can reduce falls in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38536167.html","research_question":"What are the risk factors for falls in older community-dwelling adults and what interventions are effective in preventing them?","hypothesis":"Not applicable; this is a review article summarizing existing research.","methods":"This review synthesized findings from meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials to assess risk factors and the effectiveness of various fall prevention interventions in older community-dwelling adults.","results":"Major modifiable risk factors include gait and balance disorders, orthostatic hypotension, sensory impairment, medications, and environmental hazards. Exercise interventions were associated with 655 falls per 1000 patient-years in intervention groups vs 850 in control groups (RR 0.77). Multifactorial interventions were associated with 1784 falls per 1000 patient-years in intervention groups vs 2317 in control groups (RR 0.77). Other effective interventions included cataract surgery (RR 0.68), multicomponent podiatry interventions (RR 0.77), and environmental modifications for high-risk individuals (RR 0.74). Programs to stop medications associated with falls did not show a significant reduction in falls when studied in isolation.","conclusion":"Functional exercises to improve leg strength and balance are recommended for fall prevention in average-risk to high-risk populations. Multifactorial risk reduction, based on systematic clinical assessment for modifiable risk factors, may reduce fall rates among those at high risk.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the review itself, but rather summarizes findings from other studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33583253","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33583253","doi":"10.1177/1941738120986803","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120986803","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33583253/","title":"Effects of 8 Weeks of Balance Training on Strength, Balance, and Functional Mobility in Older Men","journal":"Sports Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Combined balance and strength training is most effective for improving fall risk factors in older men, with virtual reality and traditional balance training also showing benefits.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33583253.html","research_question":"Do traditional balance training (BT), virtual reality balance training (VR), or combined exercise (MIX) lead to greater improvements in strength, balance, and functional mobility in older men compared to a waitlist control group (CON)?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that 8 weeks of combined exercise (MIX) would lead to the greatest improvements in falls risk factors, followed by similar improvements after traditional balance training (BT) and virtual reality balance training (VR), relative to the control group (CON).","methods":"Sixty-four community-dwelling older men (average age 71.8 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: traditional balance training (BT), virtual reality balance training (VR), combined exercise (MIX), or a waitlist control group (CON). The training groups exercised for 40 minutes, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes included isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings strength, while secondary outcomes assessed 1-legged stance, tandem stance, timed-up-and-go, and gait speed. One-way analyses of covariance were used to compare groups, with baseline scores as covariates.","results":"Combined exercise (MIX) led to greater improvements in strength, balance, and functional mobility compared to BT, VR, and CON. Virtual reality balance training (VR) showed better balance and functional mobility than BT and CON. Traditional balance training (BT) also demonstrated better balance and functional mobility compared to CON.","conclusion":"Combined exercise (MIX) is an effective method for improving falls risk factors, including strength, balance, and functional mobility, among older adults. VR and BT also showed benefits in balance and functional mobility compared to control.","limitations":"This study serves as a preliminary investigation for a larger trial that will be powered to assess actual falls.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34826572","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34826572","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2021.10.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.10.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34826572/","title":"Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on knee pain and physical function in osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2021,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"TENS is not more effective than placebo for relieving knee pain in osteoarthritis and does not improve physical function.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"not more effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d34826572.html","research_question":"Does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) effectively relieve pain and improve physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared to placebo TENS, and is it safe?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that TENS will be more effective than placebo TENS in reducing knee pain and improving physical function, and will be safe.","methods":"This was a multi-centre, parallel, 1:1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. 220 participants with knee osteoarthritis were randomized to receive either TENS (n=108) or placebo TENS (n=112) for 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was knee pain at 3 weeks, assessed by the WOMAC pain subscale, with secondary outcomes including the WOMAC physical function subscale and safety.","results":"There was no significant difference in WOMAC pain between TENS and placebo TENS at the end of treatment (mean difference -0.06; P = 0.74) or throughout the trial (P = 0.98). Subgroup analyses also showed no interaction between patient/treatment characteristics and treatment effect on pain. Adverse event rates were similar, with 10.4% in the TENS group and 10.6% in the placebo TENS group (P = 0.95). No relevant differences were observed in secondary outcomes.","conclusion":"TENS does not improve knee osteoarthritis pain compared to placebo TENS. Therapists should consider alternative treatments for knee osteoarthritis pain and to facilitate exercise.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study, but rather emphasizes the conclusiveness of its findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29435567","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29435567","doi":"10.7326/M17-1970","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1970","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29435567/","title":"Benefits and Harms of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Pain, Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia: A Systematic Review","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator","linked_compounds":"Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator","linked_monograph_ids":"p171","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Current evidence is insufficient to confirm significant benefits of cranial electrical stimulation for most conditions, though a modest benefit for anxiety and depression is possible.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29435567.html","research_question":"What are the benefits and harms of cranial electrical stimulation (CES) for adult patients with chronic painful conditions, depression, anxiety, and insomnia?","hypothesis":"The clinical benefit of cranial electrical stimulation (CES) for pain, depression, anxiety, and insomnia is unclear.","methods":"A systematic review was conducted by searching several databases from inception to October 10, 2017, for randomized controlled trials comparing CES with usual care or sham CES. Studies reporting pain, depression, anxiety, or sleep outcomes in adults were included. Data extraction was performed by a single reviewer and checked by another, with dual independent quality assessment and strength-of-evidence grading.","results":"Twenty-eight articles from 26 randomized trials were included. Two trials comparing CES with usual care found no statistically significant benefit for pain or anxiety. Fourteen sham-controlled trials for painful conditions had conflicting results. Five trials (four older, one recent) provided low-strength evidence of a possible modest benefit for anxiety and depression compared with sham. Trials for insomnia (n=2), insomnia and anxiety (n=1), or depression (n=3) had inconclusive or conflicting results. Low-strength evidence suggested CES does not cause serious side effects.","conclusion":"Evidence is insufficient to conclude that CES has clinically important effects on fibromyalgia, headache, neuromusculoskeletal pain, degenerative joint pain, depression, or insomnia. There is low-strength evidence suggesting a modest benefit in patients with anxiety and depression.","limitations":"Most trials had small sample sizes and short durations. All included trials had a high risk of bias due to inadequate blinding.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27736289","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"27736289","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2016-0102","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0102","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27736289/","title":"Acute Effects of Foam Rolling, Static Stretching, and Dynamic Stretching on Flexibility and Strength","journal":"J Sport Rehabil","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Foam rolling acutely improves flexibility more than static or dynamic stretching, and maintains or improves muscle strength, making it a good warm-up option.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27736289.html","research_question":"Can foam rolling be used as part of a warm-up to acutely improve flexibility and muscle strength?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to examine and compare the acute effects of foam rolling, static stretching, and dynamic stretching as part of a warm-up on flexibility and muscle strength.","methods":"This was a crossover study involving 15 male and 15 female college students. Participants performed foam rolling, static stretching, and dynamic stretching in random order on three separate days. Isokinetic peak torque for knee extension and flexion was measured, and flexibility was assessed using the modified Thomas test for quadriceps and the sit-and-reach test for hamstrings.","results":"Flexibility test scores improved significantly more after foam rolling compared to static and dynamic stretching. Knee extension peak torque improved significantly after dynamic stretching and foam rolling, but not after static stretching. Knee flexion peak torque remained unchanged across all interventions.","conclusion":"Foam rolling is more effective than static and dynamic stretching for acutely increasing quadriceps and hamstrings flexibility without negatively affecting muscle strength. It may be recommended as part of a warm-up for healthy young adults.","limitations":"The study was conducted on healthy young adults, so the findings may not generalize to other populations. The abstract does not specify other limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34758045","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34758045","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0259574","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259574","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34758045/","title":"Resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle strength and hypertrophy in arthritis: a meta-analysis","journal":"PLoS One","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction can improve muscle strength, mass, and function in arthritis patients, similar to higher intensity training, and better than low-intensity training alone.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d34758045.html","research_question":"What are the effects of low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction (LIRTBFR) on muscle strength, muscle mass, and functionality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA)?","hypothesis":"Low-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction (LIRTBFR) may be a new training strategy for RA and OA patients who may have intolerance to moderate or high-intensity resistance training.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in English between 1957 and 2021 was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and Cochrane Library. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, and risk of bias was assessed using RoB2.0. Mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model.","results":"Five RCTs were included. No significant differences were found between LIRTBFR, moderate-intensity resistance training (MIRT), and high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) for muscle strength (quadriceps strength: SMD = -0.01, P = 0.96) and functionality (walking patterns: SMD = -0.04, P = 0.82). Muscle mass gain after LIRTBFR was similar to HIRT. LIRTBFR showed a higher effect on muscle strength (knee extension test) compared to low-intensity resistance training without blood flow restriction (LIRT).","conclusion":"LIRTBFR appears to be a promising strategy for improving muscle strength, muscle mass, and functionality in a sample predominantly composed of women with RA and OA.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis, but the small number of included RCTs (five) could be considered an implicit limitation.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29043659","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29043659","doi":"10.1007/s40279-017-0795-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0795-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29043659/","title":"Muscle Strength and Mass Adaptations Between High-Load and Low-Load Resistance Training With Blood-Flow Restriction: a meta-analysis","journal":"Sports Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-load training is better for strength gains, but both high-load and blood-flow restriction training are equally effective for muscle growth.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29043659.html","research_question":"Does low-load resistance training with blood-flow restriction (BFR-RT) produce similar increases in muscle strength and mass compared to conventional high-load resistance training (HL-RT)?","hypothesis":"The study aims to compare the effects of HL-RT versus BFR-RT on muscle adaptations.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, identifying studies from electronic databases. Inclusion criteria included pre- and post-training assessments of muscular strength and hypertrophy, comparison of HL-RT vs. BFR-RT, a PEDro score of at least 4, and reported means and standard deviations or estimable data.","results":"High-load resistance training (HL-RT) resulted in greater increases in muscle strength compared to blood-flow restriction resistance training (BFR-RT). However, both HL-RT and BFR-RT showed similar effects on muscle hypertrophy.","conclusion":"Maximum muscle strength may be optimized by HL-RT, while both HL-RT and BFR-RT appear equally effective in increasing muscle mass. BFR-RT is a valid and effective approach for increasing muscle strength across various ages and physical capacities, especially for individuals with physical limitations.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, but rather discusses the applicability of BFR-RT for specific populations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37984373","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37984373","doi":"10.1111/nicc.13010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.13010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37984373/","title":"Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on ICU-acquired weakness in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized controlled trial","journal":"Nurs Crit Care","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Combining neuromuscular electrical stimulation with early physical activity can prevent ICU-acquired weakness and shorten hospital stays for mechanically ventilated patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37984373.html","research_question":"What is the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and early physical activity on ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) in mechanically ventilated patients?","hypothesis":"The study aims to evaluate if NMES and early physical activity can prevent ICU-AW and reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in mechanically ventilated patients.","methods":"A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in Alexandria, Egypt. Patients were assigned to one of four groups: NMES, range of motion (ROM) exercises, combined therapy (ROM + NMES), or conventional care (control group). ICU-AW was assessed using the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale over 7 days, and the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stays were recorded.","results":"Of 124 patients, the ROM + NMES and NMES groups showed higher MRC scores on day 7 (50.37 and 49.77, respectively) compared to ROM (44.97) and control (41.10) groups. ICU-AW occurred in 0% of the ROM + NMES group, 60% of the ROM group, 13% of the NMES group, and 100% of the control group. The ROM + NMES group had a shorter mechanical ventilation duration (12.80 days) and ICU length of stay (17.43 days) compared to other groups.","conclusion":"Daily sessions of NMES and early physical activity were well tolerated, preserved muscle strength, prevented ICU-AW, and decreased the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35272065","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35272065","doi":"10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101659","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101659","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35272065/","title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation after cardiovascular surgery mitigates muscle weakness in older individuals with diabetes","journal":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can help reduce muscle weakness after cardiovascular surgery in older diabetic patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35272065.html","research_question":"Does neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) mitigate postsurgical muscle weakness in older individuals with diabetes mellitus after cardiovascular surgery?","hypothesis":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) will reduce postsurgical muscle weakness in older individuals with diabetes mellitus who have undergone cardiovascular surgery.","methods":"This was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Patients aged 65 years or older with diabetes who underwent cardiovascular surgery were screened and randomly assigned to either the NMES or sham group. The primary outcome was the percent change in isometric knee extension strength (%ΔIKES) from preoperative to postoperative day 7. Secondary outcomes included percent change in usual walking speed (%ΔUWS), maximum walking speed (%ΔMWS), and grip strength (%ΔGS). Intention-to-treat analysis was performed by a blinded statistician using a student t-test.","results":"Out of 1151 screened participants, 180 (90 in NMES, 90 in sham) were included in the primary analysis. The percent change in isometric knee extension strength (%ΔIKES) was significantly lower in the NMES group (mean -2%) compared to the sham group (mean -13%). The percent change in maximum walking speed (%ΔMWS) was also significantly lower in the NMES group, while percent changes in usual walking speed (%ΔUWS) and grip strength (%ΔGS) were lower but not significantly different between groups.","conclusion":"A short course of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for less than one week mitigated postsurgical muscle weakness and functional decline in older individuals with diabetes mellitus.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38287778","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38287778","doi":"10.1093/milmed/usae003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usae003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287778/","title":"Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Treatment for Military PTSD: A Meta-Analysis","journal":"Mil Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"HRV Biofeedback Trainer","linked_compounds":"HRV Biofeedback Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p175","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Heart rate variability biofeedback shows promise for reducing PTSD symptoms in military personnel with low attrition rates.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38287778.html","research_question":"Does heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) effectively reduce PTSD symptoms in military populations?","hypothesis":"HRVB will be an effective treatment for reducing PTSD symptoms in military service members, with potentially lower attrition rates compared to traditional treatments.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO. A literature search for HRVB interventions was performed across PubMed, PsycINFO, Military Database, PTSDPubs, and EBSCO's Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Collection.","results":"Five studies with a combined sample size of 95 military service members met the eligibility criteria. All studies showed negative effect sizes, indicating a reduction in PTSD symptoms, with effect sizes ranging from -1.614 to -0.414. The overall mean effect for HRVB was moderate to large (Hedges's g = -0.557; 95% CI = -0.818 to -0.296; P < .001). The cumulative attrition rate was 5.8%, which is significantly lower than typical rates for evidence-based treatments (16%-36%).","conclusion":"HRVB appears to be a viable treatment approach for reducing PTSD symptoms in military service members, supported by a moderate to large effect size and low attrition rates.","limitations":"The meta-analysis was based on a relatively small number of studies (five) and a combined sample size of 95 military service members, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d41310318","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"41310318","doi":"10.1007/s10484-025-09750-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09750-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41310318/","title":"Remote Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Interventions for Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","journal":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback","year":2025,"primary_compound":"HRV Biofeedback Trainer","linked_compounds":"HRV Biofeedback Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p175","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Remote heart rate variability biofeedback can help reduce depression and improve heart rate variability, with certain intervention characteristics enhancing its effectiveness.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d41310318.html","research_question":"What is the efficacy of remote heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-B) interventions for mental health symptoms (depression, stress, anxiety, sleep) and heart rate variability (HRV)?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that remote HRV-B interventions would be effective in improving mental health symptoms and HRV.","methods":"A systematic literature search was conducted across five databases. Eighteen studies, comprising 1352 subjects from various populations, were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was used to examine the effect sizes for different outcomes.","results":"Meta-analysis revealed a medium effect size for HRV-B in improving depression (g = -0.41) and increasing HRV (g = 0.443) compared to control conditions. These findings remained significant after sensitivity analyses. The effect for stress was not significant (p = 0.152). Meta-regressions identified several moderators, including maximizing resonance, screen on the device, fewer lab visits, less than twenty minutes of daily practice, and female gender, as beneficial for intervention effectiveness.","conclusion":"Remote HRV-B is an effective intervention for reducing depressive symptoms and increasing HRV across different populations. Certain intervention variables may influence the outcomes.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37193599","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37193599","doi":"10.4187/respcare.10760","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.10760","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37193599/","title":"Assessment of Noninvasive Oxygen Saturation During Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Smartwatch versus Pulse Oximeter","journal":"Respir Care","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Smartwatches are not accurate enough to monitor oxygen saturation in COPD patients during pulmonary rehabilitation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37193599.html","research_question":"Can wearable devices accurately measure oxygen saturation (S) in patients with COPD at rest and after physical exercise during pulmonary rehabilitation?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to examine the accuracy of S readings from wearable devices in patients with COPD, implying a question about their reliability compared to a standard pulse oximeter.","methods":"This cross-sectional study included 36 participants with COPD (20 women, ages 52-89). Oxygen saturation was measured concurrently using a Contec Pulse Oximeter CMS50D (comparator), an Apple Watch Series 7, and a Garmin Vivosmart 4. Measurements were taken at rest, immediately after a 30-s sit-to-stand test, and after a 6-min walk test (6MWT).","results":"For the Apple Watch, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 3.5% at rest, 4.1% after the 30-s sit-to-stand test, and 3.9% after the 6MWT. For the Garmin Vivosmart, RMSE was 3.3% at rest, 6.1% after the 30-s sit-to-stand test, and 5.4% after the 6MWT. Both devices showed considerable measurement variance and tended to be less accurate at lower saturation levels.","conclusion":"The Apple Watch Series 7 and Garmin Vivosmart 4 overestimated S when it was < 95% and underestimated it when S was > 95% in participants with COPD. Wearable devices should not be used for monitoring oxygen saturation during pulmonary rehabilitation.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations beyond the observed inaccuracies of the devices, which inherently limit their utility.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39447684","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39447684","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103104","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103104","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39447684/","title":"Safety and effectiveness of weighted blankets for symptom management in mental disorders: a meta-analysis","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Weighted blankets appear to be a safe and potentially effective complementary treatment for anxiety, insomnia, depression, and fatigue in people with mental disorders, but more robust research is needed.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d39447684.html","research_question":"What is the safety and effectiveness of weighted blankets for symptom management in patients with mental disorders?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to systematically evaluate and synthesize existing data on the safety and effectiveness of weighted blankets for symptom management among patients with mental disorders.","methods":"A comprehensive search was conducted across bibliographic databases, grey literature, and clinical trial registries for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing weighted blankets to control conditions in patients with mental disorders. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality using the RoB 2 tool. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3, with subgroup and sensitivity analyses where appropriate.","results":"Eight studies involving 426 patients were included. Half of the studies had a high risk of bias due to unblinded participants for self-reported measures. No serious adverse events were reported. Meta-analysis of five studies showed a small decrease in anxiety (SMD = 0.40). The pooled estimate of three studies for insomnia was non-significant (MD = -1.92, 95% CI = -3.92-0.09, p = 0.06), but a sensitivity analysis of two homogeneous studies revealed reduced insomnia severity (MD = -2.78, 95% CI = -4.44 to -1.12, p = 0.001). Primary studies also reported positive effects on fatigue and depression, though summary estimates were not computed due to heterogeneity.","conclusion":"Weighted blankets may be a safe and effective add-on treatment for managing anxiety, insomnia, depression, and fatigue in psychiatric patients. However, these findings require further confirmation due to the limited number of studies, small sample sizes, and significant heterogeneity.","limitations":"The review included a limited number of studies with small sample sizes and significant heterogeneity. Half of the included studies had a high risk of bias, mainly due to the inability to blind participants for self-reported outcomes.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29663701","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29663701","doi":"10.1111/jocd.12551","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12551","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29663701/","title":"Efficacy and safety of retinaldehyde 0.1% and 0.05% creams used to treat photoaged skin: a randomized double-blind controlled trial","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Retinaldehyde creams at 0.1% and 0.05% improve skin hydration and texture, but only the 0.1% concentration also improves the melanin index.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29663701.html","research_question":"What are the efficacy and safety of new anti-aging creams containing retinaldehyde (RAL) at 0.1% and 0.05% for treating photoaged skin?","hypothesis":"Retinaldehyde (RAL) creams at 0.1% and 0.05% will be effective and safe in treating photoaged skin, similar to retinoic acid but with a better safety profile.","methods":"Forty female Korean volunteers applied either RAL 0.1% or RAL 0.05% creams twice daily for 3 months. Quantitative assessments of wrinkles and skin texture on crow's feet were performed using the Antera 3D system. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, melanin index, and skin brightness were also evaluated. Overall improvement was assessed by patients and dermatologists using a five-point scale.","results":"After 3 months, both RAL 0.1% and RAL 0.05% groups showed 95% overall improvement in photoaging. Both concentrations significantly improved skin texture (13.7% for RAL 0.1%, 12.6% for RAL 0.05%), reduced TEWL (14.5% for RAL 0.1%, 17.9% for RAL 0.05%), and increased hydration (10.2% for RAL 0.1%, 6.0% for RAL 0.05%). No statistical differences were observed between the two groups for these parameters. Only RAL 0.1% significantly improved the melanin index by 6.5%. Both creams were well tolerated.","conclusion":"Both RAL 0.1% and RAL 0.05% creams are well tolerated and improve skin hydration and texture. However, only the RAL 0.1% cream significantly improved the melanin index.","limitations":"The study was conducted on a specific population (40 female Korean volunteers), which may limit generalizability. The abstract does not mention a placebo control group, which could affect the interpretation of the results.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d21649816","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"21649816","doi":"10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00552.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00552.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21649816/","title":"Retinaldehyde/hyaluronic acid fragments: a synergistic association for the management of skin aging","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A combination of retinaldehyde and hyaluronic acid fragments effectively reduces signs of skin photoaging like wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and loss of elasticity.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d21649816.html","research_question":"What is the efficacy of combining retinaldehyde (RAL) and intermediate-size hyaluronate fragments (HAFi) in correcting skin photoaging?","hypothesis":"The combination of retinaldehyde and intermediate-size hyaluronate fragments will be effective in managing skin photoaging.","methods":"This open, multicentric, international study involved 1462 subjects who applied either RAL 0.05%-HAFi 0.5% (group 1), RAL 0.05%-HAFi 1% (group 2), or both products (group 3) daily for 90 days. Overall photoaging severity was assessed by dermatologists using Larnier's scale at D0, D30, and D90. Wrinkles, furrows, and clinical signs of aging were evaluated using a 4-point scale, and skin microrelief of crow's feet was measured by optical profilometry in group 3.","results":"After 3 months, overall photoaging significantly improved in all three groups. At D90, significant improvements in wrinkles were observed in groups 2 and 3, including forehead wrinkles (-19% and -10%), nasolabial folds (-20% and -16%), crow's feet (-27% in both groups), and perioral wrinkles (-34% and -23%). Clinical signs of photoaging, such as elasticity (-32% and -33%), hyperpigmentation (-34% and -31%), and ptosis (-18% and -22%), significantly improved in groups 1 and 3. Optical profilometry confirmed these results, and the products were well tolerated.","conclusion":"The combination of retinaldehyde and intermediate-size hyaluronate fragments is effective in managing aging skin, as demonstrated in a large patient cohort.","limitations":"The study was open-label, which means participants and researchers knew which treatment was being administered, potentially introducing bias.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33620008","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33620008","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2021.1886377","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2021.1886377","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33620008/","title":"Topical delivery of l-ascorbic acid spanlastics for stability enhancement and treatment of UVB induced damaged skin","journal":"Drug Deliv","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-ascorbic acid delivered via spanlastic vesicles is more stable, penetrates skin better, and offers superior protection against UV-induced skin damage compared to a standard LAA solution.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33620008.html","research_question":"Can l-ascorbic acid (LAA) loaded spanlastics improve LAA stability, skin permeation, and antioxidant protection against UVB-induced skin damage?","hypothesis":"Entrapment of a high dose of vitamin C in spanlastic vesicles will provide maximum stability and efficacy for topical delivery, protecting skin from premature aging and UVB-induced damage.","methods":"LAA-loaded spanlastics were prepared using the ethanol injection method. They were characterized for entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, deformability index (DI), and skin permeation. The stability of the selected spanlastic formula was assessed over 6 months. The efficacy of LAA spanlastics in treating UVB-induced damaged skin was evaluated in rats by measuring MMP2 and MMP9 levels via quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, and through histopathological examination of rat skin.","results":"A selected spanlastics formula (span 60 and tween 60 in a 5:1 ratio) achieved an EE% of 89.77% and a deformability of 11.13. This formula demonstrated good physical and chemical stability for 6 months. LAA spanlastics showed improved drug penetration into the stratum corneum compared to a topical LAA solution. In rats exposed to UV irradiation, LAA spanlastics significantly suppressed MMP2 and MMP9 levels by 30.4% and 65.3% respectively, compared to the control group. Histopathological studies confirmed that LAA-loaded spanlastics provided the highest skin protection, maintaining normal epidermal morphology and densely arranged dermal collagen fibers.","conclusion":"LAA-loaded spanlastics successfully improved LAA stability, enhanced skin permeation, and offered significant antioxidant protection against skin photodamage caused by UVB irradiation.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37608511","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37608511","doi":"10.1111/jocd.15967","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15967","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37608511/","title":"A clinical evaluation of a topical antioxidant formulation featuring vitamin C, astaxanthin, and fermented turmeric","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A topical serum containing vitamin C, astaxanthin, and fermented turmeric improved skin quality and reduced fine lines and wrinkles in a 12-week study.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37608511.html","research_question":"Can a novel topical antioxidant formulation featuring vitamin C, astaxanthin, and fermented turmeric improve overall skin quality and the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, radiance, and hyperpigmentation?","hypothesis":"Supplementing the skin with this novel topical antioxidant formulation will help neutralize reactive oxygen species and improve overall skin quality, as well as the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, radiance, and hyperpigmentation.","methods":"This was a single-center, prospective, open-label study that evaluated the safety and efficacy of twice-daily application of the test article (Asta C™ Vitamin C Age Defense Serum) in 32 healthy female subjects aged 35-60 with mild to moderate fine lines, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation/uneven skin tone for 12 weeks. Subjects included Fitzpatrick skin types I-VI and all skin types (dry, normal, combination, oily), including those with sensitive skin.","results":"All subjects demonstrated improvement in overall skin quality (face, neck, and chest) by the end of the 12-week study period. One hundred percent of subjects showed improvement in the appearance of fine lines at Week 12.","conclusion":"The clinical study demonstrates that Asta C™ is safe, well-tolerated, and effective in improving overall skin quality, as well as the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, radiance, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.","limitations":"This was an open-label study, which means participants and researchers knew which treatment was being administered, potentially introducing bias. The study was also single-center and had a relatively small sample size of 32 subjects.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d18047609","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"18047609","doi":"10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00342.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00342.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18047609/","title":"The clinical anti-aging effects of topical kinetin and niacinamide in Asians: a randomized controlled trial","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A combination of kinetin and niacinamide significantly improved multiple signs of skin aging in Asian subjects, outperforming niacinamide alone for some parameters.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d18047609.html","research_question":"What are the clinical anti-aging effects of topical kinetin and niacinamide, alone and in combination, on Asian skin?","hypothesis":"The study aims to assess the anti-aging effects and efficacy differences between kinetin plus niacinamide and niacinamide alone versus a vehicle placebo in an Asian cohort, hypothesizing that these compounds may have beneficial effects.","methods":"Fifty-two Taiwanese subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face comparative study. Group 1 applied 0.03% kinetin plus 4% niacinamide, while Group 2 applied 4% niacinamide. Treatments were applied to one side of the face and a placebo to the other for 12 weeks. Skin parameters were evaluated at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks using noninvasive biometrological instruments.","results":"Group 1 (kinetin + niacinamide) showed significant reductions in spot, pore, wrinkle, and evenness counts at weeks 8 and 12. This group also had a significant increase in corneal hydration at week 12 and persistent decreases in erythema index at weeks 8 and 12. Group 2 (niacinamide alone) showed significant reductions in pore and evenness counts at week 8 and wrinkle counts at week 12.","conclusion":"Kinetin and niacinamide demonstrate a synergistic anti-aging effect, suggesting they have multiactive, multifunctional, and pluripotent effects on skin and are promising for future anti-aging cosmeceuticals.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39171587","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"39171587","doi":"10.2174/0109298673325125240813075250","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298673325125240813075250","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39171587/","title":"Topical Niacinamide Combined with Ultrasound for Improving Skin Ageing: A Double-blind Randomised Placebo-controlled Study","journal":"Curr Med Chem","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A topical niacinamide formulation improved skin hydration and reduced sebum, with subjective benefits in appearance, firmness, and wrinkles, especially when combined with ultrasound.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d39171587.html","research_question":"Can a topical niacinamide formulation, alone or combined with 5 MHz unfocused ultrasound (5-US), improve signs of skin aging?","hypothesis":"A topical formulation with niacinamide, especially when combined with facial application of unfocused 5-US, will improve signs of skin aging.","methods":"Sixty-seven women aged 30-60 with aged skin were randomized into four groups: (A) placebo formulation, (B) cosmetic formulation (with niacinamide), (C) placebo formulation plus 5-US, and (D) cosmetic formulation plus 5-US. Groups C and D received eight weekly 20-minute 5-US sessions. Clinical, instrumental, and subjective assessments were conducted at baseline (T0) and week eight (T8).","results":"The niacinamide formulation improved stratum corneum aqueous content and reduced transepidermal water loss. Sebum reduction was observed in groups using the niacinamide formulation. Consumer evaluations indicated improvements in appearance, firmness, elasticity, and reduced wrinkles, particularly in Groups C and D. Sensory analysis showed overall product acceptability.","conclusion":"The niacinamide formulation improved skin hydration and reduced sebum content, and subjective evaluations indicated qualitative improvements in skin appearance. While 5-US alone did not show instrumental improvements, the combined approach suggests potential synergies for anti-aging interventions.","limitations":"The study suggests that protocol adjustments and longer study periods might be needed for 5-US to show instrumental improvements.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33346506","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33346506","doi":"10.36849/JDD.2020.5522","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.2020.5522","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33346506/","title":"Clinical Evaluation of a Nature-Based Bakuchiol Anti-Aging Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A bakuchiol-based moisturizer improved skin moisture and anti-aging signs in people with sensitive skin.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33346506.html","research_question":"Can a nature-based bakuchiol-containing cleanser and moisturizer be tolerated and effective for anti-aging in individuals with sensitive skin?","hypothesis":"Bakuchiol, a meroterpene with retinol-like functionality, may provide anti-aging benefits without irritation for individuals with sensitive skin.","methods":"This 4-week study enrolled 60 female subjects aged 40-65 with Fitzpatrick skin types I-V and sensitive, mild to moderate photodamaged skin. The sensitive skin panel included subjects with eczema/atopic dermatitis, rosacea, or cosmetic intolerance syndrome. Subjects used a nature-based cleanser and moisturizer twice daily, with assessments for transepidermal water loss (TEWL), corneometry, tolerability, and efficacy at baseline, 5-10 minutes post-application, and week 4.","results":"The skin care products were well tolerated and efficacious (P<0.001) in improving visual smoothness, tactile smoothness, clarity, radiance, overall appearance, and global anti-aging, as assessed by investigators. Cheek corneometry measurements showed a statistically significant 16% increase in skin moisture content (P<0.001).","conclusion":"A bakuchiol nature-based anti-aging moisturizer is well tolerated and effective for individuals with sensitive skin.","limitations":"The study duration was 4 weeks, and the participant group was limited to females aged 40-65 with specific sensitive skin conditions and photodamage.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32494181","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32494181","doi":"10.2147/CCID.S235880","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S235880","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32494181/","title":"Efficacy of a Serum Combining Bakuchiol and Vanilla Tahitensis Extract to Prevent Skin Photoaging","journal":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A serum with bakuchiol and vanilla tahitensis extract reduced signs of skin aging in lab tests and improved firmness and radiance in women.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d32494181.html","research_question":"Can a serum combining bakuchiol (BK) and vanilla tahitensis extract (VTE) prevent skin photoaging in vitro and improve clinical outcomes for naturally aged skin?","hypothesis":"A combination of bakuchiol and vanilla tahitensis extract will have beneficial effects in preventing skin photoaging and improving clinical outcomes for naturally aged skin.","methods":"In vitro, human dermal fibroblasts were treated with active compounds, exposed to UVA, and analyzed for actin network morphology, IL-8 (inflammation), and p16 (senescence). Human skin explants were used to evaluate chronic UVA-induced GAG loss and the effect of topical BK+VTE serum. An open-label clinical trial involved 43 women applying the serum twice daily for 56 days, assessing skin remodeling (FaceScan), firmness (Dynaskin and clinical scoring), and radiance (photographs).","results":"UVA exposure increased IL-8 and p16 expression and altered fibroblast morphology. BK or VTE alone prevented actin network alteration and IL-8 upregulation. The BK+VTE combination showed synergistic protection against IL-8 and p16 overexpression. Serum application prevented GAG loss at the dermo-epidermal junction and increased dermal GAG in UVA-exposed skin explants. In the clinical trial, face ptosis was reduced by 11% (up to 23%) in 26 subjects, skin deformation depth was reduced by 24% (up to 30%) in 30 subjects, and radiance improved by 29% in 33 subjects. The serum was well-tolerated.","conclusion":"The BK+VTE combination demonstrated anti-aging efficacy, potentially offering significant benefits for naturally aged skin in women due to synergistic effects on inflammaging and senescence.","limitations":"The clinical trial was open-label, which may introduce bias. The study focused on naturally aged skin in women, limiting generalizability to other populations or skin types.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38807451","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38807451","doi":"10.1177/12034754241253195","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/12034754241253195","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38807451/","title":"Efficacy of Treatments in Reducing Inflammatory Lesion Count in Rosacea: A Systematic Review","journal":"J Cutan Med Surg","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral isotretinoin was the most effective treatment for reducing inflammatory lesions in rosacea, though several other topical and systemic therapies also showed efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38807451.html","research_question":"What is the effectiveness of topical and systemic therapies in reducing inflammatory lesion count in rosacea patients?","hypothesis":"The study aims to identify effective treatments for reducing inflammatory lesions in rosacea, which could alleviate the associated psychosocial burden.","methods":"A systematic review was conducted by searching Medline, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. The review included 43 clinical trials with a total of 18,347 rosacea patients.","results":"The most studied treatments were ivermectin, metronidazole, azelaic acid, minocycline, and doxycycline. Oral isotretinoin was found to be the most effective treatment in reducing inflammatory lesions.","conclusion":"Both topical and systemic therapies are effective in reducing inflammatory lesion count in rosacea patients, primarily by suppressing inflammation and killing mites. Oral isotretinoin is recommended for severe recalcitrant cases.","limitations":"Additional research is needed to determine effective combination therapies for rosacea.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24399880","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24399880","doi":"10.2147/CCID.S34029","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S34029","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24399880/","title":"Glycolic acid peel therapy - a current review","journal":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glycolic acid peels are a safe and effective treatment option for various skin conditions when applied correctly.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d24399880.html","research_question":"What are the current applications, efficacy, and safety considerations of glycolic acid peel therapy?","hypothesis":"Not applicable; this is a review article, not an original research study with a stated hypothesis.","methods":"This is a review article that discusses various studies on glycolic acid peels for indications such as acne, acne scars, melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and seborrhea. It also covers combination therapies, treatment procedures, and factors influencing peel depth and safety.","results":"Glycolic acid peels are described as simple, inexpensive, and having no downtime. They have been found to be very safe for Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV. The depth of the peel can range from very superficial to medium, depending on the concentration of acid, number of coats, and application time. Important considerations include careful review of medical history, skin examination, pre-peel priming, proper patient selection, peel timing, and on-time neutralization to ensure good results and avoid side effects.","conclusion":"Glycolic acid peel therapy is a time-tested, popular, and safe procedure for various dermatological indications, particularly for Fitzpatrick skin types I-IV, when proper protocols are followed.","limitations":"As a review, this article synthesizes existing literature without presenting new experimental data or specific study limitations. It does not quantify efficacy or safety outcomes from the reviewed studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d21437068","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"21437068","doi":"10.2147/CCID.S9042","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S9042","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21437068/","title":"Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity","journal":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hydroxy acids are widely used in skincare for various conditions, but more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms and long-term safety, especially regarding sun exposure.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d21437068.html","research_question":"What are the classifications, mechanisms, and photoactivity of hydroxy acids (HAs) in cosmetic and therapeutic applications?","hypothesis":"Not applicable; this is a review article, not an original research study with a stated hypothesis.","methods":"This article is a review that discusses frequently used classes of hydroxy acids (α-hydroxy acids, β-hydroxy acids, polyhydroxy acids, and bionic acids) and their applications. It also evaluates the safety of these formulations, particularly regarding prolonged use on sun-exposed skin, and summarizes studies on their effects on photocarcinogenesis, melanogenesis, and tanning.","results":"Hydroxy acids are widely used in cosmetic and therapeutic formulations for various skin benefits. They are applied in treating photoaging, acne, ichthyosis, rosacea, pigmentation disorders, and psoriasis. The review highlights that while there are many reports on their cosmetic and clinical effects, their biological mechanisms of action require further clarification. There are also a limited number of studies on the modifications evoked by topical HA application on photocarcinogenesis.","conclusion":"Hydroxy acids are important in cosmetic and dermatologic applications, but their biological mechanisms of action need more clarification. Safety, especially concerning prolonged use on sun-exposed skin and effects on photocarcinogenesis, requires further investigation.","limitations":"The review notes that the biological mechanism(s) of action for hydroxy acids still require more clarification. It also points out the very limited number of studies dealing with the modifications evoked by topical application of HA-containing products on photocarcinogenesis.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38829483","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38829483","doi":"10.1007/s00403-024-03003-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-03003-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38829483/","title":"Effectiveness of topical hyaluronic acid in xerosis cutis treatment in elderly: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial","journal":"Arch Dermatol Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical low molecular weight hyaluronic acid significantly improves skin hydration in elderly individuals with dry skin compared to high molecular weight hyaluronic acid or a vehicle.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38829483.html","research_question":"Does topical low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMWHA) effectively treat xerosis cutis (dry skin) in the elderly compared to high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA) or a vehicle?","hypothesis":"Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMWHA) will be more effective in replenishing skin hydration in aging skin compared to High Molecular Weight HA (HMWHA) due to its ability to penetrate the stratum corneum.","methods":"A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 36 nursing home residents in Jakarta, aged 60-80 years, diagnosed with dry skin. Participants applied three distinct, randomized moisturizing lotions (LMWHA, HMWHA, or vehicle) to three separate sites on their legs. Skin capacitance (SCap), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and specified symptom sum score (SRRC) were measured at weeks 0, 2, and 4.","results":"After four weeks, the LMWHA-treated area showed greater SCap values (56.37 AU) compared to HMWHA (52.37 AU, p = 0.004) and vehicle (49.01 AU, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in TEWL and SRRC scores across all groups, and no side effects were reported.","conclusion":"The application of a moisturizer containing LMWHA significantly improved skin hydration in the dry skin of elderly individuals compared to moisturizers containing HMWHA and vehicle, with similar safety profiles.","limitations":"The study was conducted on a specific population (nursing home residents in Jakarta) and focused on leg application, which may limit generalizability. The abstract does not mention other limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24417448","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24417448","doi":"10.1111/phpp.12109","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12109","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24417448/","title":"Effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging","journal":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sunscreen use may help protect against skin cancer and photoaging, but more research is needed.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d24417448.html","research_question":"What are the effects of sunscreen application on skin cancer and photoaging?","hypothesis":"The abstract does not explicitly state a hypothesis, but it implies an investigation into the effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging.","methods":"This is a review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of sunscreen application on skin cancer and photoaging.","results":"The review found that the evidence, although limited, supports beneficial effects of sunscreen application on the occurrence of skin cancers and skin photoaging.","conclusion":"Limited evidence from randomized controlled trials suggests that sunscreen application has beneficial effects on skin cancer and photoaging.","limitations":"The evidence supporting the beneficial effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging is limited.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d8227353","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"8227353","doi":"10.1172/JCI116842","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116842","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8227353/","title":"In vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by the tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu in rat wounds","journal":"J Clin Invest","year":1993,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GHK-Cu stimulates the accumulation of connective tissue components like collagen and glycosaminoglycans in rat wounds.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d8227353.html","research_question":"Does the tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu stimulate connective tissue accumulation in rat wounds in vivo?","hypothesis":"GHK-Cu, previously identified as a growth factor and potential activator of wound repair in vitro, will increase extracellular matrix accumulation in vivo.","methods":"Stainless steel wire mesh cylinders were subcutaneously implanted into the backs of rats. Rats were divided into groups receiving sequential injections of either saline (control) or various concentrations of GHK-Cu into the wound chambers. After the experiment, wound chambers were collected and analyzed for dry weight, total proteins, collagen, DNA, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, and specific mRNAs for collagens and TGF beta. A control tripeptide, L-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-proline, was also tested.","results":"GHK-Cu injections resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in dry weight, DNA, total protein, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan content within the wound chambers. Collagen synthesis was twice that of noncollagen proteins. Increases were observed in type I and type III collagen mRNAs, but not in TGF beta mRNAs. An increase in the relative amount of dermatan sulfate was also found. The control tripeptide had no significant effect.","conclusion":"GHK-Cu effectively increases extracellular matrix accumulation in wounds in vivo.","limitations":"The study was conducted in rats using a specific wound chamber model, which may not directly translate to human wound healing processes.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30172928","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"30172928","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.059","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.059","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30172928/","title":"Effects of low-level inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide indoors on human health and psychomotor performance","journal":"Environ Int","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exposure to low levels of indoor carbon dioxide can negatively impact human physiology, cognitive function, and respiratory health.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d30172928.html","research_question":"What are the effects of low-level indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation exposure on human health and psychomotor performance?","hypothesis":"The study does not explicitly state a hypothesis, but it aims to review existing literature to understand the effects of low-level CO2 exposure.","methods":"The study conducted a review of scientific literature and documents concerning the effects of CO2 inhalation exposure on human health and psychomotor performance.","results":"Linear physiological changes in circulatory, cardiovascular, and autonomic systems were observed with CO2 exposure from 500 to 5000 ppm. Short-term CO2 exposure starting at 1000 ppm affected cognitive performances like decision making and problem resolution. Epidemiological studies showed an association between CO2 exposure beginning at 700 ppm and building-related symptoms, and respiratory symptoms in children exposed to over 1000 ppm, though other indoor pollutants might be involved.","conclusion":"Low-level indoor CO2 exposure can lead to physiological changes, affect cognitive performance, and be associated with building-related and respiratory symptoms. Further research is needed on long-term effects on the autonomic system.","limitations":"The review notes that other indoor comorbid pollutants might be involved in the observed health effects, suggesting a potential confounder. It also highlights the need for further research on long-term effects.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40204887","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40204887","doi":"10.1038/s41370-025-00770-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-025-00770-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40204887/","title":"Associations between indoor air exposures and cognitive test scores among university students","journal":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher classroom carbon dioxide levels, even in well-ventilated spaces, are associated with lower student cognitive test scores.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with higher\" | favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d40204887.html","research_question":"Do indoor carbon dioxide concentrations, reflecting ventilation and building occupancy, associate with cognitive test scores among university graduate students in classrooms with increased ventilation?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that higher indoor carbon dioxide concentrations will be associated with lower cognitive test scores, even in classrooms with enhanced ventilation.","methods":"Graduate students (54 included in analysis) attending lectures in university classrooms with increased ventilation participated. Post-class cognitive performance tests (Stroop and Arithmetic) were administered via a smartphone app during the 2022-2023 academic year. Classrooms had continuous indoor environmental quality monitors providing real-time carbon dioxide concentrations. Mixed-effects statistical models were used to analyze temporally and spatially paired exposure and outcome data, examining different carbon dioxide exposure metrics and cognitive test scores.","results":"Model estimates showed directionally consistent evidence that higher central and peak classroom carbon dioxide concentrations (ranging from approximately 440-1630 ppm) were associated with lower cognitive test scores. The strongest effect estimates were observed for 95th percentile class carbon dioxide concentrations, representing peak exposures.","conclusion":"Lower carbon dioxide concentrations are associated with higher cognitive test scores, even in classrooms with increased outdoor air ventilation. While not causal and with unknown underlying mechanisms, higher outdoor air ventilation appears to offer additional benefits beyond infection risk reduction by supporting student performance.","limitations":"The study notes that the findings are not causal, and the underlying mechanisms for the observed associations remain unknown.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28255648","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28255648","doi":"10.1007/s00038-017-0960-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-0960-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28255648/","title":"Short-term effects of fine particulate matter on daily health events in Latin America: a meta-analysis","journal":"Int J Public Health","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter in Latin America is linked to higher risks of respiratory and cardiovascular deaths.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28255648.html","research_question":"What are the short-term effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on morbidity and mortality in Latin America?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that short-term exposure to PM2.5 would be associated with increased morbidity and mortality in Latin America.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, searching six online databases and hand-searching for studies investigating short-term associations between PM2.5 and daily health events in Latin America. Two reviewers independently assessed study internal validity, and random-effect models were used for the meta-analysis.","results":"Out of 1628 retrieved studies, nine were selected for qualitative analysis and seven for quantitative analysis. A 10 µg/m3 increment in daily PM2.5 concentrations was significantly associated with an increased risk for respiratory mortality in all ages (pooled RR = 1.02, 95% CI, 1.02-1.02) and cardiovascular mortality (pooled RR = 1.01, 95% CI, 1.01-1.02).","conclusion":"Short-term exposure to PM2.5 in Latin America is significantly associated with an increased risk for respiratory and cardiovascular mortality.","limitations":"The evidence is concentrated in a few cities, and some studies presented a high risk of bias.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26340298","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"26340298","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.036","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.036","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26340298/","title":"Short-term exposure to fine and coarse particles and mortality: a multicity time-series study in East Asia","journal":"Environ Pollut","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in East Asian cities.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d26340298.html","research_question":"What is the association between short-term exposure to fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10-2.5) particulate matter and mortality in East Asian cities?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized an association between increased concentrations of fine and coarse particulate matter and increased mortality.","methods":"A two-stage analysis was conducted across 11 East Asian cities. City-specific estimates were generated using a time-series analysis with a generalized additive model (Quasi-Poisson distribution), followed by a meta-analysis to estimate overall effects.","results":"A 10-μg/m³ increase in PM2.5 (lag01) was associated with a 0.38% increase in all-cause mortality, a 0.96% increase in cardiovascular mortality, and a 1% increase in respiratory mortality. A 10-μg/m³ increase in PM10-2.5 (lag01) was associated with a 0.69% increase in cardiovascular mortality, but this association weakened after adjusting for other pollutants, particularly PM2.5.","conclusion":"Increased mortality was associated with increasing concentrations of both PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 across the 11 East Asian cities studied.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35536285","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35536285","doi":"10.1289/EHP9895","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9895","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35536285/","title":"Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water and Bladder Cancer","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration);Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"water;p190","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"42;44;190","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water may interact with a specific genetic variant to increase bladder cancer risk.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35536285.html","research_question":"Do total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) in drinking water interact with bladder cancer susceptibility genes to increase bladder cancer risk?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that there would be a combined effect on bladder cancer risk from TTHMs and bladder cancer susceptibility variants.","methods":"The study analyzed data from two case-control studies: the New England Bladder Cancer Study (1,162 controls) and the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study (772 controls). Adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for TTHMs and genetic variants, with and without interaction terms. Results from both studies were then combined using meta-analysis.","results":"Of 16 loci, rs907611 at 11p15.5 showed the strongest association in the highest TTHM exposure category in both studies and in meta-analysis. For individuals with the rs907611-GG genotype in the highest exposure category, an odds ratio of 1.66 (95% CI: 1.17, 2.34) was observed. No other genetic variants showed consistent evidence of interaction.","conclusion":"The study found novel suggestive evidence for a multiplicative interaction between TTHMs and the rs907611-GG genotype, increasing bladder cancer risk.","limitations":"The study notes that further work is needed to replicate and extend this finding and to understand potential molecular mechanisms.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37551954","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37551954","doi":"10.1093/jnci/djad145","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djad145","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37551954/","title":"Disinfection by-products in drinking water and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort study","journal":"J Natl Cancer Inst","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High levels of trihalomethanes in drinking water may increase the risk of proximal colon cancer in men.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37551954.html","research_question":"Is there an association between long-term exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water and the incidence of colorectal cancer in humans?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that long-term exposure to THMs, known rodent carcinogens, may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in humans, despite inconclusive prior evidence.","methods":"This population-based cohort study assessed the association of long-term THM exposure with colorectal cancer incidence in 58,672 men and women from two cohorts. Exposure was determined by combining residential history with drinking water-monitoring data, categorizing participants into no exposure, low exposure (<15 µg/L), and high exposure (≥15 µg/L). Incident colorectal cancer cases were identified using the Swedish National Cancer Register.","results":"Over an average follow-up of 16.8 years (988,144 person-years), 1913 colorectal cancer cases were identified. High THM concentrations (≥15 µg/L) were associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in men (hazard ratio = 1.26). This association was statistically significant for proximal colon cancer in men (hazard ratio = 1.59) but not for distal colon or rectal cancer. No overall association was observed in women.","conclusion":"The results suggest that disinfection by-products, specifically THMs in drinking water, may be a possible risk factor for proximal colon cancer in men, even at concentrations lower than those in most previous studies.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study, but it notes that evidence in humans for carcinogenicity associated with disinfection by-products is still inconclusive, implying the need for further research.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35760029","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35760029","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2022.107356","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107356","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35760029/","title":"Assessment of drinking water safety in the Netherlands using nationwide exposure and mortality data","journal":"Environ Int","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher magnesium in drinking water was linked to lower coronary heart disease mortality, while higher calcium and water hardness were linked to increased cardiovascular disease mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\" | favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35760029.html","research_question":"Are there associations between drinking water quality parameters (nitrate, water hardness, calcium, magnesium) and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (including coronary heart disease) and colorectal cancer in the Netherlands?","hypothesis":"The study aims to explore associations, suggesting an underlying hypothesis that such associations might exist, given public concern about long-term intake health risks.","methods":"A cohort of 6,998,623 Dutch residents aged 30 or older, living at the same address for at least five years as of January 1, 2008, was created using national administrative databases. Drinking water concentrations from 2000-2010 were used as exposure indicators. Age-stratified Cox proportional hazards models were applied to analyze associations between water quality parameters and cause-specific mortality.","results":"A 10 mg/L increase in magnesium was associated with a reduced risk for coronary heart disease mortality (HR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.99). A 100 mg/L increase in calcium was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease mortality (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.13). A 2.5 mmol/L increase in water hardness was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease mortality (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10). An elevated risk for coronary heart disease mortality was observed at calcium concentrations below 30 mg/L, but no overall exposure-response relation was found for calcium. No other statistically significant associations were found for other combinations of water quality parameters and causes of death.","conclusion":"This explorative study identified a protective effect of magnesium against coronary heart disease mortality and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality associated with calcium concentration and water hardness in drinking water.","limitations":"The study is explorative, and while it identified associations, it did not establish causality. The abstract does not explicitly state other limitations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29656350","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29656350","doi":"10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656350/","title":"High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This review aims to assess the link between lead in drinking water, especially soft water, and cardiovascular disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html","research_question":"Does lead content in drinking water, particularly soft water, correlate with increased cardiovascular morbidity in human populations?","hypothesis":"Low levels of magnesium and calcium (soft water) may increase lead leaching from pipes and enhance lead absorption, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular pathologies.","methods":"This study is a review that evaluates existing evidence for an association between lead exposure from drinking water and cardiovascular endpoints in human populations.","results":"The abstract does not present new numerical results or specific findings from the review itself, but rather states the purpose of the review.","conclusion":"The abstract does not provide a conclusion as it describes the intent of the review rather than its findings.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the review, but as a review, its findings are dependent on the quality and availability of the existing literature.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d22291721","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"22291721","doi":"10.1155/2012/291541","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/291541","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291721/","title":"Earthing: health implications of reconnecting the human body to the Earth's surface electrons","journal":"J Environ Public Health","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Grounding / Earthing Sleep Mat","linked_compounds":"Grounding / Earthing Sleep Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p192","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Connecting with the Earth's electrons through earthing may improve sleep and reduce pain.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d22291721.html","research_question":"What are the health implications of reconnecting the human body to the Earth's surface electrons?","hypothesis":"The hypothesis is that direct physical contact with the Earth's surface electrons, a practice known as earthing or grounding, may promote physiological changes and improve well-being, and that the modern disconnect from this contact may contribute to physiological dysfunction and unwellness.","methods":"This paper is a review of existing earthing research. It synthesizes findings from various studies on the effects of direct physical contact with the Earth's surface electrons on human health.","results":"Emerging scientific research suggests that direct physical contact with the Earth's electrons promotes physiological changes and subjective reports of well-being. Specific benefits mentioned include better sleep and reduced pain.","conclusion":"Reconnecting with the Earth's electrons through earthing (grounding) appears to be a simple, easily accessible, and potentially clinically significant modality for improving health, including better sleep and reduced pain.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the reviewed research. It primarily focuses on presenting the positive findings and potential of earthing.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33332096","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33332096","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.0c06197","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06197","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332096/","title":"Susceptibility of an Airborne Common Cold Virus to Relative Humidity","journal":"Environ Sci Technol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The survival of airborne common cold virus (HRV-16) is significantly higher when aerosols are in a solid, effloresced state or within a specific humidity range, compared to a liquid, deliquesced state.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33332096.html","research_question":"How does relative humidity (RH) affect the viability of airborne human rhinovirus-16 (HRV-16), and what mechanism underlies this dependence?","hypothesis":"The 'efflorescence/deliquescence divergent infectivity' (EDDI) model accurately predicts the RH-dependent survival of airborne human rhinovirus-16 (HRV-16).","methods":"The efflorescence and deliquescence RH of aerosols nebulized from a protein-enriched saline carrier fluid, simulating human respiratory fluid, were measured. The RH range of the aerosols' hygroscopic hysteresis zone was found to be 38-68%. Carrier fluid containing HRV-16 was nebulized into sub-hysteresis (effloresced/solid) or super-hysteresis (deliquesced/liquid) zone air before transitioning the RH into the intermediate hysteresis zone. Surviving fractions (SFs) of the virus were measured 15 minutes post nebulization. SFs were also measured for aerosols introduced directly into the sub-hysteresis, super-hysteresis, and hysteresis zones without transition.","results":"For transitioned aerosols in the hysteresis zone, SFs were higher for effloresced aerosols (0.17 ± 0.02) than for deliquesced aerosols (0.005 ± 0.005). For non-transitioned aerosols, SFs were 0.18 ± 0.06 in the sub-hysteresis zone, 0.05 ± 0.02 in the super-hysteresis zone, and 0.20 ± 0.05 in the hysteresis zone, showing a V-shaped SF/RH dependence.","conclusion":"The EDDI model's prediction of enhanced survival in the hysteresis zone for effloresced carrier aerosols was confirmed. The viability of airborne HRV-16 is significantly influenced by the effloresced or deliquesced state of the aerosol, with higher survival observed when aerosols are in an effloresced state or within the hysteresis zone.","limitations":"The study used a simulated human respiratory fluid and measured survival at a single time point (15 minutes post nebulization).","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35522196","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35522196","doi":"10.1177/07067437221097903","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221097903","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35522196/","title":"Blue-Light Therapy for Seasonal and Non-Seasonal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","journal":"Can J Psychiatry","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Blue-light therapy's effectiveness for seasonal and non-seasonal depression remains unproven based on current evidence.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35522196.html","research_question":"Does blue-light therapy effectively and safely treat seasonal and non-seasonal major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to active and inactive control conditions?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of blue-light therapy for seasonal and non-seasonal MDD.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted by searching Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline, PsycInfo, and Clinicaltrials.gov. Data was extracted by two independent reviewers. The primary outcome was the difference in endpoint scores on the SIGH-SAD or SIGH-ADS, while secondary outcomes included response (≥ 50% improvement) and remission rates.","results":"Nine RCTs (347 participants) were included, with seven focusing on seasonal MDD and two on non-seasonal MDD. A meta-analysis found no evidence for blue-light efficacy compared to inactive conditions (mean difference = 2.43; 95% CI, -1.28 to 6.14) and no differences compared to active conditions (mean difference = -0.11; 95% CI, -2.38 to 2.16). There were also no significant differences in response and remission rates. Blue-light therapy was generally well-tolerated.","conclusion":"The efficacy of blue-light therapy for treating seasonal and non-seasonal MDD is not yet proven.","limitations":"Future trials need to be of longer duration, include larger sample sizes, and standardize light therapy parameters more effectively.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31600678","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31600678","doi":"10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101213","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101213","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31600678/","title":"Efficacy of light therapy versus antidepressant drugs in major depressive episodes: a meta-analysis","journal":"Sleep Med Rev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Combining light therapy with antidepressants is more effective than antidepressants alone for major depressive episodes, and light therapy alone is comparable to antidepressants alone.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant difference\" | favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d31600678.html","research_question":"This meta-analysis examines the efficacy of light therapy (LT) compared to antidepressant drugs (AD) and their combination (LT + AD) in treating major depressive episodes.","hypothesis":"The study aims to determine if light therapy, alone or in combination with antidepressants, is as effective or more effective than antidepressant drugs alone for major depressive episodes.","methods":"A systematic review and weighted random effect meta-analysis was conducted on randomized controlled trials directly comparing light therapy and antidepressant drugs, as well as their combination. Seven independent populations, totaling 397 participants with moderate to severe major depressive episodes, were included. The median intervention duration was 5 weeks.","results":"The superiority of LT + Placebo compared to AD + Placebo was not statistically significant (SMD = 0.19; p = 0.17). However, the combination of LT + AD was superior to AD + Placebo (SMD = 0.56; p < 0.001). This superiority was also observed in patients with non-seasonal depression (SMD = 0.55; p = 0.005). Heterogeneity between studies was low (I = 0%, 18.41%, and 39.23%), and no publication biases were found.","conclusion":"No significant difference was observed between light therapy alone and antidepressant drugs alone. The combination of light therapy and antidepressant drugs showed clear superiority. Therefore, both light therapy monotherapy and the combination therapy may be considered first-line treatments for seasonal and non-seasonal depression.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38059683","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38059683","doi":"10.1111/jocd.16104","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.16104","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38059683/","title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid for melasma by different administration methods: a network meta-analysis","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral tranexamic acid combined with routine topical agents is the most effective treatment for melasma, with oral TA alone showing faster short-term effects.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d38059683.html","research_question":"What are the comparative efficacy and safety of different administration methods of tranexamic acid (TA) for treating melasma?","hypothesis":"The study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of various TA administration methods for melasma.","methods":"A network meta-analysis was conducted by collecting research from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The severity of melasma was evaluated using the Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI), and the curative effect was assessed by comparing the change in MASI (ΔMASI) after treatment with different TA administration methods at specific time points.","results":"At Weeks 4, 8, 12, and the last follow-up, oral TA combined with routine topical agents (oTA + RTA) showed a higher ΔMASI than intradermal TA (iTA), topical TA (tTA), and microneedling TA (MNsTA), with statistical significance. At Week 8, oral TA (oTA) had a statistically significantly higher ΔMASI than iTA. Compared to placebo, oTA showed statistically significant differences at Week 4, while tTA, iTA, and MNsTA showed statistically significant differences starting from Week 8.","conclusion":"Among the various TA administration methods, oTA + RTA has the best effect on melasma. In the short term, oTA's curative effect is better than iTA's, and its onset time is faster than tTA, iTA, and MNsTA. In the long run, the curative effect of TA alone is independent of the administration mode.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37326860","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"37326860","doi":"10.1007/s10103-023-03810-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-023-03810-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37326860/","title":"Effectiveness of laser and topical tranexamic acid combination therapy in melasma: a meta-analysis","journal":"Lasers Med Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Combining laser therapy with topical tranexamic acid is an effective treatment for melasma, with fractional CO2 laser and daily TXA showing the best results.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d37326860.html","research_question":"Does the topical application of tranexamic acid (TXA) increase the efficacy of laser therapy in treating melasma?","hypothesis":"The combination of laser therapy and topical tranexamic acid will be more effective in treating melasma compared to laser therapy alone.","methods":"A meta-analysis was conducted by systematically searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, Scopus, and the International Clinical Trials registry. Two independent reviewers screened articles using the Covidance database per PRISMA guidelines. Clinical improvement was measured using the Melasma Area of Severity Index (MASI) or modified MASI (mMASI). Nine studies describing the combined use of topical tranexamic acid with various laser therapies were included.","results":"The combination of laser therapy and topical TXA significantly decreased the MASI score (P < 0.0001). Subgroup analyses indicated that fractional CO2 laser was the most effective laser type, and a regimen of monthly laser plus twice daily topical TXA was most effective in decreasing MASI/mMASI scores.","conclusion":"Combining topical tranexamic acid and laser therapy is an effective and safer treatment option for treatment-resistant melasma. Specifically, monthly fractional CO2 laser combined with daily topical tranexamic acid showed high effectiveness and safety.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the meta-analysis itself, such as heterogeneity among studies or publication bias.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29470452","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29470452","doi":"10.3390/ijerph15020379","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020379","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29470452/","title":"WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines: Environmental Noise and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects: A Summary","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exposure to road traffic noise is associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29470452.html","research_question":"What are the effects of environmental noise exposure on the cardio-metabolic systems?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to update the current state of evidence and assess its quality regarding the effects of environmental noise exposure on cardio-metabolic systems.","methods":"A systematic review was conducted, identifying 600 references published between January 2000 and August 2015 on noise from road, rail, air traffic, and wind turbines. Sixty-one studies with exposure-response information were used for meta-analyses and quality assessment using GRADE. The most comprehensive evidence was available for road traffic noise and Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD), combining results from 7 longitudinal studies.","results":"Combining 7 longitudinal studies, a Relative Risk (RR) of 1.08 (95% CI: 1.01-1.15) per 10 dB (L) was found for the association between road traffic noise and the incidence of IHD. The quality of this evidence was rated as high. Evidence for other associations like transportation noise with stroke, diabetes, and obesity was limited, with quality rated from moderate to very low.","conclusion":"There is high-quality evidence linking road traffic noise to an increased risk of Ischemic Heart Disease. More and higher quality longitudinal studies are needed for a comprehensive assessment of noise exposure's impact on the cardiovascular and metabolic system, especially for outcomes like stroke, diabetes, and obesity.","limitations":"Many studies on traffic noise and hypertension were cross-sectional and had a high risk of bias. Only a few studies reported on associations between transportation noise and stroke, diabetes, and/or obesity, and the quality of evidence for these was rated from moderate to very low.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33307398","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33307398","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116222","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116222","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33307398/","title":"Long-term exposure to traffic noise and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Environ Pollut","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Long-term road traffic noise may be weakly associated with ischemic heart disease mortality, but evidence for other mortality outcomes and traffic noise sources is generally weak.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d33307398.html","research_question":"Does long-term exposure to road, rail, and aircraft traffic noise affect non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to update the evidence base regarding the association between long-term traffic noise exposure and mortality outcomes.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE for literature published between January 1, 2000, and October 5, 2020. Thirteen studies were selected, and risk estimates were converted to per 10 dB higher L for each traffic source. Inverse-Variance heterogeneity (I-Vhet) meta-analysis was used to pool risk estimates, with sensitivity and subgroup analyses performed.","results":"For road traffic noise, the pooled relative risk (RR) per 10 dB higher L for non-accidental mortality was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.05), for CVD mortality was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.05), for ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.08), and for stroke mortality was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.14). A possible threshold of 53 dB was visually suggested for CVD-related mortality from road traffic noise. Pooled estimates for aircraft noise were based on fewer studies and varied by outcome.","conclusion":"Evidence for long-term exposure to traffic noise on mortality remains weak, with the exception of the association between road traffic noise and IHD mortality. The overall quality of evidence was generally very low to low, except for CVD or IHD mortality, which was rated as moderate.","limitations":"The overall quality of evidence for most meta-analyses was rated as very low to low. Pooled estimates for aircraft noise were based on fewer studies.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"taurine_muscle","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"24383513","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2012-0229","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0229","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24383513/","title":"Effects of taurine supplementation following eccentric exercise in young adults","journal":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine supplementation may help reduce muscle damage and oxidative stress and improve strength after eccentric exercise, but it does not affect inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not affect\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/taurine_muscle.html","research_question":"What are the effects of taurine supplementation on muscle performance, oxidative stress, and inflammation after eccentric exercise in young adult males?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that taurine supplementation would affect muscle performance, oxidative stress, and inflammation response after eccentric exercise.","methods":"Twenty-one male participants were randomly assigned to either a placebo (n=10) or taurine (n=11) group. After 14 days of supplementation, subjects performed eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Blood samples and muscle performance measurements were taken on days 1, 14, 16, 18, and 21 to analyze performance, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers.","results":"Taurine supplementation increased strength levels and thiol total content, while decreasing muscle soreness, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase activity, and oxidative damage (xylenol and protein carbonyl). However, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, gluthatione peroxidase) and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and IL-10) were not altered compared to the placebo group.","conclusion":"Taurine supplementation may improve performance and reduce muscle damage and oxidative stress after eccentric exercise, but it does not appear to decrease the inflammatory response.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"lcarnitine_cvd","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"23597877","doi":"10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.02.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.02.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23597877/","title":"L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Mayo Clin Proc","year":2013,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-carnitine may reduce mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, and angina after a heart attack, but more research is needed.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/lcarnitine_cvd.html","research_question":"What are the effects of L-carnitine compared with placebo or control on morbidity and mortality in patients who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that L-carnitine may reduce morbidity and mortality outcomes following an acute myocardial infarction.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 controlled trials (N=3629) was conducted. The trials compared L-carnitine to placebo or control and were identified through searches of Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and Embase databases. Outcomes assessed included mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), angina, heart failure, and reinfarction.","results":"L-carnitine was associated with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality, a 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias, and a 40% reduction in the development of angina. There was no significant reduction in the development of heart failure or myocardial reinfarction.","conclusion":"L-carnitine is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, and anginal symptoms in patients who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the meta-analysis itself, but it does suggest that further large randomized controlled trials are warranted.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"ala_redox","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"41740185","doi":"10.1152/ajpheart.00006.2026","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00006.2026","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41740185/","title":"Examining oxidative stress as a mechanistic link between sleep irregularity and cardiovascular risk","journal":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oxidative stress links irregular sleep and increased cardiovascular risk in young adults with chronic anxiety, and antioxidants may help improve blood pressure control.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased cardiovascular risk\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/ala_redox.html","research_question":"Does oxidative stress mediate the link between sleep irregularity and impaired vascular function and blood pressure control in young adults with chronic anxiety?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that impairments in vascular function and blood pressure control associated with sleep irregularity in young adults with chronic anxiety are driven by elevations in oxidative stress.","methods":"Twenty-five young adults (24 ± 4 yr) with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or elevated GAD symptoms were divided into high and low total sleep time irregularity (TSTI) groups based on wrist-worn accelerometry. Oxidative stress (whole blood superoxide levels), vascular function (exercise-induced flow-mediated dilation), and blood pressure control (cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity) were measured in both groups after acute supplementation with either antioxidants (alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E) or a placebo.","results":"The high TSTI group showed significantly greater oxidative stress, lower vascular function, and lower blood pressure control. Antioxidant supplementation significantly improved oxidative stress and blood pressure control in the high TSTI group. Vascular function improved significantly with antioxidant supplementation, independent of the group.","conclusion":"Oxidative stress is a key mechanism linking sleep irregularity and cardiovascular disease risk in young adults with chronic anxiety. Antioxidant supplementation reduced oxidative stress and normalized blood pressure control differences between groups, suggesting its role as a mediator.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"glu_biobank","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"32253185","doi":"10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217176","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217176","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32253185/","title":"Associations of regular glucosamine use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective cohort study","journal":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","year":2020,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Regular glucosamine use is associated with a lower risk of death from all causes and specific diseases like cancer, CVD, respiratory, and digestive diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/glu_biobank.html","research_question":"What are the associations between regular glucosamine use and all-cause and cause-specific mortality?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to evaluate the associations of regular glucosamine use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.","methods":"This population-based prospective cohort study included 495,077 participants from the UK Biobank, recruited from 2006 to 2010 and followed through 2018. Researchers calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for all-cause and cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for potential confounding variables.","results":"During a median follow-up of 8.9 years, 19,882 all-cause deaths were recorded. Regular glucosamine use was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.85), CVD mortality (HR 0.82), cancer mortality (HR 0.94), respiratory mortality (HR 0.73), and digestive mortality (HR 0.74). The inverse association with all-cause mortality appeared stronger in current smokers.","conclusion":"Regular glucosamine supplementation was associated with lower mortality from all causes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and digestive diseases.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"glu_mr","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35623867","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.029","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.03.029","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623867/","title":"Genetically predicted glucosamine and longevity: A Mendelian randomization study","journal":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis","year":2022,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Genetically predicted higher glucosamine levels are associated with increased lifespan, particularly for mothers.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with increased\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/glu_mr.html","research_question":"What is the effect of genetically predicted glucosamine on male and female lifespan?","hypothesis":"The study hypothesized that genetically predicted glucosamine would be associated with longevity.","methods":"A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted using genetic data from the MRC-IEU consortium for 461,384 individuals. Five genetic variants were identified as instrumental variables for genetically predicted glucosamine. Genetic associations of these variants with parental longevity (combined parental age at death, mother's age at death, father's age at death) were obtained. The inverse-variance weighted method was used to estimate the effect of a 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in genetically predicted glucosamine on parental longevity.","results":"A 1-SD increase in genetically predicted glucosamine was associated with higher odds of combined parental age at death (odds ratio, 2.64) and maternal age at death (odds ratio, 1.73). No association was found with paternal age at death (odds ratio, 1.32). Sensitivity analyses did not find evidence of pleiotropic effects.","conclusion":"Lifelong higher levels of glucosamine may increase life expectancy, with positive effects specifically associated with maternal age at death. The sex-specific findings require further investigation.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations beyond suggesting further investigation for the sex-specific finding.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"glu_nhanes","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33219063","doi":"10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200110","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200110","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33219063/","title":"Glucosamine/Chondroitin and Mortality in a US NHANES Cohort","journal":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","year":2020,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Regular use of glucosamine/chondroitin supplements is associated with a lower risk of death from all causes and cardiovascular disease in US adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/glu_nhanes.html","research_question":"Does regular consumption of glucosamine/chondroitin affect overall and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality in US adults?","hypothesis":"Previous studies suggest an association between glucosamine/chondroitin intake and mortality, leading to the hypothesis that regular consumption may be linked to lower mortality rates in a national US sample.","methods":"This study analyzed combined data from 16,686 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2010, linked with the 2015 Public-use Linked Mortality File. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between glucosamine/chondroitin use and all-cause and CVD mortality.","results":"During a median follow-up of 107 months, there were 3366 total deaths (20.17%), with 674 (20.02%) attributed to CVD. Participants taking glucosamine/chondroitin for a year or longer (3.94% of the sample) showed a 39% reduction in all-cause mortality (HR = 0.61) and a 65% reduction in CVD mortality (HR = 0.35) after adjusting for age. After further adjustment for age, sex, race, education, smoking status, and physical activity, the association remained significant, with a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality (HR = 0.73) and a 58% reduction in CVD mortality (HR = 0.42).","conclusion":"Regular intake of glucosamine/chondroitin is associated with lower all-cause and CVD mortality in a national US cohort. These findings are consistent with previous studies in other populations.","limitations":"The study design was observational, which means it cannot establish a causal link between glucosamine/chondroitin intake and reduced mortality. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"glynac_rct","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35975308","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35975308/","title":"Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) supplementation in older adults improves glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, physical function, and aging hallmarks: A randomized clinical trial","journal":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A","year":2022,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GlyNAC supplementation in older adults can reverse several age-related health declines, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\" | favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/glynac_rct.html","research_question":"Can GlyNAC supplementation improve glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, physical function, and aging hallmarks in older adults?","hypothesis":"GlyNAC supplementation in older adults will improve glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, physical function, and aging hallmarks, similar to observations in aged mice.","methods":"A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted with 24 older adults (OA) and 12 young adults (YA). OA were randomized to receive either GlyNAC (N=12) or an isonitrogenous alanine placebo (N=12) for 16 weeks. YA (N=12) received GlyNAC for 2 weeks. Participants were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, and 16 weeks for various markers including GSH concentrations, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, inflammation, insulin resistance, physical function, and aging hallmarks.","results":"Compared to young adults, older adults exhibited glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, multiple aging hallmarks, and impaired physical function. GlyNAC supplementation in older adults for 16 weeks improved or corrected these defects, while the placebo did not. GlyNAC was safe and well-tolerated.","conclusion":"GlyNAC supplementation in older adults is an effective nutritional supplement that improves and reverses multiple age-associated abnormalities, including glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, and impaired physical function, thereby promoting health in aging humans.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"glynac_mice","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"35268089","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35268089/","title":"GlyNAC supplementation in mice increases length of life by correcting glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormalities in mitophagy and nutrient sensing, and genomic damage","journal":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series A","year":2022,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GlyNAC supplementation extended the lifespan of mice by 24% and corrected several age-related cellular defects.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/glynac_mice.html","research_question":"Can GlyNAC supplementation increase lifespan and improve age-associated defects in mice?","hypothesis":"GlyNAC supplementation will increase longevity by correcting glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.","methods":"The study evaluated the effect of GlyNAC supplementation versus a placebo in C57BL/6J mice. Researchers measured the length of life and assessed age-associated glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal mitophagy, nutrient-sensing, and genomic damage in the heart, liver, and kidneys.","results":"Mice supplemented with GlyNAC lived 24% longer than control mice. GlyNAC supplementation also improved or corrected impaired glutathione synthesis, glutathione deficiency, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal mitophagy, nutrient-sensing, and genomic damage.","conclusion":"GlyNAC supplementation can increase lifespan and improve multiple age-associated defects in mice, providing a proof-of-concept for its potential as a nutritional supplement to enhance lifespan and healthspan.","limitations":"This study was conducted in mice, and the findings may not directly translate to humans. Further investigation is warranted.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"sperm_mort","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29955838","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29955838/","title":"Higher spermidine intake is linked to lower mortality: a prospective population-based study","journal":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher dietary intake of spermidine is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with increased\" | favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/sperm_mort.html","research_question":"Is there an association between dietary spermidine intake and mortality in humans?","hypothesis":"Spermidine administration is linked to increased survival in several animal models, suggesting a potential association between dietary spermidine content and mortality in humans.","methods":"This prospective community-based cohort study included 829 participants aged 45-84 years, with diet assessed by repeated dietitian-administered food-frequency questionnaires in 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. All-cause mortality was tracked between 1995 and 2015, during which 341 deaths occurred. The association was also independently validated in the Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Program in Subjects at High Individual Risk (SAPHIR) Study.","results":"All-cause mortality (deaths per 1000 person-years) decreased across thirds of increasing spermidine intake from 40.5 to 23.7 and 15.1. The age-, sex-, and caloric intake-adjusted 20-year cumulative mortality incidence was 0.48, 0.41, and 0.38 for the lowest, middle, and highest thirds of spermidine intake, respectively. The age-, sex-, and caloric ratio-adjusted HR for all-cause death per 1-SD higher spermidine intake was 0.74, and 0.76 after further adjustments. The difference in mortality risk between the top and bottom third of spermidine intakes was similar to that associated with a 5.7-year younger age.","conclusion":"Higher spermidine intake is linked to lower all-cause mortality in humans, providing epidemiologic support for the concept that spermidine-rich nutrition is associated with increased survival.","limitations":"The study design is observational, which means it can show correlation but not causation. While adjustments were made for various factors, unmeasured confounding cannot be entirely ruled out.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"nmn_dose","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"38430946","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38430946/","title":"Towards personalized NMN supplementation: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) concentration","journal":"Frontiers in Aging","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMN supplementation increases NAD levels and may improve physical function and quality of life, but individual responses vary greatly, suggesting personalized dosing is beneficial.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/nmn_dose.html","research_question":"What is the optimal dose of NMN supplementation to improve blood NAD concentration and related health markers in adults aged 40-65?","hypothesis":"NMN supplementation will increase blood NAD concentration in a dose-dependent manner, and this increase will be associated with improvements in health markers.","methods":"This was a post-hoc analysis of a double-blinded clinical trial with 80 healthy adults aged 40-65. Participants received a placebo or daily doses of 300 mg, 600 mg, or 900 mg NMN for 60 days. Blood NAD concentration, blood biological age, HOMA-IR, 6-minute walk test, and SF-36 survey were measured at baseline and after supplementation.","results":"NMN supplementation resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in NAD concentration, with a large coefficient of variation (29.2-113.3%) within groups. The increase in NAD was associated with improvements in the 6-minute walk test distance and the SF-36 score. The median effective dose of NAD for the 6-minute walk test was 15.7 nmol/L and for the SF-36 score was 13.5 nmol/L.","conclusion":"NMN supplementation increases NAD concentration in a dose-dependent manner, which is associated with improved walking distance and quality of life. Due to high interindividual variability, monitoring NAD concentration is important for personalized NMN dosing.","limitations":"The study noted a high interindividual variability in NAD concentration changes after NMN supplementation, indicating that a single optimal dose may not apply to everyone.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"prob_rct","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"36235651","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36235651/","title":"Potential Modulation of Inflammation by Probiotic and Omega-3 Supplementation in Elderly with Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A combined probiotic and omega-3 supplement increased anti-inflammatory markers in elderly individuals, but did not significantly reduce hs-CRP.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly reduce\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/prob_rct.html","research_question":"Can a combined probiotic and omega-3 supplement reduce low-grade inflammation in elderly individuals?","hypothesis":"The novel combination of a multi-strain probiotic and omega-3 supplements will reduce low-grade inflammation, as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), in elderly participants.","methods":"This was a proof-of-concept, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study involving 76 community-dwelling elderly participants (median age 71.0 years). Participants received either the dual supplement (n=37) or a placebo (n=39) for eight weeks. Hs-CRP, cytokine levels, and intestinal permeability were assessed at baseline and after the intervention.","results":"No significant difference was observed for hs-CRP between the dual supplement group and placebo. However, supplementation led to significant increases in the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 and increased levels of valeric acid.","conclusion":"Probiotic and omega-3 dual supplementation exerts modest effects on inflammation, as evidenced by increased IL-10 and valeric acid, and may have potential as a non-pharmacological treatment for low-grade inflammation in the elderly.","limitations":"The study did not find a significant reduction in the primary outcome measure, hs-CRP, suggesting the effects on inflammation might be modest or require different markers.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"akk_human","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31263284","doi":"10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0495-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31263284/","title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study","journal":"Nature Medicine","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics;Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics;akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"199;200","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation is safe and may improve insulin sensitivity, cholesterol, and other metabolic markers in overweight/obese insulin-resistant individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/akk_human.html","research_question":"Can daily oral supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila improve metabolic parameters in overweight/obese insulin-resistant human volunteers?","hypothesis":"Supplementation with A. muciniphila will be safe, well-tolerated, and improve metabolic parameters in overweight/obese insulin-resistant individuals, given its negative correlation with obesity-related disorders in previous studies.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. 40 overweight/obese insulin-resistant volunteers were enrolled, with 32 completing the trial. Participants received daily oral supplementation of 10^10 A. muciniphila bacteria (either live or pasteurized) or a placebo for three months. Primary endpoints included safety, tolerability, and metabolic parameters (insulin resistance, circulating lipids, visceral adiposity, body mass), while secondary outcomes were gut barrier function (plasma lipopolysaccharides) and gut microbiota composition.","results":"Daily oral supplementation of 10^10 A. muciniphila (live or pasteurized) for three months was safe and well tolerated. Compared to placebo, pasteurized A. muciniphila improved insulin sensitivity by 28.62%, reduced insulinemia by 34.08%, and decreased plasma total cholesterol by 8.68%. Pasteurized A. muciniphila also slightly decreased body weight by 2.27 kg, fat mass by 1.37 kg, and hip circumference by 2.63 cm compared to baseline. Additionally, A. muciniphila reduced blood markers for liver dysfunction and inflammation, while the overall gut microbiome structure remained unaffected.","conclusion":"This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that supplementation with A. muciniphila is safe, well-tolerated, and improves several metabolic parameters in overweight/obese insulin-resistant individuals.","limitations":"The study was a single-center pilot study with a relatively small number of participants completing the trial (32 out of 40 enrolled).","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"inulin_rct","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34579112","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579112/","title":"Prebiotic Inulin Supplementation and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in adults at Elevated Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inulin supplementation did not improve peripheral insulin sensitivity in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"elevated risk\" | no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/inulin_rct.html","research_question":"Does inulin supplementation improve glucose metabolism and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in adults at elevated risk?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to determine the efficacy of inulin supplementation to improve glucose metabolism and reduce type 2 diabetes risk.","methods":"Adults at risk for type 2 diabetes (n=24, BMI: 31.3 ± 2.9 kg/m², age: 54.4 ± 8.3 years) were enrolled in a 6-week controlled feeding trial. Participants consumed either 10 g/day of inulin or 10 g/day of maltodextrin (placebo). Assessments included peripheral insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, in vivo skeletal muscle substrate preference, copy number, intestinal permeability, and endotoxin concentrations.","results":"Participant retention was 92%. Fasting insulin concentrations showed a reduction with inulin (Δ-2.9) compared to an increase with placebo (Δ2.3), but this was attenuated after adjusting for baseline differences. HOMA-IR reduction with inulin (Δ-0.40) remained significant after adjusting for baseline values, compared to an increase with placebo (Δ0.27). Gut 16s increased with inulin supplementation (Δ3.1e) and decreased with placebo (Δ-8.9e). Despite these changes, inulin supplementation did not improve peripheral insulin sensitivity.","conclusion":"Inulin supplementation did not improve peripheral insulin sensitivity in adults at elevated risk for type 2 diabetes, despite some observed changes in fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and gut 16s. These findings suggest that larger investigations into inulin and insulin sensitivity in this population may not be warranted.","limitations":"The study was a pilot trial with a small sample size. There was a baseline difference in fasting insulin between the groups.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"beet_bp","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"41996285","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuag013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuag013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41996285/","title":"Beetroot Juice and Exercise Capacity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","journal":"Nutrition Reviews","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Beetroot juice supplementation can improve exercise capacity and lower blood pressure in individuals with COPD.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/beet_bp.html","research_question":"Does beetroot juice supplementation improve exercise capacity and cardiovascular parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?","hypothesis":"Beetroot juice supplementation will improve exercise capacity and cardiovascular parameters in COPD patients, with potential differences in effects based on study design (parallel vs. crossover trials).","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching Scopus, Lilacs, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and Science Direct databases up to December 30, 2024. Two independent reviewers extracted data on participant characteristics, supplementation protocols, exercise capacity, and cardiovascular parameters from studies on nitrate-rich beetroot juice in COPD patients. Data synthesis involved subgroup and sensitivity analyses, meta-regression, and stratified random effects meta-analyses. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB2, and evidence certainty with GRADE methodology.","results":"Twelve studies involving 357 participants were included. Beetroot juice significantly improved exercise capacity (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.31). Stratified analysis showed greater benefits in parallel RCTs (SMD, 0.52) compared to crossover trials (SMD, 0.06). BJ also reduced systolic blood pressure by 5.33 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 3.01 mmHg.","conclusion":"This meta-analysis provides strong evidence that beetroot juice improves exercise capacity and key cardiovascular parameters in COPD patients. Stratifying results by study design addressed previous methodological limitations, establishing a reliable foundation for clinical application.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the current meta-analysis, but it does suggest the need for standardized long-term studies to confirm findings and elucidate dose-response relationships.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"beet_no","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"40139306","doi":"10.1016/j.niox.2025.03.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2025.03.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40139306/","title":"Therapeutic potential of beetroot juice in peripheral artery disease (review of the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway)","journal":"Nitric Oxide","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Beetroot juice may improve several markers of cardiovascular health and exercise performance relevant to peripheral artery disease.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/beet_no.html","research_question":"What are the potential therapeutic effects of beetroot juice (BRJ) in the management of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?","hypothesis":"Beetroot juice, rich in nitrate and betaine, may offer therapeutic benefits for PAD by increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability through the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, thereby improving blood flow and other physiological functions.","methods":"This is a review article that explores the potential therapeutic effects of beetroot juice in PAD management by examining existing evidence related to its bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action, particularly the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway.","results":"The review indicates that beetroot juice can improve exercise performance, lower blood pressure, improve endothelial function, enhance skeletal muscle microvascular function, and improve central autonomic nervous system function.","conclusion":"Beetroot and its rich bioactive compounds show promise as a novel supportive therapy for improving peripheral artery disease.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state any limitations of the review itself, but rather focuses on the potential benefits of beetroot juice.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"beet_meta2","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34489239","doi":"10.1136/bmjresp-2021-000948","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2021-000948","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34489239/","title":"Impact of dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise capacity and cardiovascular parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"BMJ Open Respiratory Research","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary nitrate supplementation may lower blood pressure and improve exercise capacity during pulmonary rehabilitation, but its short-term impact on exercise capacity is inconsistent.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/beet_meta2.html","research_question":"Does dietary nitrate supplementation improve exercise capacity and cardiovascular parameters in individuals with respiratory disease?","hypothesis":"Dietary nitrate supplementation, often from beetroot juice, may enhance exercise performance and endothelial function in people with respiratory disease.","methods":"A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid), Cochrane, and Embase for clinical trials up to March 2021. Two independent authors screened and extracted data from studies evaluating dietary nitrate supplementation's efficacy on cardiovascular parameters and exercise capacity in chronic respiratory conditions. Eleven studies (two randomized controlled trials, nine crossover trials) with 282 participants were included after full-text review.","results":"Pooled analysis showed dietary nitrate supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure by -3.39 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure by -2.20 mm Hg, and mean arterial pressure by -4.40 mm Hg. It increased walk distance in the context of pulmonary rehabilitation (standardized mean difference 0.47), but no effect was found in short-term studies (standardized mean difference 0.08).","conclusion":"Dietary nitrate supplementation may beneficially affect blood pressure and enhance exercise capacity when combined with pulmonary rehabilitation. However, short-term studies do not consistently show a benefit on exercise capacity.","limitations":"The review included a relatively small number of studies (11) and participants (282). Only one large study (n=122) was conducted in the context of pulmonary rehabilitation, while others were single-dose or short-term.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"diclofenac_oa","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"34642179","doi":"10.1136/bmj.n2321","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2321","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34642179/","title":"Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: network meta-analysis","journal":"BMJ","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Diclofenac Topical Gel","linked_compounds":"Diclofenac Topical Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p203","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical diclofenac is a safer and effective first-line option for knee osteoarthritis, while some oral NSAIDs are effective but carry higher risks, and opioids generally offer more harm than benefit.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased adverse event risk\" | favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/diclofenac_oa.html","research_question":"What are the effectiveness and safety profiles of different NSAID, opioid, and paracetamol preparations and doses for knee and hip osteoarthritis pain and physical function?","hypothesis":"The study aimed to identify effective and safe drug options at their lowest possible doses for osteoarthritis.","methods":"This was a systematic review and network meta-analysis of 192 randomized trials, comprising 102,829 participants, published in English with at least 100 patients per group. The trials evaluated NSAIDs, opioids, or paracetamol for osteoarthritis. Data on pain, physical function, and safety outcomes were extracted and assessed for bias. Bayesian random effects models were used for network meta-analysis, comparing active treatments to oral placebo.","results":"Five oral preparations (diclofenac 150 mg/day, etoricoxib 60 and 90 mg/day, rofecoxib 25 and 50 mg/day) had a ≥99% probability of exceeding the minimal clinically relevant pain reduction. Topical diclofenac (70-81 and 140-160 mg/day) had a ≥92.3% probability, while all opioids had a ≤53% probability of achieving this pain reduction. Increased risk of dropouts due to adverse events was observed in 18.5% of oral NSAIDs, 0% of topical NSAIDs, and 83.3% of opioids. An increased risk of any adverse event was found in 29.8% of oral NSAIDs, 0% of topical NSAIDs, and 89.5% of opioids. Oxymorphone 80 mg/day showed the highest risk for dropouts due to adverse events (51%) and any adverse event (88%).","conclusion":"Etoricoxib 60 mg/day and diclofenac 150 mg/day appear to be the most effective oral NSAIDs for osteoarthritis pain and function, but may not be suitable for long-term use or patients with comorbidities due to increased adverse event risk. Topical diclofenac 70-81 mg/day is effective and generally safer, making it a potential first-line treatment for knee osteoarthritis. The harms of opioid treatment for osteoarthritis likely outweigh its clinical benefits.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study beyond the inherent risks associated with certain treatments for specific patient populations.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"lidocaine_lnp","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"26929664","doi":"10.2147/JPR.S99231","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S99231","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26929664/","title":"The topical 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in localized neuropathic pain: a reappraisal of the clinical evidence","journal":"J Pain Res","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch","linked_compounds":"Lidocaine Pain Relief Patch;Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"p204;lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The 5% lidocaine medicated plaster is an effective and safe first-line treatment for localized neuropathic pain, especially beneficial for vulnerable patients.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/lidocaine_lnp.html","research_question":"What is the current clinical evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of the topical 5% lidocaine medicated plaster for localized neuropathic pain (LNP)?","hypothesis":"The review aims to provide an updated overview of the clinical evidence for the 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in treating LNP.","methods":"This review synthesized clinical evidence from randomized, controlled, and open-label clinical studies, real-life daily clinical practice, and case series.","results":"The 5% lidocaine medicated plaster effectively relieves pain in postherpetic neuralgia. A large open-label controlled study indicated it is as effective as systemic pregabalin in postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic polyneuropathy, with better tolerability. Patients using the plaster synchronously experienced improved analgesia and fewer side effects. The plaster provides continued benefit for up to 7 years and is effective in other LNP conditions. Minor application-site reactions are common, with minimal risk of systemic adverse events or drug-drug interactions.","conclusion":"The 5% lidocaine medicated plaster is efficacious and safe for LNP, offering particular clinical benefit for elderly and/or medically compromised patients due to its low incidence of adverse events, although further well-controlled studies are needed.","limitations":"The review acknowledges that further well-controlled studies are warranted despite the current evidence.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"capsaicin_np","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28085183","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28085183/","title":"Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Capsaicin Pain Relief Cream","linked_compounds":"Capsaicin Pain Relief Cream;Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"p205;capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-concentration topical capsaicin offers some pain relief for certain neuropathic conditions, but the overall benefit is modest and the evidence quality is low.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/capsaicin_np.html","research_question":"What is the efficacy and tolerability of topically applied, high-concentration (8%) capsaicin in chronic neuropathic pain in adults?","hypothesis":"High-concentration (8%) capsaicin patches, applied as a single dose, will provide sustained pain relief for chronic neuropathic pain by rapidly desensitizing cutaneous nociceptors, with benefits lasting approximately 12 weeks.","methods":"This systematic review updated a previous review by searching CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, clinical trials registries, and a pharmaceutical company's website up to June 10, 2016. It included randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of at least 6 weeks' duration using high-concentration (5% or more) topical capsaicin for neuropathic pain. Two independent reviewers extracted data on efficacy (Patient Global Impression of Change, pain intensity reduction of at least 30% or 50%) and adverse events, and assessed study quality. Pooled analysis used dichotomous data to calculate risk ratio and numbers needed to treat (NNT). The quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE.","results":"Eight studies involving 2488 participants were included. For postherpetic neuralgia, about 10% more participants reported much or very much improvement with high-concentration capsaicin than 'active' placebo at 8 and 12 weeks (NNT 8.8 and 7.0 respectively; moderate quality evidence). Similarly, about 10% more participants achieved at least 30% or 50% pain intensity reduction (NNT 10-12; very low quality evidence). For painful HIV-neuropathy, one study showed 27% improved with capsaicin vs 10% with 'active' placebo at 12 weeks, and about 10% more participants had at least 30% pain reduction (NNT 11; very low quality evidence). One study on peripheral diabetic neuropathy also reported about 10% more participants improved at 8 and 12 weeks. Local adverse events were common, but serious adverse events were similar between active treatment (3.5%) and control (3.2%).","conclusion":"High-concentration topical capsaicin provided moderate or substantial pain relief for postherpetic neuralgia, HIV-neuropathy, and painful diabetic neuropathy in a greater proportion of participants compared to control. However, the quality of evidence was moderate to very low, and the additional proportion of beneficiaries was not large. For those who did benefit, improvements in sleep, fatigue, depression, and quality of life were observed.","limitations":"The quality of evidence for efficacy outcomes was downgraded due to sparse data, imprecision, possible effects of imputation methods, and susceptibility to publication bias. Efficacy outcomes were inconsistently reported across studies, leading to incomplete data for most analyses. One study was judged at high risk of bias due to small size.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pea_pain","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"28727699","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28727699/","title":"Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide for Pain: A Meta-Analysis","journal":"Pain Physician","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) shows promise for pain reduction, but more rigorous research is needed to confirm its benefits and safety.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/pea_pain.html","research_question":"Does palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) effectively reduce pain in randomized, controlled trials?","hypothesis":"The researchers hypothesized that PEA would be an effective analgesic agent for treating pain.","methods":"This meta-analysis systematically reviewed randomized, controlled trials from PubMed and Embase investigating PEA's effect on pain scores. The primary outcome was the weighted mean difference in visual analog pain scales comparing PEA to inactive controls. Ten studies with 786 PEA patients and 512 controls were identified, with eight trials included in the meta-analysis.","results":"PEA treatment resulted in a significantly greater pain reduction compared to inactive control conditions, with a weighted mean difference of 2.03. Factors such as placebo control, blinding, concomitant treatments, and PEA duration or dose did not influence its measured efficacy. All-cause dropout was non-significantly lower in the PEA group.","conclusion":"PEA may be a useful and generally well-tolerated treatment for pain in research populations. However, more well-designed, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and identify potential adverse events.","limitations":"The meta-analysis was based on a relatively small number of trials with varied pain conditions and trial designs. The overall quality of the underlying studies and the assessment of side effects were often poor.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"boswellia_oa","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"29018060","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018060/","title":"Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin;Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract;D-Glucosamine;Boswellia Serrata Extract;MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p104;p117;glucosamine;p207;p208;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin;p219","linked_monograph_count":8,"linked_product_ids":"104;117;197;207;208;217;218;219","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"While some dietary supplements may offer short-term pain relief for osteoarthritis, their long-term effectiveness is not clinically important, and the quality of evidence varies.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/boswellia_oa.html","research_question":"What is the efficacy and safety of dietary supplements for patients with osteoarthritis?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesized that some dietary supplements would demonstrate efficacy and safety in treating osteoarthritis.","methods":"This was an intervention systematic review with random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. Researchers searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Allied and Complementary Medicine, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature from inception to April 2017. They included randomized controlled trials comparing oral supplements with placebo for hand, hip, or knee osteoarthritis.","results":"Of 20 supplements in 69 studies, 7 (collagen hydrolysate, passion fruit peel extract, curcumin, pycnogenol, and L-carnitine) showed large (>0.80) and clinically important effects for short-term pain reduction. Six others (undenatured type II collagen, avocado soybean unsaponifiables, methylsulfonylmethane, diacerein, glucosamine, and chondroitin) showed statistically significant but unclear clinical importance for pain. Only green-lipped mussel extract and undenatured type II collagen had clinically important effects on pain at medium term, with no supplements showing long-term clinically important effects. Chondroitin showed statistically significant but not clinically important structural improvement (effect size -0.30). Safety outcomes were similar between supplements and placebo, except for diacerein. The overall analysis indicated moderate and clinically meaningful short-term effects on pain and function, though evidence quality was very low.","conclusion":"Some supplements showed large short-term treatment effects for osteoarthritis pain and function, while widely used supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin had small or no clinically important effects. No supplements demonstrated clinically important effects on pain and function at medium-term and long-term follow-ups. The quality of evidence varied widely.","limitations":"The quality of evidence ranged from very low to high, and the overall analysis for short-term effects was based on very low quality evidence. Some supplements with large treatment effects had a limited number of studies and participants.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"msm_oa","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"16309928","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16309928/","title":"Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2006,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;gluco_chondroitin;p219","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"208;218;219","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MSM may help reduce pain and improve physical function in people with knee osteoarthritis over a short period.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/msm_oa.html","research_question":"Does methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) reduce pain and improve physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis?","hypothesis":"The study implicitly hypothesizes that MSM will be beneficial for arthritis symptoms, specifically pain and physical function in knee osteoarthritis.","methods":"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial. Fifty men and women aged 40-76 with knee osteoarthritis pain were randomized to receive either 3g of MSM twice daily (6g/day total) or a placebo for 12 weeks. Outcomes measured included the WOMAC visual analogue scale (pain, stiffness, physical function, total symptoms), patient and physician global assessments, and SF-36 for quality of life.","results":"Compared to placebo, MSM significantly decreased WOMAC pain and physical function impairment. No significant changes were observed in WOMAC stiffness or aggregated total symptoms scores. MSM also improved the ability to perform activities of daily living as assessed by the SF-36.","conclusion":"MSM (6g/day) improved symptoms of pain and physical function during the 12-week intervention without major adverse events.","limitations":"The benefits and safety of MSM in managing osteoarthritis and its long-term use cannot be confirmed from this pilot trial.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"acupressure_clbp","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"31237610","doi":"10.1093/pm/pnz138","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz138","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31237610/","title":"Self-Administered Acupressure for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial","journal":"Pain Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Self-administered acupressure shows promise for reducing pain and fatigue in people with chronic low back pain.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/acupressure_clbp.html","research_question":"Can self-administered acupressure reduce fatigue, pain, sleep problems, and disability in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP)?","hypothesis":"Self-administered acupressure, specifically relaxing and stimulating types, will improve fatigue, pain, sleep, and reported disability in individuals with CLBP.","methods":"A randomized pilot trial (N=67) assigned participants to six weeks of either relaxing acupressure, stimulating acupressure, or usual care. Outcomes measured included fatigue (Brief Fatigue Inventory), pain (Brief Pain Inventory), sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and reported disability (Roland Morris Scale). An intent-to-treat analysis using general linear models was performed.","results":"Baseline characteristics were similar across all groups. Both acupressure groups showed positive improvement in pain compared to usual care, with pain reduced by 35-36%. Stimulating acupressure also led to improved fatigue compared to usual care. Minimal adverse events were reported, primarily due to applying too much pressure.","conclusion":"This pilot study suggests that self-administered acupressure may be effective in reducing pain and fatigue in individuals with chronic low back pain.","limitations":"This was a small pilot study, which limits the generalizability of the findings.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"lithium_longevity","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"21301855","doi":"10.1007/s00394-011-0171-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0171-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21301855/","title":"Low-dose lithium uptake promotes longevity in humans and metazoans","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2011,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;p210","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"12;210","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low levels of lithium in drinking water are associated with lower mortality in humans and extend the lifespan of roundworms.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/lithium_longevity.html","research_question":"Does low-dose lithium exposure affect mortality in metazoans and humans?","hypothesis":"Low-dose lithium exposure may affect mortality in both metazoans and mammals.","methods":"The study used weighted regression analysis on a large Japanese observational cohort to identify effects of tap water-derived lithium uptake on overall mortality. Separately, Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworms) were exposed to comparable lithium concentrations, and their mortality was quantified.","results":"In humans, an inverse correlation was found between drinking water lithium concentrations and all-cause mortality in 18 Japanese municipalities, involving 1,206,174 individuals. Exposure to a comparably low concentration of lithium chloride extended the lifespan of C. elegans.","conclusion":"Long-term low-dose exposure to lithium may have anti-aging capabilities and decreases mortality in evolutionarily distinct species.","limitations":"The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the study.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"hbot_telomere","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"33206062","doi":"10.18632/aging.202188","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202188","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33206062/","title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increases telomere length and decreases immunosenescence in isolated blood cells: a prospective trial","journal":"Aging (Albany NY)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy significantly increased telomere length and reduced senescent cell percentages in various immune cells in healthy older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly increased telomere\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/hbot_telomere.html","research_question":"Does hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) affect telomere length and senescent cell concentrations in healthy aging adults?","hypothesis":"Repeated intermittent hyperoxic exposures, such as certain HBOT protocols, may induce regenerative effects that could impact telomere length and cellular senescence.","methods":"Thirty-five healthy adults, aged 64 and older, received 60 daily HBOT exposures. Whole blood samples were collected at baseline, after 30 and 60 sessions, and 1-2 weeks post-HBOT. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed for telomere length and senescence.","results":"Telomere length in T helper, T cytotoxic, natural killer, and B cells increased significantly by over 20% after HBOT. B cell telomere length showed the most significant increase, rising by 25.68% at session 30, 29.39% at session 60, and 37.63% post-HBOT. There was a significant decrease in senescent T helper cells by -37.30% post-HBOT and senescent T-cytotoxic cells by -10.96% post-HBOT.","conclusion":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may induce significant senolytic effects in aging populations, including increasing telomere length and clearing senescent cells.","limitations":"The study involved a specific HBOT protocol and a relatively small sample size of healthy, independently living adults, which may limit generalizability.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"topical_nsaid_cochrane","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27103611","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007400.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27103611/","title":"Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In studies lasting 6 to 12 weeks, topical diclofenac and topical ketoprofen were significantly more effective than carrier for reducing pain; about 60% of participants had much reduced pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"diclofenac_ko_meta","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40065343","doi":"10.1186/s12891-025-08465-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-025-08465-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40065343/","title":"Efficacy and safety of different topical diclofenac formulations for knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis","journal":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical diclofenac formulations (gel, solution, patch) significantly improve pain and function in knee osteoarthritis compared to placebo. All formulations were well-tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"capsaicin_cochrane","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28085183","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28085183/","title":"Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-concentration topical capsaicin used to treat postherpetic neuralgia, HIV-neuropathy, and painful diabetic neuropathy generated more participants with moderate or substantial levels of pain relief than control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"capsaicin_nof1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33197270","doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keaa561","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa561","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33197270/","title":"Individual responses to topical ibuprofen gel or capsaicin cream for painful knee osteoarthritis: a series of n-of-1 trials","journal":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mean pain reduction was 1.2 on ibuprofen and 1.6 on capsaicin... 59% of people displayed a greater response to one treatment over the other.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"lidocaine_phn","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15101784","doi":"10.2165/00003495-200464090-00002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200464090-00002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15101784/","title":"Review of lidocaine patch 5% studies in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia","journal":"Drugs","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients with PHN, the lidocaine patch 5% has demonstrated relief of pain and tactile allodynia with a minimal risk of systemic adverse effects... recommended as a first-line therapy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"lidocaine_cochrane","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25058164","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD010958.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010958.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25058164/","title":"Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In all but one study, evidence indicated that lidocaine was better than placebo for some measure of pain relief. Clinical experience also supports efficacy in some patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"menthol_levomenthol","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31353997","doi":"10.1177/0300060519859146","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060519859146","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31353997/","title":"Comparison of diclofenac gel, ibuprofen gel, and ibuprofen gel with levomenthol for topical treatment of musculoskeletal pain","journal":"J Int Med Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant);Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical;salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"215;216","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both ibuprofen/levomenthol and diclofenac gels provided superior global pain relief compared with ibuprofen gel, with a shorter median time to significant pain relief. Only ibuprofen/levomenthol gel provided cooling for up to 2 hours.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"diclofenac_menthol_sprain","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28345425","doi":"10.1177/0300060517700322","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060517700322","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28345425/","title":"Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac/menthol gel for ankle sprain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial","journal":"J Int Med Res","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant);Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical;salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"215;216","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"No significant improvement was observed with topical 1% diclofenac/3% menthol gel compared with placebo, 1% diclofenac, or 3% menthol gel in treating pain from ankle sprain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"topical_nsaid_peds","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40952589","doi":"10.1007/s43678-025-00982-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-025-00982-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40952589/","title":"Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use for acute musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review","journal":"CJEM","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Findings suggest topical NSAIDs may be effective and well tolerated for managing acute musculoskeletal pain; interventions included ketoprofen gel, methyl salicylate/1-menthol patch, and diclofenac epolamine patch.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"gc_gait","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16495392","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa052771","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052771","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16495392/","title":"Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis (GAIT)","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2006,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For patients with moderate-to-severe knee pain, the glucosamine–chondroitin combination produced a significantly higher response than placebo (79.2% vs 54.3%, P=0.002).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"gc_moves","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25589511","doi":"10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206792","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206792","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25589511/","title":"Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: a non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib (MOVES)","journal":"Ann Rheum Dis","year":2015,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Chondroitin sulfate plus glucosamine matched celecoxib, cutting WOMAC pain ~50% at 6 months with a good safety profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"chondroitin_cochrane","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25629804","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25629804/","title":"Chondroitin for osteoarthritis (Cochrane systematic review of 43 trials)","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"217;218","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Chondroitin (alone or with glucosamine) was better than placebo for osteoarthritis pain in short-term trials, with a lower risk of serious adverse events.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"boswellia_5loxin","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18667054","doi":"10.1186/ar2461","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2461","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18667054/","title":"Efficacy and safety of 5-Loxin (AKBA-enriched Boswellia serrata) for osteoarthritis of the knee","journal":"Arthritis Res Ther","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both doses of 5-Loxin produced clinically and statistically significant improvements in osteoarthritis pain and function, with reduced cartilage-degrading MMP-3.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pc_fli","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42000749","doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-71508-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71508-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42000749/","title":"Aging-associated decline of phosphatidylcholine synthesis is a malleable trigger of natural mitochondrial aging","journal":"Nat Commun","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ectopic boosting of phosphatidylcholine via diet restored late-life mitochondrial integrity in nematodes and reinstated metabolic resilience in human cell cultures — identifying PC decline as a malleable driver of mitochondrial aging.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pc_mito_decline","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18097631","doi":"10.1007/s00232-007-9086-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-007-9086-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18097631/","title":"Ageing-induced alterations in lipid/phospholipid profiles of brain and liver mitochondria","journal":"J Membr Biol","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In aged rat brain mitochondria the phosphatidylcholine content decreased and respiration was significantly impaired in old animals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pc_choline_intake","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26886842","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2015.1080127","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1080127","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26886842/","title":"Assessment of Total Choline Intakes in the United States (NHANES)","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Suboptimal intakes of choline are prevalent: only about 11% of Americans aged 2+ achieved the adequate intake for choline.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_gluco_moves","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25589511","doi":"10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206792","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206792","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25589511/","title":"Combined chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine for painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial versus celecoxib","journal":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","year":2016,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the MOVES trial, glucosamine plus chondroitin had efficacy comparable to celecoxib in reducing pain, stiffness and functional limitation after 6 months in painful knee osteoarthritis, with a good safety profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pain_gluco_ma","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29980200","doi":"10.1186/s13018-018-0871-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-0871-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29980200/","title":"Effectiveness and safety of glucosamine and chondroitin for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","journal":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research","year":2018,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found glucosamine improved stiffness outcomes and chondroitin relieved pain and physical function versus placebo in osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_curc_moms","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38576215","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8153","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8153","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38576215/","title":"The efficacy of curcumin in relieving osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of meta-analyses","journal":"Phytotherapy Research","year":2024,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooling 11 meta-analyses, curcuminoid supplementation significantly reduced VAS and WOMAC pain scores and improved joint mobility and stiffness in osteoarthritis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_curc_nma","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38036015","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2023.117493","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117493","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38036015/","title":"Efficacy and safety of curcumin therapy for knee osteoarthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis","journal":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A Bayesian network meta-analysis concluded curcumin, alone or combined, has good clinical efficacy and safety for knee osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_ala_analgesic","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35026405","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106075","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106075","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35026405/","title":"Evaluation of the analgesic effect of α-lipoic acid in treating pain disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","journal":"Pharmacological Research","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs found alpha-lipoic acid reduced stabbing pain, burning, paraesthesia and numbness versus placebo in diabetic polyneuropathy by both oral and intravenous routes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced stabbing pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_ala_dpn","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"14984445","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01109.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01109.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14984445/","title":"Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis","journal":"Diabetic Medicine","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis found alpha-lipoic acid (600 mg/day) over 3 weeks safely and significantly improved neuropathic symptoms and deficits to a clinically meaningful degree in symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_alcar_dpn","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15616239","doi":"10.2337/diacare.28.1.89","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.89","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15616239/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A pooled analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials showed acetyl-L-carnitine alleviated symptoms, particularly pain, and improved nerve fiber regeneration in established diabetic neuropathy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_omega_chronic","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41267881","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2025.1654661","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1654661","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41267881/","title":"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Frontiers in Medicine","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review and meta-analysis found omega-3 supplementation produced a clinically meaningful, time-dependent reduction in chronic pain, particularly at moderate doses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in chronic pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_omega_ra","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22835600","doi":"10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.06.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.06.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22835600/","title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis","journal":"Archives of Medical Research","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis found omega-3 PUFAs above 2.7 g/day for over 3 months significantly reduced NSAID consumption in rheumatoid arthritis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_pyc_svos","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18386255","doi":"10.1002/ptr.2376","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2376","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18386255/","title":"Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-arthrosis Study)","journal":"Phytotherapy Research","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the randomized SVOS study, Pycnogenol reduced osteoarthritis symptoms and cut anti-inflammatory drug use by 58% versus 1% with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced osteoarthritis symptoms\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_pyc_review","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28836883","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2017.0015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.0015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28836883/","title":"Review on Sustained Relief of Osteoarthritis Symptoms with a Proprietary Extract from Pine Bark, Pycnogenol","journal":"Journal of Medicinal Food","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across three clinical studies, pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) relieved pain, improved stiffness and mobility, and spared NSAID use in osteoarthritis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pain_quer_cpps","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10604689","doi":"10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00358-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00358-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10604689/","title":"Quercetin in men with category III chronic prostatitis: a preliminary prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","journal":"Urology","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, the bioflavonoid quercetin was well tolerated and provided significant symptomatic improvement in most men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_omega3_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17335973","doi":"10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17335973/","title":"A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain","journal":"Pain","year":2007,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs for 3–4 months reduces patient reported joint pain intensity, minutes of morning stiffness, number of painful and/or tender joints, and NSAID consumption. The results suggest that omega-3 PUFAs are an attractive adjunctive treatment for joint pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and dysmenorrhea.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduces patient reported joint pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_omega3_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28067815","doi":"10.3390/nu9010042","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010042","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28067815/","title":"Marine Oil Supplements for Arthritis Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The standardized mean difference suggested a favorable effect on pain (−0.24; 95% CI −0.42 to −0.07). A significant effect was found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; the evidence was of moderate quality in rheumatoid arthritis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"favorable effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_ala_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37630823","doi":"10.3390/nu15163634","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163634","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37630823/","title":"Effects of Oral Alpha-Lipoic Acid Treatment on Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"ALA treatment had favorable effects on diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy by reducing sensory symptoms, and it resulted in a dose-dependent response relative to the placebo for the total symptom score and the global satisfaction score.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"favorable effects\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_alcar_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25751285","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0119479","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119479","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25751285/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","journal":"PLoS One","year":2015,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Compared with placebo, ALC significantly reduced VAS scores of peripheral neuropathic pain patients (MD 1.20; 95% CI 0.68–1.72). The current evidence suggests that ALC has a moderate effect in reducing pain measured on VAS in PNP patients with acceptable safety.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_alcar_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31201734","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD011265.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011265.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31201734/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy","journal":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ALC reduced pain more than placebo, measured on a 0- to 100-mm VAS (MD −9.16, 95% CI −16.76 to −1.57); at doses greater than 1500 mg/day, ALC reduced pain more than placebo (MD −14.93, 95% CI −19.16 to −10.70).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_neuro_review","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37654090","doi":"10.1111/papr.13291","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13291","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654090/","title":"The role of diet and non-pharmacologic supplements in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: A systematic review","journal":"Pain Practice","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Regarding diabetic peripheral neuropathy, our review supports the use of alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, and vitamin D. Dietary interventions, vitamins, and nutritional supplementation are playing an increasingly important role in the management of neuropathic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_mag_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29131326","doi":"10.1111/head.13217","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13217","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29131326/","title":"Magnesium in Migraine Prophylaxis—Is There an Evidence-Based Rationale? A Systematic Review","journal":"Headache","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review provides Grade C (possibly effective) evidence for prevention of migraine with magnesium. Prophylactic treatment of migraine by means of high levels of magnesium dicitrate (600 mg) seems to be a safe and cost efficient strategy in clinical use.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_mag_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26752497","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/","title":"Effects of Intravenous and Oral Magnesium on Reducing Migraine: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","journal":"Pain Physician","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Oral magnesium significantly alleviated the frequency and intensity of migraine (ORs = 0.20 and 0.27). Intravenous and oral magnesium should be adapted as parts of a multimodal approach to reduce migraine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_coq10_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33402403","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33402403/","title":"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine—a meta-analysis","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"CoQ10 supplementation reduced the duration of headache attacks compared with the control group, and reduced the frequency of migraine headache (MD −1.52; 95% CI −2.40 to −0.65). CoQ10 appears to have beneficial effects in reducing duration and frequency of migraine attack.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_coq10_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32825400","doi":"10.3390/nu12092525","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092525","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825400/","title":"Nutritional Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Among nonpharmacological strategies for fibromyalgia (characterized by widespread chronic pain), clinical trials with vitamin D, magnesium, iron and coenzyme Q10 supplementation show promising results.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_creatine_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23554283","doi":"10.1002/acr.22020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23554283/","title":"Creatine supplementation in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","journal":"Arthritis Care & Research","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Creatine supplementation increased intramuscular phosphorylcreatine content and improved lower- and upper-body muscle function in fibromyalgia patients. These findings introduce creatine supplementation as a useful dietary intervention to improve muscle function in fibromyalgia patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_vitd_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28812209","doi":"10.1007/s10067-017-3754-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3754-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28812209/","title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation in chronic widespread pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Clinical Rheumatology","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Pooled results demonstrated a significantly lower VAS in chronic widespread pain patients who received vitamin D treatment compared with those who received placebo (MD 0.46; 95% CI 0.09–0.89). We conclude that vitamin D supplementation is able to decrease pain scores and improve pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_vitd_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26861032","doi":"10.1007/s10067-016-3205-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3205-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26861032/","title":"Does vitamin D supplementation alleviate chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Clinical Rheumatology","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We found no effect of vitamin D supplementation (SMD 0.004; 95% CI −0.248 to 0.256) on pain in chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain patients—a balancing finding indicating benefit is most likely where baseline vitamin D status is low.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_pea_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36986081","doi":"10.3390/nu15061350","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061350","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36986081/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PEA was found to reduce pain scores relative to comparators in a pooled estimate, with a standardized mean difference of 1.68 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.31). The results suggest that PEA is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for chronic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_pea_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28727699","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28727699/","title":"Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide for Pain: A Meta-Analysis","journal":"Pain Physician","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"PEA was associated with significantly greater pain reduction compared to inactive control conditions (WMD 2.03, 95% CI 1.19–2.87, P < 0.001). PEA may be a useful treatment for pain and is generally well tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_bos_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32680575","doi":"10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32680575/","title":"Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Boswellia and its extract may relieve the pain (VAS WMD −8.33; 95% CI −11.19 to −5.46) and stiffness and improve joint function. Boswellia and its extract may be an effective and safe treatment option for patients with osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_supp_oa","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29018060","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018060/","title":"Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Boswellia serrata extract, curcumin, pycnogenol and L-carnitine demonstrated large and clinically important effects for pain reduction at short term; supplements provided moderate and clinically meaningful treatment effects on pain and function in osteoarthritis at short term.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_msm_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37447322","doi":"10.3390/nu15132995","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132995","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447322/","title":"Methylsulfonylmethane Improves Knee Quality of Life in Participants with Mild Knee Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The total Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure scores at 12 weeks differed significantly between the MSM and placebo groups (p = 0.046). MSM oral consumption improved both knee and systemic health conditions in participants who experienced mild knee pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_msm_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21708034","doi":"10.1186/1472-6882-11-50","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-50","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708034/","title":"Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled study","journal":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine","year":2011,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee taking MSM for 12 weeks showed an improvement in pain and physical function (WOMAC total score difference 15.0 mm; p = 0.03).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_gluco_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29980200","doi":"10.1186/s13018-018-0871-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-0871-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29980200/","title":"Effectiveness and safety of glucosamine and chondroitin for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","journal":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Oral chondroitin is more effective than placebo on relieving pain and improving physical function; glucosamine showed an effect on the stiffness outcome in patients with knee and/or hip osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_gluco_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30575881","doi":"10.1001/jama.2018.19319","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.19319","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30575881/","title":"Association of Pharmacological Treatments With Long-term Pain Control in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","journal":"JAMA","year":2018,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Associations with decreases in pain were found for glucosamine sulfate (SMD −0.29; 95% CrI −0.49 to −0.09); the association with pain improvement remained significant for glucosamine sulfate when trials at high risk of bias were excluded.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_chondro_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35024906","doi":"10.1007/s00402-021-04326-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-021-04326-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35024906/","title":"Efficacy and safety of the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The combination of glucosamine and chondroitin showed a statistically significant advantage in total WOMAC score versus placebo (MD −12.04). The combination is effective and superior to other treatments in knee osteoarthritis to a certain extent.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_pyc_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18570266","doi":"10.1002/ptr.2461","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2461","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18570266/","title":"Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis","journal":"Phytotherapy Research","year":2008,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Following treatment with Pycnogenol patients reported an improvement of WOMAC index (p < 0.05) and a significant alleviation of pain by visual analogue scale (p < 0.04); the placebo had no effect. Pycnogenol improves symptoms and is able to spare NSAIDs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_pyc_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18386255","doi":"10.1002/ptr.2376","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2376","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18386255/","title":"Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-arthrosis Study)","journal":"Phytotherapy Research","year":2008,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The global WOMAC score decreased by 56% (p < 0.05) in the Pycnogenol group versus 9.6% in placebo, and use of analgesic drugs decreased by 58% in the treatment group versus 1% under placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pn_saffron_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38558480","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8186","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8186","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38558480/","title":"Therapeutic effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L) on female reproductive system disorders: A systematic review","journal":"Phytotherapy Research","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Retrieved studies indicated that saffron can alleviate the symptoms of patients suffering from dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome, particularly due to phytochemical ingredients such as crocin, crocetin, and safranal.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_cherry_1","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33440334","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0145","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0145","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33440334/","title":"Tart Cherry Supplementation and Recovery From Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","journal":"International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Tart cherry supplementation had a small beneficial effect in reducing muscle soreness (ES −0.44) and a moderate beneficial effect on recovery of muscular strength (ES −0.78). Consumption of a tart cherry supplement can aid aspects of recovery from strenuous exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pn_cherry_2","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37679816","doi":"10.1186/s13075-023-03152-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-023-03152-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37679816/","title":"Efficacy and safety of tart cherry supplementary citrate mixture on gout patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study","journal":"Arthritis Research & Therapy","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Participants taking the tart cherry citrate mixture experienced fewer gout flares than those in the sodium bicarbonate group (p < 0.05) and had lower C-reactive protein at week 12, suggesting tart cherry may reduce inflammation in gout.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower c-reactive\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39137167","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39137167","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004440","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004440","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39137167/","title":"Oral resveratrol in adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial (ARTHROL).","journal":"PLoS Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 3 months, the mean reduction in knee pain was -15.7 (95% confidence interval (CI), -21.1 to -10.3) in the resveratrol group and -15.2 (95% CI, -20.5 to -9.8) in the placebo group (absolute difference -0.6 [95% CI, -8.0 to 6.9]; p = 0.88).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in knee pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41037125","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41037125","doi":"10.1007/s10787-025-01967-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-025-01967-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41037125/","title":"Resveratrol supplementation improves functional performance in knee osteoarthritis by upregulating sirtuin 1: a randomized study.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resveratrol treatment significantly reduced pain intensity and WOMAC scores, while increasing OKS scores, ROM, gait velocity, HGS, and overall SPPB performance (p < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35754354","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35754354","doi":"10.1111/1756-185X.14356","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14356","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35754354/","title":"A comprehensive insight into effects of resveratrol on molecular mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis: A literature systematic review.","journal":"Int J Rheum Dis","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, which is characterized by massive pain and destruction of synovial joints, leads to bone erosion, damage to cartilage, and disability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36578019","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36578019","doi":"10.1186/s12958-022-01051-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-022-01051-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36578019/","title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation in endometriosis: a systematic review.","journal":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quantitative synthesis of human studies showed no significant effect of vit D intake for dysmenorrhea (2 studies, 44 vit D vs 44 placebo, mean -0.71, 95% CI -1.94, 0.51) and non-cyclic pelvic pain (2 studies, 42 vit D vs 38 placebo, mean 0.34, 95% CI -0.02, 0.71).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37644533","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37644533","doi":"10.1186/s12958-023-01126-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-023-01126-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37644533/","title":"Antioxidant vitamins supplementation reduce endometriosis related pelvic pain in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings suggest that antioxidant vitamins may alleviate pain in endometriosis patients by reducing inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40375206","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40375206","doi":"10.1186/s10194-025-02054-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-025-02054-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40375206/","title":"Astrocytic spermidine insufficiency contributes to enhanced pain sensitivity associated with ApoE4.","journal":"J Headache Pain","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mechanistically, spermidine suppressed Nos2 expression by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in astrocytes, thereby alleviating neuropathic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviating\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38367900","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38367900","doi":"10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167083","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167083","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38367900/","title":"Spermidine ameliorates osteoarthritis via altering macrophage polarization.","journal":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, the specific protective mechanism of SPD in osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29980200","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29980200","doi":"10.1186/s13018-018-0871-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-0871-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29980200/","title":"Effectiveness and safety of glucosamine and chondroitin for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"J Orthop Surg Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Given the effectiveness of these symptomatic slow-acting drugs, oral chondroitin is more effective than placebo on relieving pain and improving physical function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm35024906","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35024906","doi":"10.1007/s00402-021-04326-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-021-04326-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35024906/","title":"Efficacy and safety of the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","year":2023,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our study confirmed that the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin is effective and superior to other treatments in knee osteoarthritis to a certain extent.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16495392","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16495392","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa052771","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa052771","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16495392/","title":"Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2006,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exploratory analyses suggest that the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate may be effective in the subgroup of patients with moderate-to-severe knee pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm25629804","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25629804","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25629804/","title":"Chondroitin for osteoarthritis.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"217;218","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The benefit was small to moderate with an 8 point greater improvement in pain (range 0 to 100) and a 2 point greater improvement in Lequesne's index (range 0 to 24), both seeming clinically meaningful.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm37541528","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37541528","doi":"10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2023.07.018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37541528/","title":"Efficacy of Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Gastroenterology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For abdominal pain, there was low certainty in the evidence for a benefit of Saccharomyces cerevisae I-3856 and Bifidobacterium strains, and very low certainty for combination probiotics, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, and Bacillus strains.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35433498","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35433498","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2022.859967","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.859967","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35433498/","title":"Efficacy of Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"B.coagulans exhibited the highest probability to be the optimal probiotic specie in improving IBS symptom relief rate, as well as global symptom, abdominal pain, bloating, and straining scores.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30294792","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30294792","doi":"10.1111/apt.15001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30294792/","title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome.","journal":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Particular combinations of probiotics, or specific species and strains, appeared to have beneficial effects on global IBS symptoms and abdominal pain, but it was not possible to draw definitive conclusions about their efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28719765","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28719765","doi":"10.1139/apnm-2017-0238","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0238","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28719765/","title":"Beetroot juice is more beneficial than sodium nitrate for attenuating muscle pain after strenuous eccentric-bias exercise.","journal":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These data suggest that BTJ supplementation is more effective than SN for attenuating muscle pain associated with EIMD, and that any analgesic effects are likely due to phytonutrients in BTJ other than nitrate, or interactions between them.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40323707","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40323707","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2502656","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2502656","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40323707/","title":"The effect of acute beetroot juice consumption prior to climbing on lower-body isokinetic and isometric strength, aerobic power, and muscle soreness among mountain climbers.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results revealed a statistically significant decrease in DOMS in the gastrocnemius muscles 24 hours post-descending in the BRJ group compared to the control group (p = 0.003, pEta2 = 0.204).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34151694","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34151694","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2021.1939472","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1939472","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34151694/","title":"The Effect of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Trials.","journal":"J Diet Suppl","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pressure pain threshold was greater with beetroot juice 48 (SMD: 0.58, p = 0.03) and 72 h post-exercise (SMD: 0.61, p = 0.02).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38588462","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38588462","doi":"10.1093/jpp/rgae034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgae034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38588462/","title":"Use of kersetin and fisetin flavonoids in combination with pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain.","journal":"J Pharm Pharmacol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules;Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101;p105","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"101;105","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on these findings; it is possible to say that quercetin and fisetin are potential agents that can be used alone or in combination with other effective treatments to alleviate neuropathic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37240346","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37240346","doi":"10.3390/ijms24109000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37240346/","title":"Analgesic Effects of Fisetin, Peimine, Astaxanthin, Artemisinin, Bardoxolone Methyl and 740 Y-P and Their Influence on Opioid Analgesia in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain.","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of our research clearly indicate that substances that inhibit all three MAPKs provide pain relief and improve opioid effectiveness, especially if they additionally block NF-κB, such as peimine, inhibit NF-κB and activate PI3K, such as fisetin, or activate Nrf2, such as astaxanthin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35778837","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35778837","doi":"10.1111/acel.13662","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13662","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35778837/","title":"Urolithin A improves mitochondrial health, reduces cartilage degeneration, and alleviates pain in osteoarthritis.","journal":"Aging Cell","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Furthermore, Urolithin A reduced disease progression in a mouse model of OA, decreasing cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation, and pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37464536","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37464536","doi":"10.1177/17448069231190815","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17448069231190815","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37464536/","title":"Urolithin A alleviates neuropathic pain and activates mitophagy.","journal":"Mol Pain","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We showed that the autophagy flow was blocked in the spinal dorsal horn of the chronic constriction injury (CCI) mice when the most obvious pain behavior occurs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35935936","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35935936","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2022.891822","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.891822","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35935936/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Front Immunol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract may improve symptoms and inflammation levels in people with arthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37325651","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37325651","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121655","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121655","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37325651/","title":"Effect of curcumin on rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Front Immunol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inflammation levels and clinical symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis can be improved by curcumin supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38576215","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38576215","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8153","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8153","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38576215/","title":"The efficacy of curcumin in relieving osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of meta-analyses.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results strongly support curcuminoid supplementation in relieving pain, improving joint mobility and stiffness, and shortening medication usage of OA patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm40687903","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40687903","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S526188","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S526188","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40687903/","title":"The Adjunctive Effect of Quercetin on Postoperative Pain Management Following Cesarean Section: A Randomized Controlled Study.","journal":"Drug Des Devel Ther","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings suggest Quercetin may serve as a safe, effective adjunct in multimodal pain management protocols for cesarean delivery.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37442369","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37442369","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2023.101989","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.101989","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37442369/","title":"Therapeutic potential of senolytic agent quercetin in osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on six studies using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system, revealing that quercetin significantly improved OA cartilage OARSI scores (SMD, -6.30 [95% CI, -9.59 to -3.01]; P = 0.0002; heterogeneity: I2 = 86%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37686801","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37686801","doi":"10.3390/nu15173769","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173769","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37686801/","title":"A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Krill Oil, Astaxanthin, and Oral Hyaluronic Acid Complex on Joint Health in People with Mild Osteoarthritis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings suggest that FP-MD is well tolerated and can be effectively used to address joint pain in patients diagnosed with mild osteoarthritis, the main symptom of this condition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40569081","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40569081","doi":"10.1039/d5fo00949a","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5fo00949a","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40569081/","title":"Astaxanthin supplement improves clinical outcomes, quality of life, and inflammatory factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized clinical trial.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, no significant differences in the pain intensity and CRP levels were found after controlling for confounding factors (P > 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant differences\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39955806","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39955806","doi":"10.1016/j.explore.2025.103136","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2025.103136","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39955806/","title":"Impact of olive leaf extract on pain management and functional improvement in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Explore (NY)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The intervention groups showed significantly more significant reductions in mean pain scores than the control group (p < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23746949","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23746949","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.021","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.021","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23746949/","title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of hydroxytyrosol of Olea europaea on pain in gonarthrosis.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The group administered hydroxytyrosol showed significant improvement in the Japanese Orthopedic Association score (pain measurement index) and the visual analog scale score compared to the placebo group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27577177","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27577177","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2016.151","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.151","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27577177/","title":"Pomegranate extract alleviates disease activity and some blood biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients.","journal":"Eur J Clin Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with the placebo group, POMx supplement significantly reduced the score of DAS28 (P<0.001) which could be related to the decrease in swollen (P<0.001) and tender joints (P=0.001) count, pain intensity (P=0.003) and ESR levels (P= 0.03).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26804926","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26804926","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.7647","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7647","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26804926/","title":"The effect of pomegranate juice on clinical signs, matrix metalloproteinases and antioxidant status in patients with knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"J Sci Food Agric","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Significant decreases in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) total score (P = 0.01), stiffness score (P = 0.00) and physical function score (P = 0.01) were observed in PJ group after the intervention.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24200293","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24200293","doi":"10.2174/1389450114666131108155039","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450114666131108155039","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24200293/","title":"Pomegranate use to attenuate bone loss in major musculoskeletal diseases: an evidence-based review.","journal":"Curr Drug Targets","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This evidence-based review highlighted the potential of pomegranate extract being used for treating bone loss in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35946912","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35946912","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2022.2107138","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2022.2107138","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35946912/","title":"The Effect of Hesperidin and Diosmin Individually or in Combination on Metabolic Profile and Neuropathy among Diabetic Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Diet Suppl","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral supplementation of hesperidin and diosmin was associated with improvement in metabolic syndrome and diabetic neuropathy and the combination of both was superior in efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37119360","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37119360","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05207-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05207-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37119360/","title":"Evaluation of a preemptive intervention regimen with hesperidin methyl chalcone in delayed-onset muscle soreness in young adults: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial study.","journal":"Eur J Appl Physiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Preemptive HMC supplementation may be beneficial for boosting physical performance and for the amelioration of clinical parameters related to DOMS, including pain on muscle palpation, increased blood CPK levels, and muscle strength and proprioceptive deficits, without causing adverse effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41161507","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41161507","doi":"10.1016/j.arth.2025.10.058","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2025.10.058","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41161507/","title":"Is a Combination of Diosmin and Hesperidin Effective on Swelling, Pain, and Range of Motion After Total Knee Arthroplasty?","journal":"J Arthroplasty","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Using a diosmin and hesperidin combination in the postoperative period after TKA surgery reduces extremity swelling and pain during rest and movement, increases the degree of knee flexion, and does not cause an increase in complications.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduces extremity swelling and pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36937566","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36937566","doi":"10.3389/fpain.2023.1114428","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2023.1114428","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36937566/","title":"Luteolin: A promising natural agent in management of pain in chronic conditions.","journal":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The data reviewed strongly support luteolin's promising benefits in pain management and raise the need for further clinical trials that can establish its role in clinical practice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29018060","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29018060","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018060/","title":"Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract;MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p117;p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"117;208;219","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"No supplements were identified with clinically important effects on pain reduction at long term.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm23727631","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23727631","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23727631/","title":"Randomized double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"To assess the efficacy of tart cherry juice in treating pain and other features of knee osteoarthritis (OA).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30058460","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30058460","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2018.1502360","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1502360","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30058460/","title":"Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) supplementation accelerates recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in females.","journal":"Eur J Sport Sci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was also a trend for lower DOMS (p = 0.070) and for higher PPT at the rectus femoris (p = 0.071) in the MC group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35822682","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35822682","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v21i3.9805","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v21i3.9805","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35822682/","title":"Significant Effect of Crocin on the Gene Expression of MicroRNA-21 and MicroRNA-155 in Patients with Osteoarthritis.","journal":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The current treatment aims to alleviate pain and inflammation and improve the quality of life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32615659","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32615659","doi":"10.18502/ijaai.v19i3.3453","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v19i3.3453","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32615659/","title":"Immunoregulatory Effects of Krocina™, a Herbal Medicine Made of Crocin, on Osteoarthritis Patients: A Successful Clinical Trial in Iran.","journal":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Osteoarthritis (OA) is the major cause of joint pain and disability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33402403","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33402403","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039358","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33402403/","title":"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation for prophylaxis in adult patients with migraine-a meta-analysis.","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CoQ10 appears to have beneficial effects in reducing duration and frequency of migraine attack.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30428123","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30428123","doi":"10.1111/ane.13051","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13051","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428123/","title":"Efficacy of CoQ10 as supplementation for migraine: A meta-analysis.","journal":"Acta Neurol Scand","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, CoQ10 was more effective than placebo in reducing migraine days/month (P < 0.00001) and migraine duration (P = 0.009).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15728298","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15728298","doi":"10.1212/01.WNL.0000151975.03598.ED","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000151975.03598.ED","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15728298/","title":"Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Neurology","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CoQ10 was superior to placebo for attack-frequency, headache-days and days-with-nausea in the third treatment month and well tolerated; 50%-responder-rate for attack frequency was 14.4% for placebo and 47.6% for CoQ10 (number-needed-to-treat: 3).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"superior to placebo\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31201734","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31201734","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD011265.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011265.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31201734/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ALC reduced pain more than placebo, measured on a 0- to 100-mm VAS (MD -9.16, 95% CI -16.76 to -1.57; three studies; 540 participants; P = 0.02; I² = 56%; random-effects; very low-certainty evidence; a higher score indicating more pain).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25751285","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25751285","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0119479","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119479","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25751285/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The current evidence suggests that ALC has a moderate effect in reducing pain measured on VAS in PNP patients with acceptable safety.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37378482","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37378482","doi":"10.55563/clinexprheumatol/pmdzcq","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/pmdzcq","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37378482/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide and acetyl-L-carnitine act synergistically with duloxetine and pregabalin in fibromyalgia: results of a randomised controlled study.","journal":"Clin Exp Rheumatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterised by a form of debilitating pain that is unresponsive to standard analgesics.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29131326","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29131326","doi":"10.1111/head.13217","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13217","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29131326/","title":"Magnesium in Migraine Prophylaxis-Is There an Evidence-Based Rationale? A Systematic Review.","journal":"Headache","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate;Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127;p136","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"127;136","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review provides Grade C (possibly effective) evidence for prevention of migraine with magnesium.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26752497","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26752497","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/","title":"Effects of Intravenous and Oral Magnesium on Reducing Migraine: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Pain Physician","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate;Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127;p136","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"127;136","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intravenous magnesium reduces acute migraine attacks within 15 - 45 minutes, 120 minutes, and 24 hours after the initial infusion and oral magnesium alleviates the frequency and intensity of migraine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviates\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38110000","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38110000","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100163","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100163","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38110000/","title":"High Dosage Omega-3 Fatty Acids Outperform Existing Pharmacological Options for Migraine Prophylaxis: A Network Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Current pharmacologic prophylactic strategies for migraine have limited efficacy and acceptability, with relatively low response rates of 40% to 50% and limited safety profiles.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37226250","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37226250","doi":"10.1186/s13018-023-03855-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03855-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37226250/","title":"Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation for patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis.","journal":"J Orthop Surg Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation of n-3 PUFAs is effective to relieve pain and improve joint function in patients with OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34959772","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34959772","doi":"10.3390/nu13124221","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124221","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34959772/","title":"Effect of Anti-Inflammatory Diets on Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The main conclusion is that anti-inflammatory diets resulted in significantly lower pain than ordinary diets (-9.22 mm; 95% CI -14.15 to -4.29; p = 0.0002; 7 RCTs, 326 participants).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lower pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38205823","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38205823","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD012967.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012967.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38205823/","title":"Alpha-lipoic acid for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ALA compared with placebo may have little or no effect on impairment measured by the Neuropathy Impairment Score-Lower Limbs (NIS-LL; lower score is better) after six months (MD -1.02 points, 95% CI -2.93 to 0.89; 1 study, 245 participants; low-certainty evidence).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32370731","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32370731","doi":"10.2174/1871530320666200506081407","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200506081407","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32370731/","title":"Oral Alpha Lipoic Acid Treatment for Symptomatic Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) was used in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) using different routes, doses and treatment durations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm37678556","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37678556","doi":"10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003038","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003038","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37678556/","title":"Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of a combination of alpha-lipoic acid and pregabalin for neuropathic pain: the PAIN-CARE trial.","journal":"Pain","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This trial demonstrates superiority of pregabalin vs ALA but provides no evidence to suggest added benefit of combining ALA with pregabalin to treat neuropathic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39683510","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39683510","doi":"10.3390/nu16234116","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234116","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39683510/","title":"Efficacy of Zinc Supplementation in the Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-regression indicated that longer treatment durations (≥8 weeks) were associated with greater pain reduction (p = 0.003).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with greater\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41872524","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41872524","doi":"10.1007/s00520-026-10572-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-026-10572-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41872524/","title":"Time-dependent efficacy of zinc supplements in preventing oral mucositis after chemoradiotherapy: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Support Care Cancer","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Additionally, zinc supplementation offers certain benefits in alleviating oral pain and xerostomia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38389158","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38389158","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.202300614","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202300614","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38389158/","title":"Effect of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients with OA, l-carnitine effectively decreases clinical signs and symptoms, inflammatory markers, pain, and stiffness indicators, and significantly improves WOMAC and VAS scores.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36986081","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36986081","doi":"10.3390/nu15061350","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061350","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36986081/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PEA was found to reduce pain scores relative to comparators in a pooled estimate, with a standard mean difference of 1.68 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.31, p = 0.00001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38892586","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38892586","doi":"10.3390/nu16111653","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111653","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38892586/","title":"Extended Treatment with Micron-Size Oral Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These two obtained scores corresponded to a 35.1% pain intensity reduction within the first month, followed by a further 35.4% during the second month.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39798151","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39798151","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae203","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae203","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39798151/","title":"Meta-Analysis of Palmitoylethanolamide in Pain Management: Addressing Literature Gaps and Enhancing Understanding.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis confirmed that PEA effectively reduces pain and enhances quality of life, with significant benefits observed within 4-6 weeks of treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32680575","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32680575","doi":"10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32680575/","title":"Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"BMC Complement Med Ther","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with the control group, Boswellia and its extract may relieve the pain [VAS: (WMD -8.33; 95% CI -11.19, - 5.46; P<0.00001); WOMAC pain: (WMD -14.22; 95% CI -22.34, - 6.09; P = 0.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39314013","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39314013","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8336","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8336","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39314013/","title":"Efficacy of Extracts of Oleogum Resin of Boswellia in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Knee osteoarthritis (OA) has recently been ranked as the 11th highest contributor to global disability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30838706","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30838706","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6338","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6338","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30838706/","title":"A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel Boswellia serrata extract in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings provide evidence that biologically active constituents of BSE, namely, AKBBA and BBA, act synergistically to exert anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic activity showing improvement in physical and functional ability and reducing the pain and stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37447322","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37447322","doi":"10.3390/nu15132995","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132995","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447322/","title":"Methylsulfonylmethane Improves Knee Quality of Life in Participants with Mild Knee Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study indicated that MSM oral consumption improved both knee and systemic health conditions in healthy participants who experienced mild pain in the knee joint.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"dong2026aging","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42225652","doi":"10.1038/s41392-026-02662-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-026-02662-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42225652/","title":"Insights into the therapeutic strategies for aging and aging-associated diseases","journal":"Signal Transduct Target Ther","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Comprehensive review of aging therapeutic strategies including senolytics (fisetin, quercetin, dasatinib), senomorphics (rapamycin), senoreversion, epigenetic reprogramming, caloric restriction mimetics (spermidine, NMN, resveratrol), and precision longevity medicine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"reyesfernandez2022gabapentin","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36149592","doi":"10.1007/s11914-022-00750-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00750-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36149592/","title":"Effects of Gabapentin and Pregabalin on Calcium Homeostasis: Implications for Physical Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Tissues","journal":"Curr Osteoporos Rep","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Gabapentinoids block α2δ1 calcium channel subunits critical for bone formation, muscle maintenance, and cartilage repair; long-term use may impair musculoskeletal health.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"aging_therapeutics_2026","record_type":"catalog_citation_with_writeup","pmid":"42225652","doi":"10.1038/s41392-026-02662-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-026-02662-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42225652/","title":"Insights into the therapeutic strategies for aging and aging-associated diseases","journal":"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"A 2026 map of the longevity-therapeutics field: senolytics, senomorphics, senoreversion and caloric-restriction mimetics are the leading strategies, with AI accelerating discovery — but human proof remains the gating step.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviating\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/aging_therapeutics_2026.html","research_question":"Which therapeutic strategies can slow biological aging and reduce the burden of age-related diseases — and how close are they to the clinic?","hypothesis":"Interventions that target the core hallmarks of aging — cellular senescence, metabolic dysfunction, epigenetic alterations and mitochondrial impairment — can delay aging and lower disease risk, moving medicine toward 'precision longevity.'","methods":"A comprehensive review systematically summarizing current breakthroughs, clinical landscapes and future directions across the major classes of aging therapeutics, alongside the emerging role of artificial intelligence in discovery.","results":"The authors group emerging interventions into three senescence-focused strategies — senolytics that eliminate senescent cells (e.g., dasatinib + quercetin), senomorphics that suppress the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (e.g., rapamycin), and senoreversion that rejuvenates cells via epigenetic reprogramming — plus metabolic approaches such as caloric-restriction mimetics (spermidine, α-ketoglutarate, ergothioneine) that enhance mitochondrial function, activate autophagy and extend lifespan and healthspan in preclinical models. AI is highlighted for integrating multiomics data, predicting candidate compounds, identifying biomarkers and personalizing interventions.","conclusion":"Targeting aging hallmarks holds real promise for delaying aging and alleviating age-related pathology, and the convergence of AI, multitarget strategies and precision medicine signals a transformative era for extending healthspan.","limitations":"This is a review of largely preclinical evidence. Key challenges remain in target specificity, off-target effects and clinical translation — most interventions are not yet proven to extend healthy lifespan in humans.","source_file":"data.js + study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33888596","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33888596","doi":"10.1126/science.abe9985","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe9985","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/","title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women.","journal":"Science","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, assessed by using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and skeletal muscle insulin signaling [phosphorylation of protein kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)] increased after NMN supplementation but did not change after placebo treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not change\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35927255","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35927255","doi":"10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-022-00084-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35927255/","title":"Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men.","journal":"npj Aging","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There were nominally significant improvements in gait speed and performance in the left grip test, which should be validated in larger studies; however, NMN exerted no significant effect on body composition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34238308","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34238308","doi":"10.1186/s12970-021-00442-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00442-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34238308/","title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMN increases the aerobic capacity of humans during exercise training","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increases the aerobic capacity\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38789831","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38789831","doi":"10.1007/s11357-024-01204-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-024-01204-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789831/","title":"Ingestion of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults in a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Geroscience","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At secondary outcomes, after 12 weeks of NMN intake, the NMN group had a significantly shorter 4-m walking time than the placebo group as well as significantly higher blood levels of NAD + and its metabolites.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35215405","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35215405","doi":"10.3390/nu14040755","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040755","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35215405/","title":"Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, NMN intake in the afternoon effectively improved lower limb function and reduced drowsiness in older adults. These findings suggest the potential of NMN in preventing loss of physical performance and improving fatigue in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36740954","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36740954","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgad027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36740954/","title":"Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Augmentation in Overweight or Obese Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Physiologic Study.","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MIB-626 administration in overweight or obese, middle-aged and older adults safely increased circulating NAD levels, and significantly reduced total LDL and non-HDL cholesterol, body weight, and diastolic blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced total ldl\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36443648","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36443648","doi":"10.1111/ggi.14513","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14513","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36443648/","title":"Effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide on older patients with diabetes and impaired physical performance: A prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.","journal":"Geriatr Gerontol Int","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In older male patients with diabetes and impaired physical performance, NMN supplementation for 24 weeks was safe, but did not improve grip strength and walking speed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\" | no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36002548","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36002548","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-18272-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18272-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36002548/","title":"Safety evaluation of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide oral administration in healthy adult men and women.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our results indicate that β-NMN is safe and well-tolerated in healthy adult men and women an oral dose of 1250 mg once daily for up to 4 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42056497","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42056497","doi":"10.1038/s41591-026-04366-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04366-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42056497/","title":"Low-dose oral nicotinamide mononucleotide for immune thrombocytopenia: a phase 1/2 trial.","journal":"Nat Med","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among 25 enrolled patients, no dose-limiting toxicities or treatment-related serious adverse events occurred; NMN was well tolerated, with only mild treatment-related adverse events in 12% and non-severe infections (grade 1) in 8% of patients","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39531138","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39531138","doi":"10.1007/s11892-024-01557-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-024-01557-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39531138/","title":"Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.","journal":"Curr Diab Rep","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on the small number of RCTs involving mainly relatively healthy adults, short-term supplementation of NMN of 250-2000 mg/d did not show significantly positive impacts on glucose control and lipid profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39116016","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39116016","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2024.2387324","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2024.2387324","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39116016/","title":"Efficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism for adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Together, our findings suggest that an exaggeration of the benefits of NMN supplementation may exist in the field.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41901064","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41901064","doi":"10.3390/nu18060890","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18060890","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41901064/","title":"Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with the placebo, NMN supplementation was associated with a statistically significant but modest reduction in resting DBP (WMD, -2.15 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.68 to -0.61). In contrast, the reduction in resting SBP was not statistically significant.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40275690","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40275690","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.13799","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13799","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40275690/","title":"The Effect of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Riboside on Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Current evidence does not support NMN and NR supplementation for preserving muscle mass and function in adults with mean age of over 60 years.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not support\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39185644","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39185644","doi":"10.2174/0113892010306242240808094303","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010306242240808094303","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39185644/","title":"Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation on Muscle and Liver Functions Among the Middle-aged and Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMN has positive efficacy in enhancing muscle function, reducing insulin resistance and lowering aminotransferase levels in middle-aged and elderly individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27304511","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27304511","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/","title":"CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism.","journal":"Cell Metab","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN);Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn;p114","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17;114","linked_product_count":7,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Here we demonstrate that expression and activity of the NADase CD38 increase with aging and that CD38 is required for the age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction via a pathway mediated at least in part by regulation of SIRT3 activity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32755581","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32755581","doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107987","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107987","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32755581/","title":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation Reverses the Declining Quality of Maternally Aged Oocytes.","journal":"Cell Rep","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"in vivo supplementation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) efficaciously improves the quality of oocytes from naturally aged mice by recovering nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35499054","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35499054","doi":"10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35499054/","title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) as an anti-aging health product - Promises and safety concerns.","journal":"J Adv Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"As there is a large influx of NMN based anti-aging products on the market, proper clinical investigations are urgently needed to find out the effectiveness and safety of NMN supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37068054","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37068054","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glad106","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glad106","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37068054/","title":"Dietary Supplementation With NAD+-Boosting Compounds in Humans: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with these compounds is safe, tolerable, and can increase the abundance of NAD+ and related metabolites in multiple tissues. Dosing regimens and study durations vary greatly across interventions, and small sample sizes limit data interpretation of physiological outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35303905","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35303905","doi":"10.1186/s12986-022-00653-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00653-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35303905/","title":"Effects of NAD+ precursor supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in humans: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutr Metab (Lond)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"supplementation with NAD+ precursors improved TG, TC, LDL, and HDL levels in humans, but resulted in hyperglycemia, compared with placebo or no treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31685720","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31685720","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ19-0313","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ19-0313","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685720/","title":"Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men.","journal":"Endocr J","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The single oral administration of NMN was safe and effectively metabolized in healthy men without causing any significant deleterious effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41162813","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41162813","doi":"10.1007/s11357-025-01968-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-025-01968-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41162813/","title":"Association between blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and blood laboratory parameters at baseline and after nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation in middle-aged healthy individuals: post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Geroscience","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMN-induced increases in blood NAD are associated with an increase in RBC parameters, potentially indicating enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32244933","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32244933","doi":"10.3390/nu12030828","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030828","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32244933/","title":"Sustained Cerebrovascular and Cognitive Benefits of Resveratrol in Postmenopausal Women.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This long-term study confirms that regular consumption of resveratrol can enhance cognitive and cerebrovascular functions in postmenopausal women, with the potential to slow cognitive decline due to ageing and menopause.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29596658","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29596658","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuy010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29596658/","title":"Effect of resveratrol supplementation on cognitive performance and mood in adults: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of this review indicate that resveratrol supplementation might improve select measures of cognitive performance; however, the current literature is inconsistent and limited.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26344014","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26344014","doi":"10.1017/S0007114515003037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515003037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344014/","title":"The effects of chronic trans-resveratrol supplementation on aspects of cognitive function, mood, sleep, health and cerebral blood flow in healthy, young humans.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results confirm the acute CBF effects of resveratrol and the lack of interpretable cognitive effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23743811","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23743811","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0b013e328362b9d6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328362b9d6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23743811/","title":"Chronic resveratrol consumption improves brachial flow-mediated dilatation in healthy obese adults.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Chronic resveratrol supplementation for 6 weeks was well tolerated and resulted in a 23% increase in FMD compared with placebo (P=0.021, paired t-test).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35833325","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35833325","doi":"10.1002/ptr.7562","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7562","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35833325/","title":"Resveratrol supplementation efficiently improves endothelial health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol;Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol;polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"6;19","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis results showed that resveratrol significantly change the concentrations of FMD (WMD: 1.43%; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.88, p < .001) and ICAM-1 (WMD: -7.09 ng/ml, 95% CI: -7.45 to -6.73, p < .001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24731650","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24731650","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24731650/","title":"Effect of resveratrol on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Clin Nutr","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Subgroup analyses indicated that higher-dose of resveratrol consumption (≥ 150 mg/d) significantly reduces SBP of -11.90 mmHg (95% CI: -20.99, -2.81 mmHg, P = 0.01), whereas lower dose of resveratrol did not show a significant lowering effect on SBP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29359958","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29359958","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2017.1422480","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1422480","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29359958/","title":"Effect of resveratrol on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled, clinical trials.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The favourable effect of resveratrol emerging from the current meta-analysis suggests the possible use of this nutraceutical as active compound in order to promote cardiovascular health, mostly when used in high daily dose (≥300 mg/day) and in diabetic patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33266114","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33266114","doi":"10.3390/molecules25235645","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235645","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266114/","title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Resveratrol Supplementation on Markers of Renal Function and Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetic Patients on Hypoglycemic Therapy.","journal":"Molecules","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In all, resveratrol supplementation in hypoglycemic therapy improves glucose control and lowers blood pressure; however, additional evidence is necessary to confirm its effect on renal function in patients with T2D.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25885871","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25885871","doi":"10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25885871/","title":"Lack of efficacy of resveratrol on C-reactive protein and selected cardiovascular risk factors--Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Int J Cardiol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis of available RCTs does not suggest any benefit of resveratrol supplementation on CV risk factors. Larger, well-designed trials are necessary to confirm these results.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29018489","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29018489","doi":"10.1186/s12986-017-0217-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-017-0217-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29018489/","title":"Effects of resveratrol on glucose control and insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutr Metab (Lond)","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis showed that resveratrol significantly improved the fasting plasma glucose ( -0.29 mmol/l, 95% CI: -0.51, -0.06,< 0.01) and insulin levels (-0.64 U/mL, 95% CI: -0.95, -0.32,< 0.0001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35240291","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35240291","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102819","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102819","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35240291/","title":"Role of resveratrol supplementation in regulation of glucose hemostasis, inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resveratrol supplementation contributes in improvement of glycemic control by reducing insulin resistance. It has significant beneficial impact on chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and associated microRNA expression in diabetic patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30017172","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30017172","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.05.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.05.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30017172/","title":"Effect of Resveratrol Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Clin Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Available evidence from RCTs suggests that resveratrol supplementation significantly reduced TNF-α and hs-CRP levels. Significant improvement in inflammatory markers support resveratrol as an adjunct to pharmacologic management of metabolic diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28933578","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28933578","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2017.1349076","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1349076","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28933578/","title":"Effects of resveratrol supplementation on risk factors of non-communicable diseases: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present study provides substantial evidence that resveratrol supplementation has favorable effects on several risk factors of NCDs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"favorable effects\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30515938","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30515938","doi":"10.1111/obr.12775","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12775","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30515938/","title":"Resveratrol supplementation significantly influences obesity measures: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Obes Rev","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taken together, the data suggest that resveratrol supplementation has beneficial effects to reduce BW, BMI and WC, but not FM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36642444","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36642444","doi":"10.1002/ptr.7719","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7719","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36642444/","title":"The effect of resveratrol supplementation on biomarkers of liver health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found resveratrol did not have a significant effect on liver health in the general population. However, resveratrol could be effective in patients with liver disorders. Our findings also suggest that high-dose resveratrol administration and supplementation in older adults should be performed with caution.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34420523","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34420523","doi":"10.1186/s12906-021-03381-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03381-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34420523/","title":"Effects of resveratrol supplementation on bone quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"BMC Complement Med Ther","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resveratrol supplementation did not show any significant effect on BMD or serum bone markers with the current evidence. Further investigation with more well-organized multicentre randomized trial is warranted.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29210129","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29210129","doi":"10.1002/biof.1400","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1400","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29210129/","title":"Effect of resveratrol and pterostilbene on aging and longevity.","journal":"Biofactors","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resveratrol and pterostilbene, the polyphenol found in grape and blueberries, have beneficial effects as anti-aging compounds through modulating the hallmarks of aging, including oxidative damage, inflammation, telomere attrition and cell senescence.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21884931","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21884931","doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.030","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.030","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21884931/","title":"Autophagy and aging.","journal":"Cell","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pharmacological or genetic manipulations that increase life span in model organisms often stimulate autophagy, and its inhibition compromises the longevity-promoting effects of caloric restriction, Sirtuin 1 activation, inhibition of insulin/insulin growth factor signaling, or the administration of rapamycin, resveratrol, or spermidine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30388439","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30388439","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30388439/","title":"The effect of spermidine on memory performance in older adults at risk for dementia: A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Cortex","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this pilot trial, nutritional spermidine was associated with a positive impact on memory performance in older adults with subject cognitive decline.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33211152","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33211152","doi":"10.1007/s00508-020-01758-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01758-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33211152/","title":"The positive effect of spermidine in older adults suffering from dementia: First results of a 3-month trial.","journal":"Wien Klin Wochenschr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results demonstrated a clear correlation between the intake of spermidine and the improvement in cognitive performance in subjects with mild and moderate dementia in the group treated with the higher spermidine dosage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29315079","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29315079","doi":"10.18632/aging.101354","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101354","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315079/","title":"Safety and tolerability of spermidine supplementation in mice and older adults with subjective cognitive decline.","journal":"Aging (Albany NY)","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The data demonstrate that spermidine supplementation using a spermidine-rich plant extract is safe and well-tolerated in mice and older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42169618","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42169618","doi":"10.1111/acel.70545","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70545","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42169618/","title":"Spermidine Mitigates Immune Cell Senescence and Boosts Vaccine Responses in Healthy Older Adults-A Pilot Study.","journal":"Aging Cell","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Spermidine reversed these features and significantly enhanced spike-specific IgG secretion, memory B cell recall responses and neutralising antibody activity, specifically in non-responders.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39594533","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39594533","doi":"10.3390/antiox13111391","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13111391","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39594533/","title":"Human Supplementation with AM3, Spermidine, and Hesperidin Enhances Immune Function, Decreases Biological Age, and Improves Oxidative-Inflammatory State: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the intake of this blend improves the immune functions that constitute the Immunity Clock, decreasing BA by 11 years and reducing the oxidative-inflammatory state of the participants.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37111071","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37111071","doi":"10.3390/nu15081852","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081852","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111071/","title":"High-Dose Spermidine Supplementation Does Not Increase Spermidine Levels in Blood Plasma and Saliva of Healthy Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetic and Metabolomic Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with a placebo, spermidine supplementation significantly increased spermine levels in the plasma, but it did not affect spermidine or putrescine levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26135350","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26135350","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.114.103895","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.103895","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135350/","title":"Dietary polyamine intake and colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"No positive association between dietary polyamines and CRC or CRC-specific mortality risk in women was observed. Instead, a protective effect of dietary polyamines was suggested in women with some CRC risk-lowering behaviors in particular.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37964604","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37964604","doi":"10.1017/S0007114523002465","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114523002465","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37964604/","title":"Dietary polyamine intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japanese adults in the Takayama study.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The intake of any polyamine was not significantly associated with all-cause or cause-specific mortality after controlling for covariates in men and women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not significantly associated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39770955","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39770955","doi":"10.3390/nu16244335","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244335","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770955/","title":"The Association of Dietary Polyamines with Mortality and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Study in UK Biobank.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found that dietary polyamines intake was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality or incident CVD. Furthermore, our study identified an optimal range of dietary polyamines intake.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36249217","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36249217","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2022.949170","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.949170","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36249217/","title":"The association of dietary spermidine with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality: The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003 to 2014.","journal":"Front Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"compared with participants in the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile of total SPD had a significantly lower risk of CVD mortality (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51-0.91) and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.60-0.82)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31832773","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31832773","doi":"10.1007/s00508-019-01588-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-019-01588-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31832773/","title":"Spermidine in dementia: Relation to age and memory performance.","journal":"Wien Klin Wochenschr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed a significant correlation between the spermidine concentration and the mini-mental state examination score (p = 0.025).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28118075","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28118075","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2017.1280225","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1280225","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28118075/","title":"Dietary spermidine for lowering high blood pressure.","journal":"Autophagy","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In humans, high dietary spermidine intake correlates with reduced blood pressure and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and related death.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30306826","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30306826","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2018.1530929","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2018.1530929","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30306826/","title":"Spermidine: a physiological autophagy inducer acting as an anti-aging vitamin in humans?","journal":"Autophagy","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"External supplementation of spermidine extends lifespan and health span across species, including in yeast, nematodes, flies and mice. In humans, spermidine levels decline with aging, and a possible connection between reduced endogenous spermidine concentrations and age-related deterioration has been suggested.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"extends lifespan\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32634331","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32634331","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-120419-015419","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-120419-015419","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32634331/","title":"Nutritional Aspects of Spermidine.","journal":"Annu Rev Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increased polyamine levels, including through enhanced dietary intake, have been consistently linked to improved health and reduced overall mortality. In preclinical models, dietary supplementation with spermidine prolongs life span and health span.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24481223","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24481223","doi":"10.1159/000356748","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000356748","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24481223/","title":"Molecular basis of the 'anti-aging' effect of spermidine and other natural polyamines - a mini-review.","journal":"Gerontology","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Spermidine, a naturally occurring polyamine, has recently emerged as exhibiting anti-aging properties. Its supplementation increases lifespan and resistance to stress, and decreases the occurrence of age-related pathology and loss of locomotor ability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34105442","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34105442","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2021.1933299","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1933299","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34105442/","title":"Spermidine-induced hypusination preserves mitochondrial and cognitive function during aging.","journal":"Autophagy","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_compounds":"Spermidine (Wheat-Germ Extract)","linked_monograph_ids":"spermidine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"7","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"externally supplied spermidine (via drinking water or food) prolongs lifespan, activates autophagy, improves mitochondrial function, and refills polyamine pools that decline during aging in various tissues of model organisms, including mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34956436","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34956436","doi":"10.1155/2021/2074610","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2074610","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34956436/","title":"The Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Oxid Med Cell Longev","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Analysis of berberine applied alone or with standard diabetic therapies versus the control group revealed significant reductions in HbA1c (MD = -0.73; 95% CI (-0.97, -0.51)), FPG (MD = -0.86, 95% CI (-1.10, -0.62)), and 2hPG (MD = -1.26, 95% CI (-1.64, -0.89)).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42213651","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42213651","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0348907","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348907","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42213651/","title":"Probiotics, synbiotics and berberine in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation study.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Probiotics, synbiotics, and BBR provide statistically significant but clinically modest improvements in glycemic control. These findings support their use as adjunctive, rather than primary, therapeutic options and highlight the need for larger and longer trials with standardized interventions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23118793","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23118793","doi":"10.1155/2012/591654","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/591654","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23118793/","title":"Berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Berberine appeared to be efficacious for treating hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia in T2DM. However, the evidence of berberine for treating T2DM should be carefully interpreted due to the low methodological quality, small sample size, limited number of trials, and unidentified risks of bias.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"efficacious\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25498346","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25498346","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25498346/","title":"Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension.","journal":"J Ethnopharmacol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study indicates that berberine has comparable therapeutic effect on type 2 DM, hyperlipidemia and hypertension with no serious side effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36941490","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36941490","doi":"10.1007/s40265-023-01841-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-023-01841-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36941490/","title":"Overall and Sex-Specific Effect of Berberine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.","journal":"Drugs","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Berberine produces small reductions in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B, with potential sex-specific effects on HDL cholesterol. Large-scale trials that consider sex disparity and assess clinical outcomes are required.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30466986","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30466986","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.212","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.212","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30466986/","title":"Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Berberine improves lipid profiles in dyslipidaemias with satisfactory safety. Nevertheless, these findings should be interpreted with caution because of the high clinical heterogeneity and high risk of bias in the included trials.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23512497","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23512497","doi":"10.1055/s-0032-1328321","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1328321","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23512497/","title":"The effects of berberine on blood lipids: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Planta Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, berberine may have beneficial effects in the control of blood lipid levels. However, the efficacy of berberine in treating hyperlipidemia should be further evaluated by more randomized controlled trials in a larger population of patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31094214","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31094214","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X19500393","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X19500393","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31094214/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone or Combined with Statins for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials.","journal":"Am J Chin Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study suggests that berberine is effective for hyperlipidemia. The quality and quantity of included studies, however, were dissatisfactory, which might decrease the reliability of the results.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36805484","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36805484","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154716","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154716","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36805484/","title":"Efficacy and safety of berberine for several cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study suggests that berberine may be a promising alternative for CVDs with no serious adverse reactions. However, our results may be limited by the quality of existing research.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30632209","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30632209","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6282","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6282","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30632209/","title":"Metabolic effect of berberine-silymarin association: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present findings suggest that the coadministration of berberine and silymarin is associated with an advantageous improvement in lipid and glucose profile, suggesting the possible use of this nutraceutical combination in order to promote the cardiometabolic health.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27131395","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27131395","doi":"10.1016/j.arteri.2016.03.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2016.03.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27131395/","title":"Effects of a nutraceutical combination containing berberine (BRB), policosanol, and red yeast rice (RYR), on lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic patients: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","journal":"Clin Investig Arterioscler","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis confirms that the nutraceutical combination containing berberine, policosanol, and red yeast rice has shown to be an effective product for the improvement of the lipid profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32690176","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32690176","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.04.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.04.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690176/","title":"The effect of berberine supplementation on obesity parameters, inflammation and liver function enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Berberine treatment moderately but significantly decreased body weight (WMD = -2.07 kg, 95% CI -3.09, -1.05, P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (WMD = -0.47 kg/m, 95% CI -0.70, -0.23, P < 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (WMD = -1.08 cm, 95% CI -1.97, -0.19, P = 0.018)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35352233","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35352233","doi":"10.1007/s10787-022-00976-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-00976-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35352233/","title":"The effects of berberine on inflammatory markers in Chinese patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, the use of berberine in patients with MetS and related disorders appeared to significantly decrease several inflammatory markers. Further multi-center and rigorous investigations with larger patient populations are encouraged to confirm the effect of berberine on MetS and related disorders.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33186794","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33186794","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110984","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110984","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33186794/","title":"Therapeutic effect of berberine on metabolic diseases: Both pharmacological data and clinical evidence.","journal":"Biomed Pharmacother","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The therapeutic effects of BBR are based on regulating various metabolic aspects and pathophysiological procedures. For example, it can promote insulin secretion, improve insulin resistance, inhibit lipogenesis, alleviate adipose tissue fibrosis, reduce hepatic steatosis, and improve gut microbiota disorders.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28202713","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28202713","doi":"10.1136/bmj.i6583","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6583","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28202713/","title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data.","journal":"BMJ","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of acute respiratory tract infection among all participants (adjusted odds ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 0.96; P for heterogeneity <0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced the risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17846391","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17846391","doi":"10.1001/archinte.167.16.1730","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.16.1730","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17846391/","title":"Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Arch Intern Med","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The summary relative risk for mortality from any cause was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.99).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30796437","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30796437","doi":"10.1093/annonc/mdz059","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz059","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30796437/","title":"Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Ann Oncol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In an updated meta-analysis of RCTs, vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced total cancer mortality but did not reduce total cancer incidence.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not reduce\" | favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced total cancer mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30415629","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30415629","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1809944","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415629/","title":"Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with vitamin D did not result in a lower incidence of invasive cancer or cardiovascular events than placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not result\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31733345","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31733345","doi":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105522","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105522","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31733345/","title":"Principal results of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) and updated meta-analyses of relevant vitamin D trials.","journal":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Updated meta-analyses that include VITAL and other recent vitamin D trials indicate a significant reduction in cancer mortality but not in cancer incidence or CVD endpoints.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in cancer mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35082139","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35082139","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2021-066452","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-066452","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35082139/","title":"Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial.","journal":"BMJ","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin D supplementation for five years, with or without omega 3 fatty acids, reduced autoimmune disease by 22%, while omega 3 fatty acid supplementation with or without vitamin D reduced the autoimmune disease rate by 15% (not statistically significant).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30293909","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30293909","doi":"10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30265-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30265-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30293909/","title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis.","journal":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation does not prevent fractures or falls, or have clinically meaningful effects on bone mineral density. There were no differences between the effects of higher and lower doses of vitamin D.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not prevent\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30191554","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30191554","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30191554/","title":"Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is moderate-quality evidence that vitamin D supplementation (4512 participants, 4 studies) probably reduces the rate of falls (RaR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.95; I² = 62%), but probably makes little or no difference to the risk of falling (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.12; I² = 42%). The population included in these studies had low vitamin D levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no difference\" | favorable-cue: \"reduces the rate of falls\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37084814","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37084814","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.021","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.021","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37084814/","title":"Vitamin D Supplementation and Muscle Power, Strength and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, there were no differences in change in leg power, leg or grip strength, SPPB score, TUG, postural sway, or gait velocity and spatiotemporal parameters by intervention group over 12 mo or muscle fiber composition and contractile properties over 4 mo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33170239","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33170239","doi":"10.1001/jama.2020.16909","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.16909","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33170239/","title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among adults without major comorbidities aged 70 years or older, treatment with vitamin D3, omega-3s, or a strength-training exercise program did not result in statistically significant differences in improvement in systolic or diastolic blood pressure, nonvertebral fractures, physical performance, infection rates, or cognitive function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not result\" | favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35664407","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35664407","doi":"10.7759/cureus.24625","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.24625","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35664407/","title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Critically Ill Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Cureus","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin D when compared to placebo was associated with the decreased duration of mechanical ventilation (SMD = -0.50; 95% CI = [-0.97, -0.03]; p = 0.04) and ICU stay (SMD = -0.60; 95% CI = [-1.03, -0.16]; p = 0.007) without any difference in the mortality (RR = 0.85; 95% CI = [0.68, 1.04]; p = 0.12)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35346834","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35346834","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2022.102552","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2022.102552","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35346834/","title":"Bioavailability by design - Vitamin D3 liposomal delivery vehicles.","journal":"Nanomedicine","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin D3 deficiency has serious health consequences, as demonstrated by its effect on severity and recovery after COVID-19 infection.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37217632","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37217632","doi":"10.1007/s11357-023-00813-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00813-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37217632/","title":"Alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation and BiologicaL agE in middle-aged adults (ABLE)-intervention study protocol.","journal":"Geroscience","year":2023,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ABLE is a double blinded placebo-controlled randomized trial (RCT) of 1 g sustained release Ca-AKG versus placebo for 6 months of intervention and 3 months follow up including 120 40-60-year-old healthy individuals with a higher DNA methylation age compared to their chronological age.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40959937","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40959937","doi":"10.1111/acel.70235","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70235","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40959937/","title":"Alpha-Ketoglutarate Ameliorates Synaptic Plasticity Deficits in APP/PS1 Mice Model of Alzheimer's Disease.","journal":"Aging Cell","year":2025,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our previous research found that dietary supplementation with calcium alpha-ketoglutarate (CaAKG), a calcium derivative of AKG, enhances both lifespan and healthspan in mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhances\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38062873","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38062873","doi":"10.1111/acel.14060","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.14060","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38062873/","title":"Intermittent supplementation with fisetin improves arterial function in old mice by decreasing cellular senescence.","journal":"Aging Cell","year":2023,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;p101","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"12;101","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings from this study identify fisetin as promising therapy for clinical translation to target excess cell senescence to treat age-related arterial dysfunction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36648735","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36648735","doi":"10.1007/s11357-023-00728-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00728-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36648735/","title":"Increased cellular senescence in doxorubicin-induced murine ovarian injury: effect of senolytics.","journal":"Geroscience","year":2023,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Short-term intervention with the classic senolytic combination dasatinib and quercetin (DQ) or fisetin significantly reduced the load of senescent cells in ovaries after doxorubicin treatment. However, neither DQ nor fisetin alleviated doxorubicin-related ovarian dysfunction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36082508","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36082508","doi":"10.1002/hep.32778","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32778","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36082508/","title":"Nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene reduces markers of hepatic inflammation in NAFLD: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Hepatology","year":2022,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study demonstrates that NRPT at the recommended dose is safe and may hold promise in lowering markers of hepatic inflammation in patients with NAFLD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowering markers of hepatic inflammation\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35998039","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35998039","doi":"10.1172/jci.insight.158314","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.158314","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35998039/","title":"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene supplementation in experimental muscle injury in elderly individuals.","journal":"JCI Insight","year":2022,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily supplementation with 1,000 mg NR and 200 mg PT is safe but does not improve recruitment of the MuSC pool or other measures of muscle recovery in response to injury or subsequent regeneration in elderly individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19016404","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19016404","doi":"10.1055/s-0028-1088346","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1088346","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19016404/","title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue.","journal":"Planta Med","year":2008,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It is concluded that repeated administration of R. ROSEA extract SHR-5 exerts an anti-fatigue effect that increases mental performance, particularly the ability to concentrate, and decreases cortisol response to awakening stress in burnout patients with fatigue syndrome.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increases mental performance\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11081987","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11081987","doi":"10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80055-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80055-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11081987/","title":"Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2000,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results suggest that RRE can reduce general fatigue under certain stressful conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31623400","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31623400","doi":"10.3390/nu11102362","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102362","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623400/","title":"Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that L-theanine has the potential to promote mental health in the general population with stress-related ailments and cognitive impairments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26797633","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26797633","doi":"10.3390/nu8010053","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010053","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26797633/","title":"Anti-Stress, Behavioural and Magnetoencephalography Effects of an L-Theanine-Based Nutrient Drink: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2016,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The primary outcome measure, subjective stress response to a multitasking cognitive stressor, was significantly reduced one hour after administration of the L-theanine drink when compared to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38181790","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38181790","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38181790/","title":"Human trials exploring anti-aging medicines.","journal":"Cell Metab","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Multiple clinical trials have commenced to evaluate the efficacy of such agents against age-associated diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33199925","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33199925","doi":"10.1038/s42255-020-00298-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-00298-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33199925/","title":"CD38 ecto-enzyme in immune cells is induced during aging and regulates NAD and NMN levels.","journal":"Nat Metab","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN);Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn;p114","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17;114","linked_product_count":7,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings demonstrate that senescence-induced inflammation promotes accumulation of CD38 in immune cells that, through its ecto-enzymatic activity, decreases levels of NMN and NAD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32049001","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32049001","doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.058","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.058","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32049001/","title":"NAD+ Repletion Rescues Female Fertility during Reproductive Aging.","journal":"Cell Rep","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Here, we show that this loss of oocyte quality with age accompanies declining levels of the prominent metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39422945","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39422945","doi":"10.3233/JAD-231277","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-231277","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39422945/","title":"Supplementation with NAD+ Precursors for Treating Alzheimer's Disease: A Metabolic Approach.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results of preclinical and clinical studies confirm the potential benefits of NAD+ precursors for the treatment of AD. However, further clinical studies are required to confirm the increasingly important value of NAD+ precursors as effective pharmacological interventions in the clinic.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23644932","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23644932","doi":"10.1001/jama.2013.4997","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.4997","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/","title":"Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients;Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support;p120","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"14;120","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Addition of lutein + zeaxanthin, DHA + EPA, or both to the AREDS formulation in primary analyses did not further reduce risk of progression to advanced AMD. However, because of potential increased incidence of lung cancer in former smokers, lutein + zeaxanthin could be an appropriate carotenoid substitute in the AREDS formulation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22835510","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22835510","doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2012.04.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2012.04.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22835510/","title":"Improvement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Am J Ophthalmol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Early functional abnormalities of the central retina in the early AMD patients could be improved by lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation. These improvements may be potentially attributed to the elevations in MPOD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32858063","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32858063","doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32858063/","title":"Dietary Nutrient Intake and Progression to Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2.","journal":"Ophthalmology","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher dietary intake of multiple nutrients, including minerals, vitamins, and carotenoids, is associated with decreased risk of progression to late AMD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with decreased\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28973076","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28973076","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.3398","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.3398","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28973076/","title":"Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and ω-3 on Macular Pigment: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA Ophthalmol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among first-generation offspring of parents with neovascular AMD in the LIMPIA trial, MPOD as measured with the modified HRA and the MPD-Visucam was not modified after 6 months of lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplementation despite plasma levels showing continuous exposure to lutein and zeaxanthin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28695791","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28695791","doi":"10.1017/S1355617717000534","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717000534","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28695791/","title":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin Influence Brain Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients;Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support;p120","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"14;120","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L and Z supplementation appears to benefit neurocognitive function by enhancing cerebral perfusion, even if consumed for a discrete period of time in late life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35252311","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35252311","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.843512","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.843512","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35252311/","title":"The Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Adults With Self-Reported Mild Cognitive Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results from this trial suggest that 6-months of supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin may improve visual memory and learning in community-dwelling adults with self-reported cognitive complaints.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33843667","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33843667","doi":"10.3233/CH-211147","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-211147","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33843667/","title":"Nattokinase atherothrombotic prevention study: A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results of this trial show that nattokinase supplementation has a null effect on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in healthy individuals at low risk for CVD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"null effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27785095","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27785095","doi":"10.2147/IBPC.S99553","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IBPC.S99553","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27785095/","title":"Consumption of nattokinase is associated with reduced blood pressure and von Willebrand factor, a cardiovascular risk marker: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter North American clinical trial.","journal":"Integr Blood Press Control","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The data suggest that nattokinase consumption in a North American population is associated with beneficial changes to BP in a hypertensive population, indicating sex-specific mechanisms of action of nattokinase's effect on vWF and hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31934821","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31934821","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2019.0183","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.0183","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31934821/","title":"Nattospes as Effective and Safe Functional Supplements in Management of Stroke.","journal":"J Med Food","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study indicated that Nattospes as nutraceutical supplement can be applied safely and effectively in the management of subacute stage ischemic stroke.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28292654","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28292654","doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2017.01.021","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.01.021","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28292654/","title":"Vinegar consumption can attenuate postprandial glucose and insulin responses; a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.","journal":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings suggest that vinegar can be effective in reducing postprandial glucose and insulin levels, indicating it could be considered as an adjunctive tool for improving glycemic control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35388874","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35388874","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac085","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac085","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35388874/","title":"The effects of SCFAs on glycemic control in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vinegar decreased the glucose response acutely in healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, and mixed SCFAs had no effect on blood glucose and insulin in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"decreased the glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28213610","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28213610","doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313271","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313271","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28213610/","title":"Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota.","journal":"Gut","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ecosystem-wide analysis of the effect of a dietary intervention with prebiotic inulin-type fructans on the colon microbiota revealed that this effect is specifically associated with three genera","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32440730","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32440730","doi":"10.1007/s00394-020-02282-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02282-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32440730/","title":"Prebiotic effect of inulin-type fructans on faecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Six weeks supplementation with inulin-type fructans had a significant bifidogenic effect and induced increased concentrations of faecal SCFA, without changing faecal microbial diversity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34491388","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34491388","doi":"10.1007/s00394-021-02669-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02669-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34491388/","title":"Inulin-type prebiotics reduce serum uric acid levels via gut microbiota modulation: a randomized, controlled crossover trial in peritoneal dialysis patients.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inulin-type prebiotics is a promising therapeutic candidate to reduce serum UA levels in renal failure patients, and this urate-lowering effect could possibly be attributed to intestinal microbial degradation of UA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38616386","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38616386","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8199","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8199","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38616386/","title":"Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This comprehensive review summarizes the antihypertensive activity of specific flavonoids, including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, troxerutin, apigenin, and chrysin, in L-NAME-induced hypertension models.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30335591","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30335591","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2018.1535292","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2018.1535292","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335591/","title":"Trehalose induces autophagy via lysosomal-mediated TFEB activation in models of motoneuron degeneration.","journal":"Autophagy","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The natural compound trehalose promotes autophagy via TFEB (transcription factor EB), ameliorating disease phenotype in multiple ND models, but its mechanism is still obscure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34685538","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34685538","doi":"10.3390/cells10102557","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102557","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34685538/","title":"Treatment with Autophagy Inducer Trehalose Alleviates Memory and Behavioral Impairments and Neuroinflammatory Brain Processes in db/db Mice.","journal":"Cells","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Trehalose caused a slight reduction in increased blood glucose concentration, considerable autophagy activation, and a decrease in the neuroinflammatory response in the brain along with improvements of exploration, locomotor activity, anxiety, depressive-like behavior, and fear learning and memory in db/db mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35182418","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35182418","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glac049","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glac049","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35182418/","title":"MIB-626, an Oral Formulation of a Microcrystalline Unique Polymorph of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, Increases Circulating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and its Metabolome in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MIB-626 1 000 mg once-daily or twice-daily regimens were safe and associated with substantial dose-related increases in blood NAD levels and its metabolome.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increases in blood nad\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35294962","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35294962","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac055","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac055","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35294962/","title":"Effect of cocoa flavanol supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease events: the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend;Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol;p116","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"19;116","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cocoa extract supplementation did not significantly reduce total cardiovascular events among older adults but reduced CVD death by 27%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly reduce\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37252983","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37252983","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2216932120","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216932120","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37252983/","title":"Dietary flavanols restore hippocampal-dependent memory in older adults with lower diet quality and lower habitual flavanol consumption.","journal":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend;Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol;p116","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"19;116","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the flavanol intervention restored memory among participants in lower tertiles of habitual diet quality or habitual flavanol consumption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35021194","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35021194","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35021194/","title":"The effect of a high-polyphenol Mediterranean diet (Green-MED) combined with physical activity on age-related brain atrophy: the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial Polyphenols Unprocessed Study (DIRECT PLUS).","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A Green-MED (high-polyphenol) diet, rich in Mankai, green tea, and walnuts and low in red/processed meat, is potentially neuroprotective for age-related brain atrophy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23803472","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23803472","doi":"10.3945/jn.113.177121","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.177121","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23803472/","title":"High concentrations of a urinary biomarker of polyphenol intake are associated with decreased mortality in older adults.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"TUP is an independent risk factor for mortality among community-dwelling older adults, suggesting that high dietary intake of polyphenols may be associated with longevity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31409784","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31409784","doi":"10.1038/s41467-019-11622-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11622-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31409784/","title":"Flavonoid intake is associated with lower mortality in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health Cohort.","journal":"Nat Commun","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A moderate habitual intake of flavonoids is inversely associated with all-cause, cardiovascular- and cancer-related mortality. This strong association plateaus at intakes of approximately 500 mg/day.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29469027","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29469027","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2017.11.012","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.11.012","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29469027/","title":"Reduced mortality risk by a polyphenol-rich diet: An analysis from the Moli-sani study.","journal":"Nutrition","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The polyphenol content of the diet was associated with reduced mortality risk in a Mediterranean population, possibly through an antiinflammatory mechanism.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40120947","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40120947","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2025.102733","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2025.102733","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40120947/","title":"Dietary polyphenols as geroprotective compounds: From Blue Zones to hallmarks of ageing.","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant body of evidence suggests that polyphenols, a large family of compounds ubiquitously found in plant-based foods, may exhibit geroprotective activity by influencing underlying biological mechanisms of ageing and promoting optimal longevity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31060881","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31060881","doi":"10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31060881/","title":"Hormetic Effects of Phytochemicals on Health and Longevity.","journal":"Trends Endocrinol Metab","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, polyphenols, and terpenoids found in plants and fungi activate the same cellular processes as caloric restriction, fasting, and exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37843843","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37843843","doi":"10.2215/CJN.0000000000000337","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.0000000000000337","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37843843/","title":"Effect of Resveratrol on Endothelial Function in Patients with CKD and Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resveratrol supplementation improved endothelial function in patients with CKD and diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35538431","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35538431","doi":"10.1186/s12872-022-02637-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02637-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35538431/","title":"Effect of resveratrol supplementation on hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular indices in overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.","journal":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resveratrol supplementation had no effect on hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular indices.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33513929","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33513929","doi":"10.3390/nu13020399","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020399","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513929/","title":"Sex May Modulate the Effects of Combined Polyphenol Extract and L-citrulline Supplementation on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adults with Prehypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"supplementation with polyphenol extract and L-citrulline for 6 weeks has no impact on ambulatory BP, blood lipids and CRP in adults with prehypertension. However, the polyphenol extract/L-citrulline supplement may reduce ambulatory SBP in women, but not in men.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no impact\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23035743","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23035743","doi":"10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00952.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00952.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23035743/","title":"Minor effects of green tea catechin supplementation on cardiovascular risk markers in active older people: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Geriatr Gerontol Int","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the present randomized control trial suggests that GTC supplementation in active older participants did not significantly affect cardiovascular risk markers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37571391","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37571391","doi":"10.3390/nu15153454","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153454","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37571391/","title":"Polyphenols and Their Impact on the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Development.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary supplementation with neuroprotective plant-derived polyphenols might be considered an important element of healthy aging. Some polyphenols improve cognition, mood, visual functions, language, and verbal memory functions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29316987","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29316987","doi":"10.1017/S0029665117004177","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665117004177","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29316987/","title":"Diet, nutrition and the ageing brain: current evidence and new directions.","journal":"Proc Nutr Soc","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Specific dietary components have also been investigated in relation to brain health, with emerging evidence supporting protective roles for n-3 PUFA, polyphenols, vitamin D and B-vitamins.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33360051","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33360051","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111119","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111119","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33360051/","title":"The role of curcumin in aging and senescence: Molecular mechanisms.","journal":"Biomed Pharmacother","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"curcumin and its metabolites, prolong the mean lifespan of some aging model organisms such as C. elegans, D. melanogaster, yeast, and mouse.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26531755","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26531755","doi":"10.1007/s10549-015-3595-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-015-3595-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26531755/","title":"Pre-diagnostic polyphenol intake and breast cancer survival: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.","journal":"Breast Cancer Res Treat","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intake of lignans before breast cancer diagnosis may be related to improved survival among postmenopausal women, but may on the contrary worsen the survival for premenopausal women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"worsen\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24791752","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24791752","doi":"10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24791752/","title":"Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 6 months, mean GSH levels increased 30-35 % in erythrocytes, plasma and lymphocytes and 260 % in buccal cells in the high-dose group (P < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26262996","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26262996","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.012","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.012","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26262996/","title":"Effects of N-acetylcysteine, oral glutathione (GSH) and a novel sublingual form of GSH on oxidative stress markers: A comparative crossover study.","journal":"Redox Biol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to oral GSH group, an increase of total and reduced GSH levels in plasma and a higher GSH/GSSG ratio (p=0.003) was observed in sublingual GSH group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42392376","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42392376","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115174","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.115174","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42392376/","title":"Formulation-dependent differences in systemic glutathione availability: Comparative pharmacokinetics of orally dissolving film and tablet formulations in healthy adults.","journal":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"During 4-week supplementation, both formulations increased circulating glutathione levels, with no significant changes in oxidative stress-related biomarkers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant changes\" | favorable-cue: \"increased circulating glutathione\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34150674","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34150674","doi":"10.3389/fcimb.2021.657775","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.657775","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34150674/","title":"Effects of Oral Liposomal Glutathione in Altering the Immune Responses Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the BCG Strain in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.","journal":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We report that L-GSH supplementation for 3 months in people with T2DM was able to reduce the levels of oxidative stress in all blood components and prevent depletion of glutathione (GSH) in this population known to be GSH deficient.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35821844","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35821844","doi":"10.3389/fragi.2022.852569","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2022.852569","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35821844/","title":"A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Healthy Older Adults to Determine Efficacy of Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Glutathione Redox Status and Oxidative Damage.","journal":"Front Aging","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione;GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione;glynac","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"20;198","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In summary GlyNAC supplementation is safe, well tolerated, and may increase glutathione levels in older adults with high glutathione demand.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm34587244","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34587244","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxab309","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab309","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34587244/","title":"GlyNAC Supplementation Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Aging Hallmarks, Metabolic Defects, Muscle Strength, Cognitive Decline, and Body Composition: Implications for Healthy Aging.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione;Glycine Powder;GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione;p125;glynac","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"20;125;198","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It is particularly exciting that GlyNAC supplementation appears to reverse multiple aging hallmarks, and if confirmed in a randomized clinical trial, it could introduce a transformative paradigm shift in aging and geriatrics.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30895708","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30895708","doi":"10.1111/jocd.12910","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12910","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30895708/","title":"The clinical effect of glutathione on skin color and other related skin conditions: A systematic review.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Current evidence of the skin whitening effect of glutathione is still inconclusive due to the quality of included studies and inconsistent findings. However, there is a trend that glutathione might brighten skin color at skin-exposed area.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33834608","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33834608","doi":"10.1111/jocd.14137","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14137","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33834608/","title":"The effects of the oral supplementation of L-Cystine associated with reduced L-Glutathione-GSH on human skin pigmentation: a randomized, double-blinded, benchmark- and placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The daily oral administration of 500 mg L-Cystine and 250 mg L-Glutathione during 12 weeks was a safe treatment to effectively lighten the skin and reduce the size of facial dark spots of Asian women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31206613","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31206613","doi":"10.1002/cpt.1548","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1548","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31206613/","title":"N-Acetyl Cysteine Is Associated With Dopaminergic Improvement in Parkinson's Disease.","journal":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the NAC group, significantly increased DAT binding was found in the caudate and putamen (mean increase from 3.4% to 8.3%) compared with controls (P < 0.05), along with significantly improved PD symptoms (P < 0.0001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33380301","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33380301","doi":"10.2174/1570159X19666201230144109","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666201230144109","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33380301/","title":"The Multifaceted Therapeutic Role of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Disorders Characterized by Oxidative Stress.","journal":"Curr Neuropharmacol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The sulfhydryl-containing tripeptide glutathione (GSH), which is synthesized and maintained at high concentrations in all cells, is one of the mechanisms by which cells protect themselves from oxidative stress.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39125356","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39125356","doi":"10.3390/nu16152476","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152476","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39125356/","title":"Nebulized Glutathione as a Key Antioxidant for the Treatment of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Conditions.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Its potent antioxidant properties, particularly attributed to the sulfhydryl group (-SH) in cysteine, are crucial for cellular health across various organelles.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39492659","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39492659","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glae258","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glae258","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39492659/","title":"Sex Differences in Response to Diet Enriched With Glutathione Precursors in the Aging Heart.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cardiac diastolic function was modestly improved in males but not females, and surprisingly GlyNAC-fed female mice showed a decline in exercise performance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40767818","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40767818","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2025.06.037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.06.037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40767818/","title":"Effect of HEPA Filtration Air Purifiers on Blood Pressure: A Pragmatic Randomized Crossover Trial.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The net result was a significant 3.0-mm Hg mean difference in favor of HEPA filtration (P = 0.04). There was no significant benefit on diastolic BP or for participants with normal SBP (<120 mm Hg).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34058577","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34058577","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147882","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147882","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34058577/","title":"Effectiveness of indoor air purification intervention in improving cardiovascular health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Sci Total Environ","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly reduced after intervention (-2.28 (95% CI: -3.92, -0.64) mmHg).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"systolic blood pressure (sbp) was significantly reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32475316","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32475316","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14456","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14456","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32475316/","title":"Effects of Home Particulate Air Filtration on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Over a median 13.5 days, there was a significant reduction of mean systolic BP by ≈4 mm Hg (-3.94 mm Hg [95% CI, -7.00 to -0.89];=0.01) but a nonsignificant difference in mean diastolic BP (-0.95 mm Hg [95% CI, -2.81 to 0.91];=0.32).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"nonsignificant\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30208394","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30208394","doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.3308","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.3308","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30208394/","title":"Effect of Portable Air Filtration Systems on Personal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Blood Pressure Among Residents in a Low-Income Senior Facility: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA Intern Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with sham filtration, any filtration for 3 days decreased brachial systolic and diastolic BP by 3.2 mm Hg (95% CI, -6.1 to -0.2 mm Hg) and 1.5 mm Hg (95% CI, -3.3 to 0.2 mm Hg), respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased brachial systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36868269","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36868269","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162516","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162516","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36868269/","title":"Effects of indoor air purification intervention on blood pressure, blood-oxygen saturation, and heart rate variability: A double-blinded cross-over randomized controlled trial of healthy young adults.","journal":"Sci Total Environ","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification;Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"air;p189","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"41;189","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Using IAP was significantly associated with a reduction of 2.96 mmHg (95 % CI: -5.71, -0.20) in SBP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38253196","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38253196","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2024.118284","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118284","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38253196/","title":"Effects of long-term indoor air purification intervention on cardiovascular health in elderly: a parallel, double-blinded randomized controlled trial in Hong Kong.","journal":"Environ Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, we found suggestive evidence of cardiovascular benefits of long-term IAPs use, particularly on diastolic blood pressure. Evidence on other longer-term cardiovascular traits is less clear.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35742327","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35742327","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19127078","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127078","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35742327/","title":"Positive Effect of Air Purifier Intervention on Baroreflex Sensitivity and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Crossover Intervention Trial.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study shows that a short-term air filtration intervention improved baroreflex sensitivity and might reduce oxidative stress in coronary artery disease patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28624750","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28624750","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28624750/","title":"Long-term indoor air conditioner filtration and cardiovascular health: A randomized crossover intervention study.","journal":"Environ Int","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We concluded that air pollution exposure was associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and elevated blood pressure. The long-term filtration of air pollution with an air conditioner filter was associated with cardiovascular health of adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34449285","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34449285","doi":"10.1164/rccm.202103-0604OC","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202103-0604OC","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449285/","title":"Randomized Clinical Trial of Air Cleaners to Improve Indoor Air Quality and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health: Results of the CLEAN AIR Study.","journal":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This is the first environmental intervention study conducted among former smokers with COPD showing potential health benefits of portable high-efficiency particulate absolute air cleaners, particularly among those with greater adherence and spending a greater time indoors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36288428","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36288428","doi":"10.1164/rccm.202203-0523OC","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202203-0523OC","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36288428/","title":"Indoor Air Pollution and Impaired Cardiac Autonomic Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","journal":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Participants randomized to the active air cleaner saw improvements in RMSSD (β, 25.2% [95% CI, 2.99 to 52.1]), but not SDNN (β, 2.65% [95% CI, -10.8 to 18.1]), compared with the placebo group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39621320","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39621320","doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5049","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5049","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39621320/","title":"Respiratory Benefits of Multisetting Air Purification in Children: A Cluster Randomized Crossover Trial.","journal":"JAMA Pediatr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This randomized clinical trial provides robust and holistic evidence that indoor air purification notably improved pulmonary health in children, highlighting the importance of intensified indoor air purification in regions with high air pollution levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28645052","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28645052","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.095","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.095","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28645052/","title":"Cardiorespiratory responses of air filtration: A randomized crossover intervention trial in seniors living in Beijing: Beijing Indoor Air Purifier StudY, BIAPSY.","journal":"Sci Total Environ","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"our results showed that indoor air filtration produced clear improvement on indoor air quality, but no demonstrable changes in the cardio-respiratory outcomes of study interest observed in the seniors living with real-world air pollution exposures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26184257","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26184257","doi":"10.3390/ijerph120707814","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707814","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184257/","title":"A Randomized Cross-over Air Filtration Intervention Trial for Reducing Cardiovascular Health Risks in Residents of Public Housing near a Highway.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We observed no significant differences in blood pressure or three of the four biomarkers (hsCRP, fibrinogen, and TNF-RII) measured in participants after 21-day exposure to HEPA-filtered air compared to measurements after 21-day exposure to sham-filtered air.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant differences\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33121763","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33121763","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142585","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142585","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33121763/","title":"Portable air purification: Review of impacts on indoor air quality and health.","journal":"Sci Total Environ","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Associations with health impacts found included those on blood pressure, respiratory parameters and pregnancy outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33276576","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33276576","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17238972","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238972","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33276576/","title":"Indoor Exposure to Selected Air Pollutants in the Home Environment: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Indoor air quality (IAQ) in particular has an impact on multiple health outcomes, including respiratory and cardiovascular illness, allergic symptoms, cancers, and premature mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37137510","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37137510","doi":"10.1183/16000617.0009-2023","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0009-2023","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37137510/","title":"Identifying risk factors for COPD and adult-onset asthma: an umbrella review.","journal":"Eur Respir Rev","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For AOA, smoking, a high body mass index (BMI), wood dust exposure and residential chemical exposures, such as formaldehyde exposure or exposure to volatile organic compounds, were amongst the risk factors found.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34130835","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34130835","doi":"10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34130835/","title":"Potential applications of porous organic polymers as adsorbent for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds.","journal":"J Environ Sci (China)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In recent years, activated carbons, zeolites, and mesoporous materials are widely used to remove VOCs because of their high specific surface area and abundant porosity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33486990","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33486990","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15580","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15580","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33486990/","title":"Effect of Reducing Ambient Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Blood Pressure: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, reducing indoor concentrations of TRAP was effective in preventing acute increases in SBP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40043398","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40043398","doi":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137833","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137833","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40043398/","title":"Association between drinking water disinfection byproducts exposure and human bladder cancer: A time-updated meta-analysis of trihalomethanes.","journal":"J Hazard Mater","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration);Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"water;p190","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"42;44;190","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This suggests a statistically significant positive correlation between long-term exposure to chlorinated drinking water and an increased risk of bladder cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15097021","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15097021","doi":"10.1097/01.ede.0000121380.02594.fc","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000121380.02594.fc","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15097021/","title":"Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis.","journal":"Epidemiology","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings strengthen the hypothesis that the risk of bladder cancer is increased with long-term exposure to disinfection byproducts at levels currently observed in many industrialized countries.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24953689","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24953689","doi":"10.1016/j.tox.2014.06.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2014.06.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24953689/","title":"Association of low-level arsenic exposure in drinking water with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and risk assessment.","journal":"Toxicology","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in association with iAs exposure has been examined in a number of studies and provides a basis for evaluating a reference dose (RfD) for assessing potential non-cancer health risks of arsenic exposure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19012537","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19012537","doi":"10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100143","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100143","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19012537/","title":"Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: recent human findings.","journal":"Annu Rev Public Health","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"New studies address the dose-response relationship between drinking-water arsenic concentrations and skin lesions, and new findings have emerged concerning arsenic and cardiovascular disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26383851","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26383851","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0138182","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138182","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26383851/","title":"Arsenic in Drinking Water and Mortality for Cancer and Chronic Diseases in Central Italy, 1990-2010.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases dose-response relationship is modelled by piecewise linear functions revealing effects even for doses lower than 10 μg/L, and no threshold dose value was identified as safe for health.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30041450","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30041450","doi":"10.3390/ijerph15071557","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071557","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30041450/","title":"Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Considering all studies, the strongest evidence for a relationship between drinking water nitrate ingestion and adverse health outcomes (besides methemoglobinemia) is for colorectal cancer, thyroid disease, and neural tube defects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29435982","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29435982","doi":"10.1002/ijc.31306","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31306","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29435982/","title":"Nitrate in drinking water and colorectal cancer risk: A nationwide population-based cohort study.","journal":"Int J Cancer","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Persons exposed to the highest level of drinking water nitrate had an HR of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.08-1.25) for CRC compared with persons exposed to the lowest level.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34740625","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34740625","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2021.112322","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112322","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34740625/","title":"Nitrate contamination in drinking water and colorectal cancer: Exposure assessment and estimated health burden in New Zealand.","journal":"Environ Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Epidemiological evidence in multiple jurisdictions has shown an association between nitrate exposure in drinking water and an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26968381","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26968381","doi":"10.1186/s12940-016-0127-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0127-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26968381/","title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes among 2- to 3-year-old children in Bangladesh with elevated blood lead and exposure to arsenic and manganese in drinking water.","journal":"Environ Health","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Where blood lead levels are high, lead is associated with decreased cognitive scores on the BSID-III, and effects of other metals are not detected. In the setting of lower lead levels, the adverse effects of arsenic and manganese on neurodevelopment are observed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with decreased\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29544878","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29544878","doi":"10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30025-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30025-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29544878/","title":"Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study.","journal":"Lancet Public Health","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low-level environmental lead exposure is an important, but largely overlooked, risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality in the USA. A comprehensive strategy to prevent deaths from cardiovascular disease should include efforts to reduce lead exposure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30470793","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30470793","doi":"10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30470793/","title":"A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects.","journal":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Multiple studies find significant associations between PFAS exposure and adverse immune outcomes in children. Dyslipidemia is the strongest metabolic outcome associated with PFAS exposure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32476019","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32476019","doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaa018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32476019/","title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their effects on the ovary.","journal":"Hum Reprod Update","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found widespread in drinking water, foods, food packaging materials and other consumer products. Several PFAS have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals based on their ability to interfere with normal reproductive function and hormonal signalling.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32535281","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32535281","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139683","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139683","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32535281/","title":"Reduction in drinking water arsenic exposure and health risk through arsenic treatment among private well households in Maine and New Jersey, USA.","journal":"Sci Total Environ","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The 7-fold reduction of [As] in the treated water reduced skin cancer risk alone from 3765 to 514 in 1 million in ME, and from 568 to 75 in 1 million in NJ.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced skin cancer risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41247717","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41247717","doi":"10.1001/jama.2025.19161","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.19161","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41247717/","title":"Arsenic Exposure Reduction and Chronic Disease Mortality.","journal":"JAMA","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Each IQR decrease in urinary arsenic (197 µg/g creatinine) was associated with 22% lower chronic disease mortality (aHR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.75-0.82]), 20% lower cancer mortality (aHR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.73-0.87]), and 23% lower CVD mortality (aHR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.73-0.81]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower chronic disease mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38534131","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38534131","doi":"10.1289/EHP12548","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12548","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38534131/","title":"Effect of an Arsenic Mitigation Program on Arsenic Exposure in American Indian Communities: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the Community-Led Strong Heart Water Study Program.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 47% reduction in urinary arsenic [creatinine] was observed from baseline to the final follow-up when both study arms were combined.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36938422","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36938422","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14246","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14246","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36938422/","title":"Removal of arsenic as a potentially toxic element from drinking water by filtration: A mini review of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis techniques.","journal":"Heliyon","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"RO membranes are regarded as yet another efficient membrane technology for eliminating both types of arsenic throughout a wide pH and pressure range.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33908956","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33908956","doi":"10.1039/d1dt00360g","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d1dt00360g","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33908956/","title":"Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes for highly efficient PFASs removal: overview, challenges and future perspectives.","journal":"Dalton Trans","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane separation technologies have proven to be feasible, sustainable and highly effective methods for the removal of contaminants, comprising the extremely persistent and recalcitrant perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37979648","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37979648","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122936","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122936","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37979648/","title":"Efficiency of home water filters on pesticide removal from drinking water.","journal":"Environ Pollut","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"According to the results, activated carbon and reverse osmosis were 100% efficient for pesticide removal, followed by ion exchange resins and ultraviolet radiation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36627610","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36627610","doi":"10.1186/s12889-022-14818-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14818-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36627610/","title":"Long-term exposure to low-level arsenic in drinking water is associated with cause-specific mortality and hospitalization in the Mt. Amiata area (Tuscany, Italy).","journal":"BMC Public Health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"chronic exposure to arsenic concentrations in drinking water above the current regulatory limit was associated with a plurality of outcomes, in terms of both mortality and hospitalization.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29411302","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29411302","doi":"10.1007/s40572-018-0184-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0184-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29411302/","title":"Long-Term Health Effects and Underlying Biological Mechanisms of Developmental Exposure to Arsenic.","journal":"Curr Environ Health Rep","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) via drinking water represents a significant global public health threat with chronic exposure associated with cancer, skin lesions, neurological impairment, and cardiovascular diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33312671","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33312671","doi":"10.1007/s40201-020-00570-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00570-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33312671/","title":"Dose-response meta-analysis of arsenic exposure in drinking water and intelligence quotient.","journal":"J Environ Health Sci Eng","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"for each unit increase in arsenic concentration (one microgram per liter), intelligence quotient scale decreases by 0.08%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35217009","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35217009","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2022.112988","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112988","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35217009/","title":"Nitrate and nitrite contamination in drinking water and cancer risk: A systematic review with meta-analysis.","journal":"Environ Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In meta-analyses (4 studies) we identified a positive association of nitrate exposure with gastric cancer, OR = 1.91 (95%CI = 1.09-3.33) per 10 mg/L increment in nitrate ion.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33298332","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33298332","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33298332/","title":"Nitrate-nitrite exposure through drinking water and diet and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","journal":"Clin Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, intake of nitrite from diet and nitrate from the drinking water was not associated with colorectal cancer risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not associated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39789195","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39789195","doi":"10.1038/s41370-024-00742-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-024-00742-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39789195/","title":"Associations between per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and county-level cancer incidence between 2016 and 2021 and incident cancer burden attributable to PFAS in drinking water in the United States.","journal":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PFAS in drinking water was associated with increased cancer incidence in the digestive, endocrine, oral cavity/pharynx, and respiratory systems.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased cancer incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39837568","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39837568","doi":"10.1289/EHP14505","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14505","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39837568/","title":"Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration);Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"water;p190","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"42;44;190","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"we found limited-suggestive evidence that THM in drinking water increases the risk of bladder and colorectal cancer at levels below current regulatory limits in the US and EU, indicating that these fail to protect against cancer in the general population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31939704","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31939704","doi":"10.1289/EHP4495","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4495","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939704/","title":"Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Bladder Cancer Burden in the European Union.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Trihalomethanes (THMs) are widespread disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water, and long-term exposure has been consistently associated with increased bladder cancer risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased bladder cancer risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37593770","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37593770","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD013244.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013244.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37593770/","title":"Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review found that blue-light filtering spectacle lenses may not attenuate symptoms of eye strain with computer use, over a short-term follow-up period, compared to non-blue-light filtering lenses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35597519","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35597519","doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.05.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.05.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35597519/","title":"Interventions for the Management of Computer Vision Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Ophthalmology","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Visual fatigue symptoms were not reduced by blue-blocking spectacles (3 RCTs), with evidence judged of low certainty.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41341515","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41341515","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2025.1699303","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1699303","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41341515/","title":"Efficacy of blue-light blocking glasses on actigraphic sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled crossover trials.","journal":"Front Neurol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"BBGs may provide small improvements in sleep, but current evidence from RCTs does not support significant effects. Larger, well-powered trials with standardized protocols are needed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not support\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29044670","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29044670","doi":"10.1111/opo.12406","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12406","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29044670/","title":"The effect of blue-light blocking spectacle lenses on visual performance, macular health and the sleep-wake cycle: a systematic review of the literature.","journal":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We find a lack of high quality evidence to support using BB spectacle lenses for the general population to improve visual performance or sleep quality, alleviate eye fatigue or conserve macular health.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34030534","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34030534","doi":"10.1080/07420528.2021.1930029","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2021.1930029","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34030534/","title":"Evening wear of blue-blocking glasses for sleep and mood disorders: a systematic review.","journal":"Chronobiol Int","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Out of the 24 publications focusing on sleep, there was substantial evidence for blue-blocking glasses being a successful intervention for reducing sleep onset latency in patients with sleep disorders, jet lag, or variable shift work schedules.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20030543","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20030543","doi":"10.3109/07420520903523719","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/07420520903523719","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20030543/","title":"Amber lenses to block blue light and improve sleep: a randomized trial.","journal":"Chronobiol Int","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At the end of the study, the amber lens group experienced significant (p < .001) improvement in sleep quality relative to the control group and positive affect (p = .005).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33707105","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33707105","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2021.02.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2021.02.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33707105/","title":"Effect of evening blue light blocking glasses on subjective and objective sleep in healthy adults: A randomized control trial.","journal":"Sleep Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Blue light blocking glasses did not improve objective measures of sleep time or quality in healthy adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35089982","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35089982","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0262799","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262799","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35089982/","title":"A randomized controlled trial on the effects of blue-blocking glasses compared to partial blue-blockers on sleep outcomes in the third trimester of pregnancy.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of blue-blocking glasses compared to partially blue-blocking glasses in a group of healthy pregnant participants did not show statistically significant effects on sleep outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35024497","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35024497","doi":"10.1016/j.nbscr.2021.100074","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbscr.2021.100074","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35024497/","title":"A randomized controlled trial on the effect of blue-blocking glasses compared to partial blue-blockers on melatonin profile among nulliparous women in third trimester of the pregnancy.","journal":"Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At posttreatment, melatonin onset advanced by 28 min in the blue-blocking group compared with the control condition (p=.019).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27226262","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27226262","doi":"10.1111/bdi.12390","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12390","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27226262/","title":"Blue-blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Bipolar Disord","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The mean decline in YMRS score was 14.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.7-18.5] in the BB group, and 1.7 (95% CI: -4.0 to 7.4) in the placebo group, yielding an effect size of 1.86 (Cohen's d).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31967375","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31967375","doi":"10.1111/jsr.12984","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12984","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31967375/","title":"Blue-blocking glasses as additive treatment for mania: Effects on actigraphy-derived sleep parameters.","journal":"J Sleep Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The BB group's mean sleep efficiency was significantly higher at night 5 as compared to the placebo group (92.6% vs. 83.1%, p = .027).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32276301","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32276301","doi":"10.1111/bdi.12912","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12912","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32276301/","title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive blue-blocking glasses for the treatment of sleep and circadian rhythm in patients with bipolar disorder.","journal":"Bipolar Disord","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire score had shifted to an advanced rhythm in the BB group and to a delayed rhythm in the placebo group, and the difference in these changes was statistically significant (95% CI, 1.69-7.45; P = .003).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28488943","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28488943","doi":"10.1080/07420528.2017.1318893","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1318893","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28488943/","title":"Effect of blue-blocking glasses in major depressive disorder with sleep onset insomnia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Chronobiol Int","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The change scores for sleep quality did not show a significant improvement in the BB group compared with the placebo group (mean [standard deviation, SD] scores for BB versus placebo: 36.1 [31.7] versus 16.2 [15.1], p = 0.43), although half of the BB group showed a clear improvement in sleep quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31752544","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31752544","doi":"10.1080/07420528.2019.1692859","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2019.1692859","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31752544/","title":"Block the light and sleep well: Evening blue light filtration as a part of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.","journal":"Chronobiol Int","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We provide further evidence that blocking short-wavelength light in the evening hours may be beneficial for patients suffering from insomnia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30427265","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30427265","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2018.1544278","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1544278","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30427265/","title":"Restricting short-wavelength light in the evening to improve sleep in recreational athletes - A pilot study.","journal":"Eur J Sport Sci","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results indicate that blocking short-wavelength light in the evening, as compared to habitual light exposure, significantly shortened subjective sleep onset latency (Δ = 7 min), improved sleep quality (Δ = 0.6; scale 1-10), and increased alertness the following morning.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33779493","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33779493","doi":"10.1080/08164622.2021.1898276","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2021.1898276","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33779493/","title":"Modelling the effect of light through commercially available blue-blocking lenses on the human circadian system.","journal":"Clin Exp Optom","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"BBLs may not improve sleep quality, because they continue to allow the transmittance of blue light that may suppress nocturnal melatonin secretion and hence disrupt the normal sleep-wake circadian rhythm.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32719581","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32719581","doi":"10.3389/fnins.2020.00654","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00654","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719581/","title":"Long-Term Reduction of Short-Wavelength Light Affects Sustained Attention and Visuospatial Working Memory With No Evidence for a Change in Circadian Rhythmicity.","journal":"Front Neurosci","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The significant effects were revealed both for sustained attention and visuospatial memory, i.e., the longer blocking the blue light lasted, the greater decrease in performance observed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21415172","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21415172","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21415172/","title":"Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our data indicate that the spectral profile of light emitted by computer screens impacts on circadian physiology, alertness, and cognitive performance levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39460013","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39460013","doi":"10.3390/s24206532","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206532","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39460013/","title":"Accuracy of Three Commercial Wearable Devices for Sleep Tracking in Healthy Adults.","journal":"Sensors (Basel)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Oura ring was not different from PSG in terms of wake, light sleep, deep sleep, or REM sleep estimation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not different\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38382312","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38382312","doi":"10.1016/j.sleep.2024.01.020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2024.01.020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382312/","title":"Validity and reliability of the Oura Ring Generation 3 (Gen3) with Oura sleep staging algorithm 2.0 (OSSA 2.0) when compared to multi-night ambulatory polysomnography: A validation study of 96 participants and 421,045 epochs.","journal":"Sleep Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Oura Ring Gen3 with OSSA 2.0 shows good agreement with PSG for global sleep measures and time spent in light and deep sleep.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37917155","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37917155","doi":"10.2196/50983","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/50983","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37917155/","title":"Accuracy of 11 Wearable, Nearable, and Airable Consumer Sleep Trackers: Prospective Multicenter Validation Study.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"epoch-by-epoch agreement in sleep stage classification showed substantial performance variation. More specifically, the highest macro F1 score was 0.69, while the lowest macro F1 score was 0.26.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33623459","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33623459","doi":"10.2147/NSS.S286070","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S286070","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33623459/","title":"Multi-Night Validation of a Sleep Tracking Ring in Adolescents Compared with a Research Actigraph and Polysomnography.","journal":"Nat Sci Sleep","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Oura ring yielded comparable sleep measurement to research grade actigraphy at the latter's default settings. Sleep staging needs improvement.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35040799","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35040799","doi":"10.2196/27487","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/27487","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35040799/","title":"Accuracy Assessment of Oura Ring Nocturnal Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Comparison With Electrocardiography in Time and Frequency Domains: Comprehensive Analysis.","journal":"J Med Internet Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Oura Ring could accurately measure nocturnal HR and RMSSD in both the 5-minute and average-per-night tests. It provided acceptable nocturnal AVNN, pNN50, HF, and SDNN accuracy in the average-per-night test but not in the 5-minute test.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32217820","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32217820","doi":"10.1088/1361-6579/ab840a","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab840a","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32217820/","title":"Feasible assessment of recovery and cardiovascular health: accuracy of nocturnal HR and HRV assessed via ring PPG in comparison to medical grade ECG.","journal":"Physiol Meas","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Very high agreement between the ring and ECG was observed for nightly average HR and HRV (r= 0.996 and 0.980, respectively) with a mean bias of -0.63 bpm and -1.2 ms.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26598376","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26598376","doi":"10.1503/cmaj.150535","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150535","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26598376/","title":"Resting heart rate and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population: a meta-analysis.","journal":"CMAJ","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The relative risk with 10 beats/min increment of resting heart rate was 1.09 (95% CI 1.07-1.12) for all-cause mortality and 1.08 (95% CI 1.06-1.10) for cardiovascular mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20469800","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20469800","doi":"10.1093/sleep/33.5.585","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.585","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20469800/","title":"Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.","journal":"Sleep","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the pooled analysis, short duration of sleep was associated with a greater risk of death (RR: 1.12; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.18; P < 0.01)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"greater risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28889101","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28889101","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.117.005947","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005947","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28889101/","title":"Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"U-shaped associations were indicated between sleep duration and risk of all outcomes, with the lowest risk observed for ≈7-hour sleep duration per day, which was varied little by sex.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26888725","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26888725","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008119","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008119","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26888725/","title":"Sleep duration and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review with meta-analysis.","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the pooled analysis, long and short sleep duration were associated with increased all-cause mortality (RR 1.33; 95% CI 1.24 to 1.43 and RR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.11, respectively), compared with the reference category.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26140821","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26140821","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26140821/","title":"Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Experimental Sleep Deprivation.","journal":"Biol Psychiatry","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery);hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable;p142","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68;142","linked_product_count":9,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sleep disturbance was associated with higher levels of CRP (ES .12; 95% CI = .05-.19) and IL-6 (ES .20; 95% CI = .08-.31).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with higher\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35247352","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35247352","doi":"10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35247352/","title":"Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts.","journal":"Lancet Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taking more steps per day was associated with a progressively lower risk of all-cause mortality, up to a level that varied by age.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36537288","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36537288","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061288","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061288","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36537288/","title":"Prospective Association of Daily Steps With Cardiovascular Disease: A Harmonized Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Circulation","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For older adults, the HR for quartile 2 was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93), 0.62 for quartile 3 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.74), and 0.51 for quartile 4 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.63) compared with the lowest quartile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39680407","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39680407","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.51208","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.51208","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39680407/","title":"Daily Step Count and Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"JAMA Netw Open","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooled estimates from prospective cohort studies indicated that participants with 7000 or more steps/d had reduced risk of depression compared with their counterparts with fewer than 7000 steps/d (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62-0.77).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35214723","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35214723","doi":"10.3390/vaccines10020264","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020264","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214723/","title":"Metrics from Wearable Devices as Candidate Predictors of Antibody Response Following Vaccination against COVID-19: Data from the Second TemPredict Study.","journal":"Vaccines (Basel)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"increases in dermal temperature deviation and resting heart rate, and decreases in heart rate variability (a measure of sympathetic nervous system activation) and deep sleep were each statistically significantly correlated with greater RBD antibody responses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38948084","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38948084","doi":"10.3389/fnetp.2024.1211413","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnetp.2024.1211413","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38948084/","title":"Information theory reveals physiological manifestations of COVID-19 that correlate with symptom density of illness.","journal":"Front Netw Physiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We test this framework on five physiological data streams (heart rate, heart rate variability, respiratory rate, metabolic activity, and sleep temperature) assessed at the time of reported illness onset in a previously reported COVID-19-positive cohort (N = 73).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28552551","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28552551","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2017.04.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28552551/","title":"Resting heart rate and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality - A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis found an increased risk of coronary heart disease, sudden cardiac death, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality with greater resting heart rate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33806038","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33806038","doi":"10.3390/jcm10071354","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071354","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806038/","title":"Resting Heart Rate as a Predictor of Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Clin Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, a low RHR is a potential marker of low risk of cancer mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30104034","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30104034","doi":"10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.08.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.08.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30104034/","title":"Heart rate variability as a marker of healthy ageing.","journal":"Int J Cardiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Autonomic responding reflected by heart rate variability (HRV) has well-established links to general health and wellbeing in younger populations; but has yet to be explored in older individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36314012","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36314012","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2022.1008970","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1008970","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36314012/","title":"Heart rate variability: A biomarker of frailty in older adults?","journal":"Front Med (Lausanne)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It contributes to understanding that the changes in heart variability can be a marker for frailty in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34008159","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34008159","doi":"10.1007/s12529-021-10000-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-021-10000-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34008159/","title":"Mobile Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Complementary Intervention After Myocardial Infarction: a Randomized Controlled Study.","journal":"Int J Behav Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"HRV-BF as an adjunctive behavioral treatment increased HRV, which is an indicator of lower cardiovascular risk, and self-efficacy, which suggests heightened psychological resilience.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower cardiovascular risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26111942","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26111942","doi":"10.1007/s10484-015-9293-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-015-9293-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26111942/","title":"Physical activity, mindfulness meditation, or heart rate variability biofeedback for stress reduction: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results indicated an overall beneficial effect consisting of reduced stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and improved psychological well-being and sleep quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40072785","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40072785","doi":"10.1007/s11357-025-01592-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-025-01592-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40072785/","title":"Imbalanced sleep increases mortality risk by 14-34%: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Geroscience","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Short sleep duration (< 7 h per night) was associated with a 14% increase in mortality risk compared to the reference of 7-8 h, with a pooled hazard ratio of 1.14 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.18).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40834291","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40834291","doi":"10.14814/phy2.70527","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70527","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40834291/","title":"Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables.","journal":"Physiol Rep","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oura devices showed the highest agreement for RHR and HRV, and WHOOP showed acceptable agreement, whereas Garmin Fenix and Polar demonstrated lower concordance, highlighting the importance of continuous validation and providing valuable benchmarks for clinicians, researchers, and consumers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41157371","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41157371","doi":"10.3390/s25206319","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206319","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41157371/","title":"Accuracy of Heart Rate Measurement Under Transient States: A Validation Study of Wearables for Real-Life Monitoring.","journal":"Sensors (Basel)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The WHOOP 4.0, Withings Scanwatch, and EmbracePlus devices performed acceptably during steady-state conditions, but were less accurate during transitions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38557808","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38557808","doi":"10.2196/52192","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/52192","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38557808/","title":"Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP Versus Polysomnography: Systematic Review.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WHOOP showed the least disagreement relative to PSG and Sleep Profiler for total sleep time (-1.4 min), light sleep (-9.6 min), and deep sleep (-9.3 min) but showed the largest disagreement for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (21.0 min).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39484805","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39484805","doi":"10.5664/jcsm.11460","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.11460","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39484805/","title":"Performance of consumer wrist-worn sleep tracking devices compared to polysomnography: a meta-analysis.","journal":"J Clin Sleep Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Wrist-worn sleep tracking devices, although popular, are not as reliable as polysomnography in measuring key sleep parameters such as total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31722151","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31722151","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1901183","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1901183","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31722151/","title":"Large-Scale Assessment of a Smartwatch to Identify Atrial Fibrillation.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among participants who received notification of an irregular pulse, 34% had atrial fibrillation on subsequent ECG patch readings and 84% of notifications were concordant with atrial fibrillation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31113234","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31113234","doi":"10.1161/CIRCEP.118.006834","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCEP.118.006834","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31113234/","title":"Smartwatch Performance for the Detection and Quantification of Atrial Fibrillation.","journal":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Of these, the SmartRhythm 2.0 neural network detected 80 episodes (episode sensitivity, 97.5%) with a total duration of 1101.1 hours (duration sensitivity, 97.7%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36858690","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36858690","doi":"10.1016/j.jacep.2022.09.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2022.09.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36858690/","title":"Clinical Validation of 5 Direct-to-Consumer Wearable Smart Devices to Detect Atrial Fibrillation: BASEL Wearable Study.","journal":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of AF were comparable between devices: 85% and 75% for the Apple Watch 6, 85% and 75% for the Samsung Galaxy Watch 3, 58% and 75% for the Withings Scanwatch, 66% and 79% for the Fitbit Sense, and 79% and 69% for the AliveCor KardiaMobile, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39791483","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39791483","doi":"10.2196/65139","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/65139","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39791483/","title":"Comparative Evaluation of Consumer Wearable Devices for Atrial Fibrillation Detection: Validation Study.","journal":"JMIR Form Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The sensitivity to detect AF was 100% for all devices. The specificity to detect sinus rhythm was 96.4% (95% CI 89.5%-98.8%) for KardiaMobile 6L, 97.8% (95% CI 91.6%-99.5%) for Apple Watch, 98.9% (95% CI 92.5%-99.8%) for FibriCheck, and 97.8% (95% CI 91.5%-99.4%) for Preventicus (P=.50).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36942773","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36942773","doi":"10.1111/jce.15892","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.15892","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36942773/","title":"Accuracy of the Apple watch for detection of AF: A multicenter experience.","journal":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a population with known AF, the AW IRN had a low rate of false positive detections and high specificity. Sensitivity for detection by subject and by AF episode was lower.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38330880","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38330880","doi":"10.1016/j.ajem.2024.01.046","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2024.01.046","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38330880/","title":"Diagnostic accuracy of apple watch ECG outputs in identifying dysrhythmias: A comparison with 12-Lead ECG in emergency department.","journal":"Am J Emerg Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Using Bland-Altman analysis for heart rate assessment, the absolute mean difference for heart rate was 0.81 ± 6.12 bpm (r = 0.94). There was strong agreement in 658 out of 700 (94%) heart rate measurements.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35265871","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35265871","doi":"10.1016/j.cvdhj.2020.07.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvdhj.2020.07.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35265871/","title":"A comparison of manual electrocardiographic interval and waveform analysis in lead 1 of 12-lead ECG and Apple Watch ECG: A validation study.","journal":"Cardiovasc Digit Health J","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The AW produces accurate ECGs in healthy adults with moderate to strong agreement of basic ECG intervals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32012044","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32012044","doi":"10.2196/14857","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/14857","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32012044/","title":"Use of a Smart Watch for Early Detection of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Validation Study.","journal":"JMIR Cardio","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this validation study, the detection precision of AF and measurement accuracy during AF were both better with Apple Watch W mode than with FBT.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37476150","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37476150","doi":"10.26502/fccm.92920314","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.26502/fccm.92920314","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37476150/","title":"False Atrial Fibrillation Alerts from Smartwatches are Associated with Decreased Perceived Physical Well-being and Confidence in Chronic Symptoms Management.","journal":"Cardiol Cardiovasc Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Receipt of false AF alerts was related to a dose-dependent decline in self-perceived physical health and levels of disease self-management.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39213525","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39213525","doi":"10.2196/56972","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/56972","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39213525/","title":"Real-World Accuracy of Wearable Activity Trackers for Detecting Medical Conditions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For atrial fibrillation detection, pooled positive predictive value was 87.4% (95% CI 75.7%-99.1%), sensitivity was 94.2% (95% CI 88.7%-99.7%), and specificity was 95.3% (95% CI 91.8%-98.8%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35311686","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35311686","doi":"10.2196/30121","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/30121","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311686/","title":"Effectiveness of a Smartwatch App in Detecting Induced Falls: Observational Study.","journal":"JMIR Form Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The overall smartwatch app sensitivity for falls was 77%, the specificity was 99%, the false-positive rate was 1.7%, and the false-negative rate was 16.4%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36094529","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36094529","doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36094529/","title":"Prospective Associations of Daily Step Counts and Intensity With Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality and All-Cause Mortality.","journal":"JAMA Intern Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings of this population-based prospective cohort study of 78 500 individuals suggest that up to 10 000 steps per day may be associated with a lower risk of mortality and cancer and CVD incidence.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36976556","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36976556","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5174","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5174","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36976556/","title":"Association of Daily Step Patterns With Mortality in US Adults.","journal":"JAMA Netw Open","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with participants who walked 8000 steps or more 0 days per week, all-cause mortality risk was lower among those who took 8000 steps or more 1 to 2 days per week (aRD, -14.9%; 95% CI -18.8% to -10.9%) and 3 to 7 days per week (aRD, -16.5%; 95% CI, -20.4% to -12.5%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34029758","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34029758","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34029758/","title":"Association of accelerometer-derived step volume and intensity with hospitalizations and mortality in older adults: A prospective cohort study.","journal":"J Sport Health Sci","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among older adults, both high step volume and step intensity were significantly associated with lower hospitalization and all-cause mortality risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30977740","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30977740","doi":"10.2196/11819","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/11819","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30977740/","title":"Consumer-Based Wearable Activity Trackers Increase Physical Activity Participation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Utilizing a consumer-based wearable activity tracker as either the primary component of an intervention or as part of a broader physical activity intervention has the potential to increase physical activity participation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40179387","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40179387","doi":"10.2196/59507","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/59507","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40179387/","title":"Wearable Activity Tracker-Based Interventions for Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Physical Function Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Med Internet Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to usual care, there was lo- to moderate-certainty evidence that the wearable activity tracker-based interventions significantly increased physical activity time (standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.28, 95% CI 0.10-0.47; P=.003) and daily step counts (SMD=0.58, 95% CI 0.33-0.83; P<.001) immediately after intervention","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37555441","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37555441","doi":"10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37555441/","title":"The association between daily step count and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Eur J Prev Cardiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 1000-step increment was associated with a 15% decreased risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-0.91; P < 0.001], while a 500-step increment was associated with a 7% decrease in CV mortality (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.91-0.95; P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38901742","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38901742","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108047","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108047","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901742/","title":"Daily steps and all-cause mortality: An umbrella review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Prev Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our updated meta-analysis showed a nonlinear association, indicating a lower risk of all-cause mortality with increased daily steps, with a protective threshold at 3143 steps/day, and a pooled HR of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.95) per 1000 steps/day increment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31434697","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31434697","doi":"10.1136/bmj.l4570","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4570","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31434697/","title":"Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis.","journal":"BMJ","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher levels of total physical activity, at any intensity, and less time spent sedentary, are associated with substantially reduced risk for premature mortality, with evidence of a non-linear dose-response pattern in middle aged and older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29589226","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29589226","doi":"10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29589226/","title":"Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis.","journal":"Eur J Epidemiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Independent of PA, total sitting and TV viewing time are associated with greater risk for several major chronic disease outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"greater risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29293447","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29293447","doi":"10.2741/4657","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2741/4657","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29293447/","title":"Survival of the fittest: VOmax, a key predictor of longevity?","journal":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VOmax), is related to functional capacity and human performance and has been shown to be a strong and independent predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm38658416","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38658416","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00692-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00692-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38658416/","title":"Health Benefits of Different Sports: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal and Intervention Studies Including 2.6 Million Adult Participants.","journal":"Sports Med Open","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A range of physical health benefits are associated with participation in recreational cycling, football, handball, running and swimming.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34417979","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34417979","doi":"10.1007/s40279-021-01536-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01536-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34417979/","title":"Daily Step Count and All-Cause Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.","journal":"Sports Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dose-response meta-analysis indicated a strong inverse association, wherein the risk decreased linearly from 2700 to17,000 steps per day. The HR for 10,000 steps per day was 0.44 (95% CI 0.31-0.63).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34547483","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34547483","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.09.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34547483/","title":"The relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A dose-response meta-analysis.","journal":"J Sport Health Sci","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our meta-analysis suggests inverse associations between higher step count and risk of premature death and cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older adults, with nonlinear dose-response patterns.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher step count and risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42117327","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42117327","doi":"10.1177/08901171261438402","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171261438402","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42117327/","title":"Walking and Health Outcomes in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.","journal":"Am J Health Promot","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Older adults who performed an average of 5694 steps/day, had a 13% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.87, 0.80-0.95) per additional 1000 steps/day.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30139444","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30139444","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.045","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.045","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30139444/","title":"Midlife Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Long-Term Risk of Mortality: 46 Years of Follow-Up.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Each unit increase in Vomax was associated with a 45-day (95% CI: 30 to 61; p < 0.001) increase in longevity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29029009","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29029009","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glx180","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx180","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29029009/","title":"The Effect of Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause Mortality in Hong Kong Chinese Older Adults.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"As compared with those being active and fit, physically inactive and cardiorespiratory unfit individuals had the highest all-cause mortality risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33399541","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33399541","doi":"10.2196/18686","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/18686","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33399541/","title":"Effects of Activity Tracker Use With Health Professional Support or Telephone Counseling on Maintenance of Physical Activity and Health Outcomes in Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of an AT with AEP support or TC is effective at maintaining daily step count in older adults over a 12-month period, suggesting that wearable ATs are as effective as TC.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36801430","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36801430","doi":"10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.12.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.12.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36801430/","title":"The Impact of a Wearable Activity Tracker and Structured Feedback Program on Physical Activity in Hemodialysis Patients: The Step4Life Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Am J Kidney Dis","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This pilot randomized controlled trial demonstrated that structured feedback coupled with a wearable activity tracker led to a greater daily step count that was sustained over 12 weeks relative to a wearable activity tracker alone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35705234","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35705234","doi":"10.3899/jrheum.220140","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.220140","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35705234/","title":"Impact of a Wearable Activity Tracker on Disease Flares in Spondyloarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Rheumatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of a wearable activity tracker did not affect the number of flares, performance, or QOL of patients with SpA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28538708","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28538708","doi":"10.3390/jpm7020003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm7020003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28538708/","title":"Accuracy in Wrist-Worn, Sensor-Based Measurements of Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure in a Diverse Cohort.","journal":"J Pers Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Six of the devices achieved a median error for HR below 5% during cycling. No device achieved an error in EE below 20 percent.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30855232","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30855232","doi":"10.2196/10828","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/10828","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30855232/","title":"Accuracy of Consumer Wearable Heart Rate Measurement During an Ecologically Valid 24-Hour Period: Intraindividual Validation Study.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Apple Watch 3 and the Fitbit Charge 2 provided acceptable heart rate accuracy (<±10%) across the 24 hour and during each activity, except for the Apple Watch 3 during the daily activities condition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31332802","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31332802","doi":"10.1111/psyp.13441","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13441","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31332802/","title":"Stressing the accuracy: Wrist-worn wearable sensor validation over different conditions.","journal":"Psychophysiology","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mean HR measures showed the best accuracy over all conditions. HRV measures showed satisfactory accuracy in seated rest, paced breathing, and recovery conditions but not in dynamic conditions, including speaking.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33378539","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33378539","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsaa291","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa291","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33378539/","title":"Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography.","journal":"Sleep","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consumer sleep-tracking devices exhibited high performance in detecting sleep, and most performed equivalent to (or better than) actigraphy in detecting wake. Device sleep stage assessments were inconsistent.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35131229","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35131229","doi":"10.1016/j.ahj.2022.02.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2022.02.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35131229/","title":"Atrial fibrillation detection using ambulatory smartwatch photoplethysmography and validation with simultaneous holter recording.","journal":"Am Heart J","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among the 200 available participants, 112 participants (56%) developed AF (the AF group). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predicted value of AF detection in participants were 97.3%, 88.6%, and 91.6%, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32921618","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32921618","doi":"10.1016/j.acvd.2020.05.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2020.05.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32921618/","title":"Diagnostic accuracy of smart gadgets/wearable devices in detecting atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Arch Cardiovasc Dis","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Smartphones had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 96%, and smartwatches showed similar diagnostic accuracy, with a specificity of 94% and a sensitivity of 93%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37523952","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37523952","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104563","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104563","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37523952/","title":"Sedentary behavior patterns and the risk of non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Int J Nurs Stud","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A prolonged sedentary behavior pattern was associated with increased risks of several major noncommunicable diseases and all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with increased\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32706685","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32706685","doi":"10.2196/15576","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/15576","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32706685/","title":"Effectiveness of Wearable Trackers on Physical Activity in Healthy Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The usage of wearable trackers was associated with increased physical activity (standardized mean difference 0.449, 95% CI 0.10-0.80; P=.01). In the subgroup analyses, however, wearable trackers demonstrated no clear benefit for physical activity or weight reduction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with increased\" | no-difference-cue: \"no clear benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40340847","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40340847","doi":"10.2196/64458","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/64458","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40340847/","title":"Effects of Integrating Wearable Activity Trackers With a Home-Based Multicomponent Exercise Intervention on Fall-Related Parameters and Physical Function in Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Wearable technology, with or without an exercise intervention, seems to be an effective tool in reducing the fear of falling and improving physical function in older adults susceptible to falls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37467013","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37467013","doi":"10.2196/45975","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/45975","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37467013/","title":"Effect of a Wearable Device-Based Physical Activity Intervention in North Korean Refugees: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Med Internet Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The wearable device-based physical activity intervention did not significantly increase the average daily step count in the North Korean refugees in this study.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly increase\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33731385","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33731385","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2020-103594","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103594","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33731385/","title":"Health wearable devices for weight and BMI reduction in individuals with overweight/obesity and chronic comorbidities: systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Health wearable devices are effective intervention tools/strategies for reducing body weight and BMI in individuals with overweight/obesity and chronic comorbidities.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32154788","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32154788","doi":"10.2196/13461","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/13461","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32154788/","title":"Long-Term Weight Management Using Wearable Technology in Overweight and Obese Adults: Systematic Review.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This review showed some evidence that wearable devices can improve long-term physical activity and weight loss outcomes, but there was not enough evidence to show a benefit over the comparator methods.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36711436","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36711436","doi":"10.1249/tjx.0000000000000215","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/tjx.0000000000000215","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36711436/","title":"Systematic Review of Fitbit Charge 2 Validation Studies for Exercise Tracking.","journal":"Transl J Am Coll Sports Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The literature supports the validity of the FBC2 to accurately monitor HR, but for step count is inconclusive so the device may not be suitable for recommended use in all populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39350114","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39350114","doi":"10.1186/s12874-024-02311-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-024-02311-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39350114/","title":"Detection of sedentary time and bouts using consumer-grade wrist-worn devices: a hidden semi-Markov model.","journal":"BMC Med Res Methodol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"STEPHEN can characterize the proportion of time spent being sedentary and usual sedentary bout length.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35728416","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35728416","doi":"10.1016/j.puhe.2022.03.020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.03.020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35728416/","title":"Relationship of resting heart rate and blood pressure with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.","journal":"Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The risk of all-cause mortality was increased by 25% with the quartiles four vs quartile one of RHR (HR [95% CI]:1.25 [1.17-1.33]), and CVD mortality was increased by 32% (HR [95% CI]: 1.32 [1.22-1.44]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36148649","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36148649","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060291","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060291","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36148649/","title":"Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Population Using Wearable Devices: The Fitbit Heart Study.","journal":"Circulation","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Of the 225 participants with another IHRD during ECG patch monitoring, 221 had concurrent AF on the ECG and 4 did not, resulting in an IHRD positive predictive value of 98.2% (95% CI, 95.5%-99.5%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34448706","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34448706","doi":"10.2196/28974","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/28974","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34448706/","title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Smartwatches for the Detection of Cardiac Arrhythmia: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"J Med Internet Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of smartwatches for detecting cardiac arrhythmias were 100% (95% CI 0.99-1.00), 95% (95% CI 0.93-0.97), and 97% (95% CI 0.96-0.99), respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38079535","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38079535","doi":"10.1093/europace/euad354","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euad354","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079535/","title":"Single-lead electrocardiogram Artificial Intelligence model with risk factors detects atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm.","journal":"Europace","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An AI model using a single-lead SR ECG and six risk factors can identify patients with concurrent AF with similar accuracy as a 12-lead ECG-AI model.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31946820","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31946820","doi":"10.1109/EMBC.2019.8856928","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2019.8856928","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31946820/","title":"Smartwatch Based Atrial Fibrillation Detection from Photoplethysmography Signals.","journal":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our method achieves sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 96.15%, 97.37% and 97.11%, respectively, which shows the potential of a practical and reliable AF monitoring scheme.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30668508","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30668508","doi":"10.1109/JBHI.2019.2893222","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2019.2893222","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30668508/","title":"Electrodermal Activity Based Pre-surgery Stress Detection Using a Wrist Wearable.","journal":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The scheme yielded a classification accuracy of 85.06% on a new user dataset and proved to be more effective than the general supervised classification model.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36960675","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36960675","doi":"10.1017/neu.2023.19","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2023.19","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36960675/","title":"Wearables measuring electrodermal activity to assess perceived stress in care: a scoping review.","journal":"Acta Neuropsychiatr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Wearable EDA sensors are promising in detecting perceived stress. Field studies with relevant populations in a health or care context are lacking.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36644642","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36644642","doi":"10.1109/JTEHM.2022.3228483","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JTEHM.2022.3228483","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36644642/","title":"Examining Stress and Residual Symptoms in Remitted and Partially Remitted Depression Using a Wearable Electrodermal Activity Device: A Pilot Study.","journal":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increased residual symptoms were associated with enhanced self-reported stress on the same day. Increased SCRs on one day predicted increased residual symptoms on the next day.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23929894","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23929894","doi":"10.1136/bmj.f4746","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4746","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23929894/","title":"Perceived job insecurity as a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"BMJ","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Age adjusted relative risk of high versus low job insecurity was 1.32 (95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.59).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22975465","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22975465","doi":"10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.08.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22975465/","title":"Meta-analysis of perceived stress and its association with incident coronary heart disease.","journal":"Am J Cardiol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis yielded an aggregate risk ratio of 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.45) for the magnitude of the relation between high perceived stress and incident CHD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33857011","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33857011","doi":"10.2196/27503","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/27503","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33857011/","title":"Validation of the Withings ScanWatch as a Wrist-Worn Reflective Pulse Oximeter: Prospective Interventional Clinical Study.","journal":"J Med Internet Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found a strong association and a high level of agreement between the measurements collected from the devices, with high Pearson correlation coefficients of r=0.944 and r=0.954 on the correlation plots.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm29632508","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29632508","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2018.00157","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00157","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632508/","title":"Multidimensional Circadian Monitoring by Wearable Biosensors in Parkinson's Disease.","journal":"Front Neurol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our study demonstrates that a multichannel ACM device collects reliable and complementary information from motor (acceleration and time in movement) and common non-motor (sleep and skin temperature rhythms) features frequently disrupted in PD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36243195","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36243195","doi":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104907","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104907","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36243195/","title":"Heart rate variability in the prediction of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy and patient populations.","journal":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower HRV parameter values were significant predictors of higher mortality across different ages, sex, continents, populations and recording lengths.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22920717","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22920717","doi":"10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.06.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.06.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22920717/","title":"Heart rate as a target of treatment of chronic heart failure.","journal":"J Cardiol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a long-term follow-up study in Framingham, the general population in this cohort showed an increase in all-cause mortality by 14% at every 10 bpm increase in HR.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34957939","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34957939","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2021.2023656","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.2023656","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34957939/","title":"Wrist-worn devices for the measurement of heart rate and energy expenditure: A validation study for the Apple Watch 6, Polar Vantage V and Fitbit Sense.","journal":"Eur J Sport Sci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Apple Watch 6 was the most accurate for measuring heart rate, whereas the Polar Vantage V and Fitbit Sense showed variable results dependent on the activity","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31579020","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31579020","doi":"10.2196/14534","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/14534","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31579020/","title":"Accuracy of the Multisensory Wristwatch Polar Vantage's Estimation of Energy Expenditure in Various Activities: Instrument Validation Study.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Polar Vantage has a statistically moderate-to-good accuracy in EE estimation that is activity dependent.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30392584","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30392584","doi":"10.1016/j.ahj.2018.09.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2018.09.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30392584/","title":"Rationale and design of a large-scale, app-based study to identify cardiac arrhythmias using a smartwatch: The Apple Heart Study.","journal":"Am Heart J","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Smartwatch and fitness band wearable consumer electronics can passively measure pulse rate from the wrist using photoplethysmography (PPG). Identification of pulse irregularity or variability from these data has the potential to identify atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (AF, collectively).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32312858","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32312858","doi":"10.2337/dc19-1459","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1459","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32312858/","title":"Effects of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Metrics of Glycemic Control in Diabetes: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CGM improves glycemic control by expanding TIR and decreasing TBR, TAR, and glucose variability in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37987208","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37987208","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgad652","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad652","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37987208/","title":"Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Metrics of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both rt-CGM and flash CGM led to modest but statistically significant declines in HbA1c among individuals with T2DM, with little heterogeneity in the results.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30095980","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30095980","doi":"10.1089/dia.2018.0177","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0177","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30095980/","title":"The Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Diabetes Technol Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"RT-CGM and P-CGM were associated with a modest but statistically significant reduction in HbA1c of 0.20% (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.31 to -0.09) compared with control. Patients who received FGM had a nonsignificant reduction of 0.02% (95% CI -0.07 to 0.04) compared with control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"nonsignificant\" | favorable-cue: \"reduction in hba1c\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38363342","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38363342","doi":"10.1007/s00125-024-06107-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-024-06107-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38363342/","title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Diabetologia","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CGM use compared with SMBG is associated with improvements in glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. However, all studies were open label. In addition, outcome data on incident severe hypoglycaemia and incident microvascular and macrovascular complications were scarce.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29273897","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29273897","doi":"10.1007/s00125-017-4527-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4527-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29273897/","title":"Impact of flash glucose monitoring on hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes managed with multiple daily injection therapy: a pre-specified subgroup analysis of the IMPACT randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Diabetologia","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 6 months, mean time in hypoglycaemia was reduced by 46.0%, from 3.44 h/day to 1.86 h/day in the intervention group (baseline adjusted mean change, -1.65 h/day)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28000140","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28000140","doi":"10.1007/s13300-016-0223-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-016-0223-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28000140/","title":"Flash Glucose-Sensing Technology as a Replacement for Blood Glucose Monitoring for the Management of Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes: a Multicenter, Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Diabetes Ther","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Flash glucose-sensing technology use in type 2 diabetes with intensive insulin therapy results in no difference in HbA1c change and reduced hypoglycemia, thus offering a safe, effective replacement for SMBG.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no difference\" | favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36546594","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36546594","doi":"10.1111/dom.14949","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14949","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36546594/","title":"IMpact of flash glucose Monitoring in pEople with type 2 Diabetes Inadequately controlled with non-insulin Antihyperglycaemic ThErapy (IMMEDIATE): A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Diabetes Obes Metab","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The IMMEDIATE study has shown that among non-insulin-treated individuals with type 2 diabetes, use of isCGM is associated with an improvement in glycaemic outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31271312","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31271312","doi":"10.1177/1479164119827456","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164119827456","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31271312/","title":"Reduction in HbA1c using professional flash glucose monitoring in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients managed in primary and secondary care settings: A pilot, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Diab Vasc Dis Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Libre Pro can improve HbA1c and treatment satisfaction without increasing hypoglycaemic exposure in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes individuals managed in primary/secondary care centres.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32543683","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32543683","doi":"10.1001/jama.2020.6940","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6940","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32543683/","title":"Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes, continuous glucose monitoring compared with standard blood glucose monitoring resulted in a small but statistically significant improvement in glycemic control over 26 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30352896","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30352896","doi":"10.2337/dc18-1444","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1444","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30352896/","title":"Validation of Time in Range as an Outcome Measure for Diabetes Clinical Trials.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The hazard rate of development of retinopathy progression was increased by 64% (95% CI 51-78), and development of the microalbuminuria outcome was increased by 40% (95% CI 25-56), for each 10 percentage points lower TIR","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30575414","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30575414","doi":"10.1089/dia.2018.0310","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0310","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30575414/","title":"The Relationship of Hemoglobin A1C to Time-in-Range in Patients with Diabetes.","journal":"Diabetes Technol Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is a good correlation between HbA1C and %TIR that may permit the transition to %TIR as the preferred metric for determining the outcome of clinical studies, predicting of the risk of diabetes complications, and assessing of an individual patient's glycemic control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32669277","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32669277","doi":"10.2337/dc20-0738","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-0738","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32669277/","title":"Effect of Flash Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes-Related Distress, and Resource Utilization in the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) Nationwide Audit.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We show that the use of FSL was associated with significantly improved glycemic control and hypoglycemia awareness and a reduction in hospital admissions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31875133","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31875133","doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000809","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000809","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31875133/","title":"Improved well-being and decreased disease burden after 1-year use of flash glucose monitoring (FLARE-NL4).","journal":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Real world data demonstrate that use of FSL-FGM results in improved well-being and decreased disease burden, as well as improvement of glycemic control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33836819","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33836819","doi":"10.1186/s13098-021-00654-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00654-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33836819/","title":"A review of flash glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes.","journal":"Diabetol Metab Syndr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Additional benefits associated with flash glucose monitoring versus SMBG include reductions in acute diabetes events, all-cause hospitalizations and hospitalized ketoacidosis episodes; improved well-being and decreased disease burden; and greater treatment satisfaction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30349600","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30349600","doi":"10.17925/EE.2018.14.2.86","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.17925/EE.2018.14.2.86","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30349600/","title":"Cost Calculation for a Flash Glucose Monitoring System for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Intensive Insulin - a UK Perspective.","journal":"Eur Endocrinol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"flash monitoring would cost an additional £585 per patient per year, offset by a £776 reduction in healthcare resource use, based on reductions in emergency room visits (41%), ambulance call-outs (66%) and hospital admissions (77%) observed in the REPLACE trial.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40346649","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40346649","doi":"10.1186/s12933-025-02762-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-025-02762-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40346649/","title":"Combined assessment of stress hyperglycemia ratio and glycemic variability to predict all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases across different glucose metabolic states: an observational cohort study with machine learning.","journal":"Cardiovasc Diabetol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Combined SHR and GV assessment serves as a critical prognostic tool for ASCVD mortality, providing enhanced predictive accuracy compared to individual metrics, particularly in NGR and Pre-DM patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35717418","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35717418","doi":"10.1038/s41366-022-01165-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-022-01165-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35717418/","title":"Body fat and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.","journal":"Int J Obes (Lond)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A total of 35 prospective cohort studies with 923,295 participants and 68,389 deaths were identified. The HRs of all-cause mortality for a 10% increment in BF were 1.11 (95%CI: 1.02, 1.20; I = 93%, n = 11) in the general adult populations, and 0.92 (95%CI: 0.79, 1.06; I = 76%, n = 7) in adults older than 60 years.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40138778","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40138778","doi":"10.1016/j.maturitas.2025.108252","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2025.108252","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40138778/","title":"Change in body size associated with all-cause mortality in an older Chinese population.","journal":"Maturitas","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with participants with stable body size (change within 5%), those with more than a 10% decrease in BMI or BF% had 36% and 46% higher risks, respectively, of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.17-1.59; and HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.25-1.72)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24966306","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24966306","doi":"10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305816","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305816","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24966306/","title":"Body fat percentage, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of mortality and cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Heart","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Once BMI and WHR are taken into account, fat percentage does not add to prediction of mortality or CVD in middle-aged and older-aged adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31301983","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31301983","doi":"10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31301983/","title":"Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: a position statement.","journal":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Findings from epidemiological studies over the past 30 years have shown that visceral adipose tissue, accurately measured by CT or MRI, is an independent risk marker of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity and mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36082075","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36082075","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2022.922931","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.922931","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36082075/","title":"Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A high abdominal VAT area seems to be associated with increased all-cause mortality in individuals ≤ 65 years, possibly mediated by metabolic complications, and not through an independent effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34214624","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34214624","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2021.111461","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111461","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34214624/","title":"Low muscle mass in older adults and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Exp Gerontol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A reduced pooled ASMI in individuals who died as compared to those who survived (ASMI SMD = -0.18, CI95% -0.23 to -0.12, REM) was found.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31788969","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31788969","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12502","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12502","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31788969/","title":"Muscle mass, strength, and physical performance predicting activities of daily living: a meta-analysis.","journal":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low muscle mass was associated with worsening ADL (pooled odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 3.19 (1.29-7.92)) and worsening IADL (1.28 (1.02-1.61)).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"worsening\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36604970","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36604970","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.13160","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13160","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36604970/","title":"Recent sarcopenia definitions-prevalence, agreement and mortality associations among men: Findings from population-based cohorts.","journal":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooled hazard ratios (95% CI) for mortality for presence versus absence of each definition were EWGSOP2 [1.76 (1.42, 2.18), I: 0.0%]; SDOC [2.75 (2.28, 3.31), I: 0.0%]; and Modified SDOC [1.93 (1.54, 2.41), I: 58.3%].","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20338492","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20338492","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.061","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.061","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20338492/","title":"Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The pooled RRs of total CV events, CV mortality, and all-cause mortality were 2.26 (95% confidence interval: 1.89 to 2.70, 14 studies), 2.02 (95% confidence interval: 1.68 to 2.42, 10 studies), and 1.90 (95% confidence interval: 1.61 to 2.24, 11 studies), respectively, for high versus low aortic PWV subjects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22649125","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22649125","doi":"10.1177/2047487312449588","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312449588","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649125/","title":"High aortic augmentation index predicts mortality and cardiovascular events in men from a general population, but not in women.","journal":"Eur J Prev Cardiol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings support that AIx relates to CVD in men but question the value in women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33684215","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33684215","doi":"10.1093/advances/nmab016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33684215/","title":"Validity of Body-Composition Methods across Racial and Ethnic Populations.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For BIA, body-composition measures may be valid in a multi-ethnic sample, but the literature demonstrates disparate results between races/ethnicities.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35067750","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35067750","doi":"10.1007/s00421-021-04879-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04879-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35067750/","title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis versus reference methods in the assessment of body composition in athletes.","journal":"Eur J Appl Physiol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present systematic review suggests that BIA and BIVA can be used for assessing body composition in athletes, provided that foot-to-hand technology, predictive equations, and BIVA references for athletes are used.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36963862","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36963862","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.026","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.01.026","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36963862/","title":"Validity of total body water measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance devices in a multi-ethnic sample.","journal":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results suggest the BIS and IB devices evaluated can produce valid TBW estimates compared to DO in a multi-ethnic sample.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22698802","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22698802","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.05.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22698802/","title":"Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis--clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters.","journal":"Clin Nutr","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Numerous studies have proven the prognostic impact of PhA regarding mortality or postoperative complications in different clinical settings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25683820","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25683820","doi":"10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25683820/","title":"Weighing every day matters: daily weighing improves weight loss and adoption of weight control behaviors.","journal":"J Acad Nutr Diet","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily weighers lost significantly more weight compared with those weighing less than daily (mean difference=-6.1 kg; 95% CI -10.2 to -2.1; P=0.004).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26064677","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26064677","doi":"10.1155/2015/763680","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/763680","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26064677/","title":"Frequent Self-Weighing and Visual Feedback for Weight Loss in Overweight Adults.","journal":"J Obes","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily self-weighing and visual feedback facilitated a minimal amount of weight loss and maintenance of this loss.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21185970","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21185970","doi":"10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21185970/","title":"Self-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature.","journal":"J Am Diet Assoc","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant association between self-monitoring and weight loss was consistently found; however, the level of evidence was weak because of methodologic limitations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34355010","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34355010","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.712992","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.712992","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34355010/","title":"A Portable Gluten Sensor for Celiac Disease Patients May Not Always Be Reliable Depending on the Food and the User.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Of the 119 samples with gluten content ranging from 2 to 101,888 mg/kg tested in total, the sensor showed 80 positive (67.2%), 37 negative (31.1%) and 2 invalid results at the first of three consecutive measurements. The detection rate for samples containing ≥20 mg/kg of gluten was 90%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34753529","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34753529","doi":"10.1017/S0007114521002488","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521002488","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753529/","title":"Gluten contamination in labelled gluten-free, naturally gluten-free and meals in food services in low-, middle- and high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results show that in the gluten-free foods analysed, the overall prevalence of gluten contamination was estimated at 15.12% (95% CI: 9.56%-21.70%), with more than 20 mg/kg of gluten.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34210037","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34210037","doi":"10.3390/nu13072244","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072244","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34210037/","title":"Food Safety and Cross-Contamination of Gluten-Free Products: A Narrative Review.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It has been demonstrated that both natural and certified gluten-free foods can be heavily contaminated with gluten well above the commonly accepted threshold of 20 mg/kg.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30582343","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30582343","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2018.1541864","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1541864","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30582343/","title":"Gluten contamination in food services and industry: A systematic review.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It indicates that foods labeled as \"gluten-free\" should not be considered safe for patients with GRD since information on the label regarding the presence/absence of gluten is unreliable.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28178205","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28178205","doi":"10.3390/nu9020115","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020115","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178205/","title":"Gluten Contamination in Naturally or Labeled Gluten-Free Products Marketed in Italy.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Gluten level was lower than 10 part per million (ppm) in 173 products (86.5%), between 10 and 20 ppm in 9 (4.5%), and higher than 20 ppm in 18 (9%), respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28067823","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28067823","doi":"10.3390/nu9010046","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010046","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28067823/","title":"Biomarkers to Monitor Gluten-Free Diet Compliance in Celiac Patients.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Therefore, the detection of gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in feces and urine have been proposed as new non-invasive biomarkers to detect gluten intake and verify GFD compliance in CD patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35001079","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35001079","doi":"10.1038/s41430-021-01054-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-01054-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35001079/","title":"Detection of gluten immunogenic peptides and the Celiac Disease Adherence Test to monitor gluten-free diet: a pilot study.","journal":"Eur J Clin Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fecal GIP may be useful as a biomarker for ongoing gluten intake that is not possible to detect with current clinical methods to assess GFD adherence, and may play a role in the management of persistent gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34209138","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34209138","doi":"10.3390/nu13072274","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072274","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209138/","title":"Challenges of Monitoring the Gluten-Free Diet Adherence in the Management and Follow-Up of Patients with Celiac Disease.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cross-contamination of gluten-free products with gluten is a major cause of inadvertent non-adherence, while the limited availability, high costs, and poor quality of certified gluten-free products are responsible for intentionally breaking a GFD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35626950","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35626950","doi":"10.3390/foods11101380","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101380","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35626950/","title":"Biomarkers to Monitor Adherence to Gluten-Free Diet by Celiac Disease Patients: Gluten Immunogenic Peptides and Urinary miRNAs.","journal":"Foods","year":2022,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Gluten-free food contamination by other cereals during packaging and cooking or accidental ingestion of gluten may cause several intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in CD patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30781554","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30781554","doi":"10.3390/s19040817","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040817","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30781554/","title":"Emerging Point-of-care Technologies for Food Safety Analysis.","journal":"Sensors (Basel)","year":2019,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"POC devices, including paper- and chip-based devices, are typically rapid, cost-effective and user-friendly, offering a tremendous potential for rapid food safety analysis at POC settings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30776617","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30776617","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.050","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.050","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30776617/","title":"A novel electrochemical mast cell-based paper biosensor for the rapid detection of milk allergen casein.","journal":"Biosens Bioelectron","year":2019,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Therefore, a simple and novel electrochemical method for food allergens detection was developed, demonstrating its potential application in the food safety determination and evaluation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35378457","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35378457","doi":"10.1016/j.bios.2022.114223","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114223","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35378457/","title":"Rapid label-free colorimetric dual-functional aptasensor for β-lactoglobulin detection based on a rational tailoring strategy.","journal":"Biosens Bioelectron","year":2022,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Furthermore, the aptasensor offered advantages, such as cost-efficiency, simple operation, 40 min rapid detection, excellent specificity, and a sensitivity of a three-orders of magnitude linear range and an 8.23-fold linear curve slope, meeting the point-of-care testing (POCT) requirements for dairy analysis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35855411","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35855411","doi":"10.1007/s40521-022-00314-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40521-022-00314-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35855411/","title":"Accidental Reactions to Foods: Frequency, Causes, and Severity.","journal":"Curr Treat Options Allergy","year":2022,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Despite best efforts by individuals, physicians, and legislative bodies to improve safety for food allergic individuals, accidental reactions to foods still occur and can result in fatalities.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34662116","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34662116","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04379","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04379","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34662116/","title":"Prospective Selective Mechanism of Emerging Senolytic Agents Derived from Flavonoids.","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among senolytic candidates, only dasatinib with quercetin and fisetin meet the rigorous criteria for senolytic drugs, according to a modified version of Koch's postulates.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31077707","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31077707","doi":"10.1016/j.mad.2019.05.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2019.05.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31077707/","title":"Emerging senolytic agents derived from natural products.","journal":"Mech Ageing Dev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In recent years, emerging natural compounds have been discovered to be effective senolytic agents, such as quercetin, fisetin, piperlongumine and the curcumin analog.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40437670","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40437670","doi":"10.1111/acel.70114","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70114","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40437670/","title":"Intermittent Supplementation With Fisetin Improves Physical Function and Decreases Cellular Senescence in Skeletal Muscle With Aging: A Comparison to Genetic Clearance of Senescent Cells and Synthetic Senolytic Approaches.","journal":"Aging Cell","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found that fisetin mitigated the adverse changes in frailty and grip strength with aging. Fisetin had no effects in young mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41270738","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41270738","doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2025.10.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.10.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41270738/","title":"Endothelial senescent-cell-specific clearance alleviates metabolic dysfunction in obese mice.","journal":"Cell Metab","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the senolytic, fisetin, which targets senescent endothelial cells among other senescent cell types, reduced adipose tissue senescent endothelial cell abundance and improved glucose metabolism in obese mice or mice transplanted with senescent mouse endothelial cells.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39658621","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39658621","doi":"10.1038/s43587-024-00752-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-024-00752-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39658621/","title":"IL-23R is a senescence-linked circulating and tissue biomarker of aging.","journal":"Nat Aging","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We discovered that age-dependent changes in plasma proteins, including IL-23R, CCL5 and CA13, were reversed by senotherapeutics, which corresponded to expression differences in tissues, particularly in the kidney. In plasma from humans across the lifespan, IL-23R increased with age.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34516952","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34516952","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174492","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174492","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516952/","title":"Fisetin, potential flavonoid with multifarious targets for treating neurological disorders: An updated review.","journal":"Eur J Pharmacol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fisetin has manifested several health benefits in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Vascular dementia, and Schizophrenia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35533608","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35533608","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154123","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154123","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35533608/","title":"Recent advances in potential of Fisetin in the management of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury-A systematic review.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fisetin is reported to be effective in attenuating IR injury by delaying the clotting time, preserving the mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting GSK 3β. But it failed to protect diseased cardiomyocytes challenged to IR.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36084954","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36084954","doi":"10.18632/aging.204275","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.204275","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084954/","title":"Senolytic elimination of senescent macrophages restores muscle stem cell function in severely dystrophic muscle.","journal":"Aging (Albany NY)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the senolytic ablation of these senescent cells with fisetin can be an effective therapeutic strategy for improving function of muscle stem cells and phenotypes of dystrophic muscles.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33807530","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33807530","doi":"10.3390/nu13030845","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030845","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33807530/","title":"Anticancer Potential of Selected Flavonols: Fisetin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin on Head and Neck Cancers.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Study results prove antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of flavonols with regard to head and neck cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34375437","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34375437","doi":"10.1111/jgs.17416","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17416","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34375437/","title":"Fisetin for COVID-19 in skilled nursing facilities: Senolytic trials in the COVID era.","journal":"J Am Geriatr Soc","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Senolytic agents, such as Fisetin, selectively eliminate SnCs and delay, prevent, or alleviate multiple disorders in aged experimental animals and animal models of human chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and respiratory diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39434114","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39434114","doi":"10.1186/s13063-024-08474-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-024-08474-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39434114/","title":"Senolytics To slOw Progression of Sepsis (STOP-Sepsis) in elderly patients: Study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, adaptive allocation clinical trial.","journal":"Trials","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We are conducting a multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, adaptive allocation phase 2 clinical trial to assess the efficacy of the senolytic drug fisetin in preventing clinical deterioration of elderly patients diagnosed with sepsis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38875032","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38875032","doi":"10.3233/JAD-231222","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-231222","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875032/","title":"Polyphenols and Diets as Current and Potential Nutrition Senotherapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: Findings from Clinical Trials.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Promising results with neuroprotective effects of senotherapeutic agents such as quercetin, resveratrol, Epigallocatechin-gallate, curcumin and fisetin were reported from preclinical studies. However, in-human trials remain limited, and findings were inconclusive.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41090219","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41090219","doi":"10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.125.327060","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.125.327060","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41090219/","title":"Vascular Niches Are the Primary Hotspots in Cardiac Aging.","journal":"Circ Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We treated mice with broad-spectrum senolytics dasatinib and quercetin, and endothelial-specific senolytic fisetin and studied their effects on senescence and macrophage populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40464183","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40464183","doi":"10.2174/0115733998369114250512094027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998369114250512094027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40464183/","title":"Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Fisetin for Nephrotoxicity, Kidney Injury, and Nephropathy: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Curr Diabetes Rev","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Preclinical studies revealed that FIS demonstrates promising protective effects against kidney toxicity, renal injury, diabetes, and lupus-induced nephropathy. However, more clinical studies are needed in this field to determine effective and safe doses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42024235","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42024235","doi":"10.1007/s00210-026-05309-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-026-05309-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42024235/","title":"Targeting the FOXO4-p53 axis by retro-inverso peptide senolytic agents: a pharmacological strategy to mitigate brain aging and cognitive decline.","journal":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Preliminary human studies involving FOXO4-axis modulators, such as high-dose fisetin, show a reduction in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and enhancements in cognitive and physical measures among older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32694802","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32694802","doi":"10.1038/s42255-019-0073-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-019-0073-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694802/","title":"The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans.","journal":"Nat Metab","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure);Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p102;p110","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"102;110","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These observed effects on mitochondrial biomarkers show that UA induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health following regular oral consumption in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41174221","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41174221","doi":"10.1038/s43587-025-00996-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-00996-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41174221/","title":"Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Nat Aging","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings indicate that short-term UA supplementation modulates human immune cell composition and function, supporting its potential to counteract age-related immune decline and inflammaging.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm39487653","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39487653","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2419388","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2419388","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39487653/","title":"Assessment of Urolithin A effects on muscle endurance, strength, inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism in male athletes with resistance training: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After 8 weeks of UA supplementation at 1 g/day, resistance-trained male athletes showed improvements in muscle strength and endurance. Additionally, UA supplementation was also associated with reduced oxidative stress levels and a decrease in inflammation response levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38415449","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38415449","doi":"10.2174/0115748871279354240209101604","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748871279354240209101604","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38415449/","title":"Evaluation of Urolithin A Efficacy in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial.","journal":"Rev Recent Clin Trials","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of the present study do not support any positive effect of UA supplementation in improving echocardiographic and biochemical indices of HFrEF.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not support\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39002645","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39002645","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102406","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2024.102406","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39002645/","title":"Targeting aging with urolithin A in humans: A systematic review.","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure);Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p102;p110","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"102;110","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"UA increased muscle strength and endurance, however, had no effect on anthropometrics, cardiovascular outcomes, and physical function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"increased muscle\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27400265","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27400265","doi":"10.1038/nm.4132","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4132","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27400265/","title":"Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents.","journal":"Nat Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We identified urolithin A (UA) as a first-in-class natural compound that induces mitophagy both in vitro and in vivo following oral consumption. In C. elegans, UA prevented the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria with age and extended lifespan.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"extended lifespan\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34030963","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34030963","doi":"10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34030963/","title":"Impact of the Natural Compound Urolithin A on Health, Disease, and Aging.","journal":"Trends Mol Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"UA enhances cellular health by increasing mitophagy and mitochondrial function and reducing detrimental inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"detrimental\" | favorable-cue: \"enhances\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37925671","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37925671","doi":"10.1007/s00223-023-01145-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-023-01145-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37925671/","title":"Mitophagy Activation by Urolithin A to Target Muscle Aging.","journal":"Calcif Tissue Int","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The natural postbiotic Urolithin A has been shown to promote mitophagy, mitochondrial function and improved muscle function across species in different experimental models and across multiple clinical studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30742114","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30742114","doi":"10.1038/s41593-018-0332-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0332-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30742114/","title":"Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-beta and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer's disease.","journal":"Nat Neurosci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"mitophagy stimulation (through NAD supplementation, urolithin A, and actinonin) reverses memory impairment","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38890703","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38890703","doi":"10.1186/s13024-024-00739-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-024-00739-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38890703/","title":"Urolithin A promotes p62-dependent lysophagy to prevent acute retinal neurodegeneration.","journal":"Mol Neurodegener","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"UA alleviated neurodegeneration and preserved visual function in SI-treated mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35563088","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35563088","doi":"10.3390/ijms23094697","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094697","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35563088/","title":"Urolithin A Inactivation of TLR3/TRIF Signaling to Block the NF-kB/STAT1 Axis Reduces Inflammation and Enhances Antioxidant Defense in Poly(I:C)-Induced RAW264.7 Cells.","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"our results suggest that urolithin A inhibits TLR3-activated inflammatory and oxidative-associated pathways in macrophages, and that this inhibition is induced by poly(I:C).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31014901","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31014901","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31014901/","title":"Protective effect of urolithin a on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice via modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress.","journal":"Food Chem Toxicol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urolithin A pretreatment reduced all the above renal damage parameters in a significant way.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40944126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40944126","doi":"10.3390/nu17172734","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172734","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944126/","title":"Multi-Species Synbiotic Supplementation Enhances Gut Microbial Diversity, Increases Urolithin A and Butyrate Production, and Reduces Inflammation in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This multi-species synbiotic significantly increases diversity and abundance of key beneficial bacteria, enhances UroA production and butyrate levels, and is associated with lowered systemic inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23985577","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23985577","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0423","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0423","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23985577/","title":"A double-blind, randomized, neoadjuvant study of the tissue effects of POMx pills in men with prostate cancer before radical prostatectomy.","journal":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_compounds":"Urolithin A (Mitopure)","linked_monograph_ids":"p102","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"102","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urolithin A was detected in 21 of the 33 patients in the POMx group versus 12 of the 35 in the placebo group (P = 0.031).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22537070","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22537070","doi":"10.3109/09637486.2012.665043","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2012.665043","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22537070/","title":"Effect of broccoli sprouts on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.","journal":"Int J Food Sci Nutr","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After 4 weeks, consumption of 10 g/d BSP resulted in a significant decrease in serum insulin concentration and HOMA-IR (p = 0.05 for treatment effect). Therefore, broccoli sprouts may improve IR in type 2 diabetic patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16965241","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16965241","doi":"10.1207/s15327914nc5501_7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5501_7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16965241/","title":"Safety, tolerance, and metabolism of broccoli sprout glucosinolates and isothiocyanates: a clinical phase I study.","journal":"Nutr Cancer","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"No significant or consistent subjective or objective abnormal events (toxicities) associated with any of the sprout extract ingestions were observed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26604653","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26604653","doi":"10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12457","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i43.12457","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26604653/","title":"Sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract improves hepatic abnormalities in male subjects.","journal":"World J Gastroenterol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary supplementation with BS extract containing the SF precursor GR is likely to be highly effective in improving liver function through reduction of oxidative stress.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31268126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31268126","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqz122","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz122","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31268126/","title":"Dose-dependent detoxication of the airborne pollutant benzene in a randomized trial of broccoli sprout beverage in Qidong, China.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A statistically significant increase in benzene mercapturic acids in urine was found for the high-dose group (+63.2%) during the 10-d period.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42200637","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42200637","doi":"10.1039/d6fo00047a","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo00047a","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42200637/","title":"Sulforaphane reprograms the metabolomic landscape of chronic kidney disease: insights from NMR-based metabolomics.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"SFN supplementation tended to reduce 2-hydroxyisovalerate and glycerol levels, metabolites associated with insulin resistance and oxidative stress, and attenuated methanol elevation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23631497","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23631497","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2012.2559","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.2559","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23631497/","title":"Potential efficacy of broccoli sprouts as a unique supplement for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications.","journal":"J Med Food","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In hyperglycemic and oxidative conditions, sulforaphane has the potential to activate the NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant response-signaling pathway, induces phase 2 enzymes, attenuates oxidative stress, and inactivates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), a key modulator of inflammatory pathways.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37955784","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37955784","doi":"10.1007/s10787-023-01373-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01373-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37955784/","title":"A mechanistic overview of sulforaphane and its derivatives application in diabetes and its complications.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sulforaphane has been demonstrated to activate the PIK/AKT and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways and the glucose transporter type 4 to increase insulin production and reduce insulin resistance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35709656","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35709656","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113273","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113273","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35709656/","title":"Sulforaphane alleviates high fat diet-induced insulin resistance via AMPK/Nrf2/GPx4 axis.","journal":"Biomed Pharmacother","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"SFN was found to effectively reduce body weight, fasting blood glucose and hyperlipidemia, and improve liver function in HFD-fed mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40427484","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40427484","doi":"10.3390/antiox14050603","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050603","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40427484/","title":"Oral Sulforaphane Intervention Protects Against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in db/db Mice: Focus on Cardiac Lipotoxicity and Substrate Metabolism.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"SFN intervention (SFN-I) alleviated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, serum MDA levels, and liver inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40823012","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40823012","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1663245","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1663245","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40823012/","title":"Sulforaphane attenuates aldose reductase-mediated platelet dysfunction in high glucose-stimulated human platelets via downregulation of the Src/ROS/p53 signaling pathway.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings suggest that by inhibiting the Src/ROS/p53 signaling pathway and mitigating AR-mediated platelet dysfunction, SFN may confer significant protection against atherothrombosis during hyperglycemia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32138578","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32138578","doi":"10.1080/15548627.2020.1739442","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2020.1739442","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32138578/","title":"Sulforaphane Activates a lysosome-dependent transcriptional program to mitigate oxidative stress.","journal":"Autophagy","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"by simultaneously activating macroautophagy/autophagy and detoxifying pathways, natural compound SFN may trigger a self-defense cellular mechanism that can effectively mitigate oxidative stress commonly associated with many metabolic and age-related diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41184790","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41184790","doi":"10.1186/s12888-025-07515-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07515-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41184790/","title":"Efficacy and safety of sulforaphane in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"BMC Psychiatry","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Sulforaphane led to significant reductions in metabolic markers, including LDL, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Discontinuation rates were lower in the sulforaphane group (RR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.95; p = 0.02).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34586711","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34586711","doi":"10.1002/ptr.7284","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7284","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34586711/","title":"Effect of curcumin on C-reactive protein as a biomarker of systemic inflammation: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CRP concentration was decreased significantly compared to the placebo (WMD = -3.67 mg/L, 95% CI = -6.96 to -0.38, p = 0.02).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"crp concentration was decreased\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33934954","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33934954","doi":"10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155541","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155541","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33934954/","title":"Effect of curcumin on proinflammatory cytokines: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Cytokine","year":2021,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of IL-1 (WMD = -2.33 pg/ml, 95% CI = -3.33 to -1.34, P < 0.001) and TNF-α (WMD = -1.61 pg/ml, 95% CI = -2.72, -0.51, P < 0.001) compared to the placebo group following treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30402990","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30402990","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6226","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6226","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30402990/","title":"The effects of curcumin-containing supplements on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis indicated that curcumin supplementation significantly decreased interleukin 6 (IL-6) (SMD -2.08; 95% CI [-3.90, -0.25]; p = 0.02), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (SMD -0.65; 95% CI [-1.20, -0.10], p = 0.02), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (SMD -3.14; 95% CI [-4.76, -1.53], p < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39478418","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39478418","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8340","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8340","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39478418/","title":"Curcumin on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 103 Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The credibility of the evidence was rated as high for fasting blood sugar (FBS), C-reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and weight.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37522129","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37522129","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1216708","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1216708","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37522129/","title":"Effects of dietary polyphenol curcumin supplementation on metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Curcumin exhibited promising potential in enhancing markers associated with metabolic syndrome, including inflammation. However, additional studies are required to confirm such findings since the included evidence is limited and has a relatively high heterogeneity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35475714","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35475714","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2022.2067826","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2067826","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35475714/","title":"The effects of curcumin on anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters of patients with metabolic related diseases: a systematic review and dose-effect meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Nanocurcumin may have a greater effect on the reduction of FPG, INS, TC and LDL-C than other curcumin formulations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35010916","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35010916","doi":"10.3390/nu14010041","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010041","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35010916/","title":"An Investigation into the Effects of a Curcumin Extract (Curcugen) on Osteoarthritis Pain of the Knee: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pain-relieving medication was reduced in 37% of participants on curcumin compared to 13% on placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33172016","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33172016","doi":"10.3390/antiox9111092","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111092","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33172016/","title":"Antioxidant Potential of Curcumin-A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pure curcumin has the potential to reduce MDA concentration and increase total antioxidant capacity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29020971","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29020971","doi":"10.1186/s12937-017-0293-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-017-0293-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29020971/","title":"Efficacy and safety of turmeric and curcumin in lowering blood lipid levels in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Nutr J","year":2017,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Turmeric and curcumin appeared safe, and no serious adverse events were reported in any of the included studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35649583","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35649583","doi":"10.1515/jcim-2022-0082","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2022-0082","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35649583/","title":"The effects of curcumin-containing supplementations on inflammatory markers and lipid profiles in patients with chronic kidney diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"J Complement Integr Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Curcumin intake significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (WMD=-13.77 mg/dL; 95% CI, -26.77, -0.77; p=0.04) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (WMD=-18.87 pg/mL; 95% CI, -28.36, -9.38; p<0.001) compared with controls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced total cholesterol\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30817985","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30817985","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30817985/","title":"Involvement of metabolism-permeability in enhancing the oral bioavailability of curcumin in excipient-free solid dispersions co-formed with piperine.","journal":"Int J Pharm","year":2019,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After administration of co-amorphous CUR-PIP, the AUC of CUR significantly increased by 2.16- and 1.92-fold those in crystalline and amorphous CUR, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31092175","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31092175","doi":"10.2174/1381612825666190513095352","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190513095352","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31092175/","title":"The Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Blood Pressures and Endothelial Function Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Curr Pharm Des","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD: -1.69; 95% CI: -3.22, -0.17) following the intake of quercetin supplements.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37654199","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37654199","doi":"10.1002/ptr.7971","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7971","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654199/","title":"The effects of Quercetin supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quercetin supplementation could significantly reduce systolic blood pressure (SBP) (weighted mean difference (WMD): -1.9, 95% CI = -3.2 to -0.6, I = 88.3%) and insulin level (WMD: -1.07, 95% CI = -1.9 to -0.1, I = 75.0%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17951477","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17951477","doi":"10.1093/jn/137.11.2405","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.11.2405","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17951477/","title":"Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Blood pressure was not altered in prehypertensive patients after quercetin supplementation. In contrast, reductions in (P < 0.01) systolic (-7 +/- 2 mm Hg), diastolic (-5 +/- 2 mm Hg), and mean arterial pressures (-5 +/- 2 mm Hg) were observed in stage 1 hypertensive patients after quercetin treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not altered\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19402938","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19402938","doi":"10.1017/S0007114509359127","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509359127","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19402938/","title":"Quercetin reduces systolic blood pressure and plasma oxidised low-density lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-cardiovascular disease risk phenotype: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In contrast to placebo, quercetin decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 2.6 mmHg (P < 0.01) in the entire study group, by 2.9 mmHg (P < 0.01) in the subgroup of hypertensive subjects and by 3.7 mmHg (P < 0.001) in the subgroup of younger adults aged 25-50 years.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26328470","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26328470","doi":"10.1017/S0007114515002950","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515002950","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26328470/","title":"Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-)hypertension: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the subgroup of hypertensives, quercetin decreased 24 h systolic BP by -3·6 mmHg (P=0·022) when compared with placebo (mean treatment difference, -3·9 mmHg; P=0·049).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased 24 h systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26924303","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26924303","doi":"10.1007/s00394-016-1185-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1185-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26924303/","title":"Acute intake of quercetin from onion skin extract does not influence postprandial blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese adults with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly over time, but were not affected by treatment (placebo or quercetin).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"were not affected\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31870463","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31870463","doi":"10.1017/S0007114519002137","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519002137","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31870463/","title":"Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin improves endothelial function in volunteers at risk of cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"EMIQ® treatment resulted in a significantly higher FMD response compared with the placebo (1·80 (95 % CI 0·23, 3·37) %; P = 0·025).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26233871","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26233871","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2015.04.020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2015.04.020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26233871/","title":"Effect of onion peel extract on endothelial function and endothelial progenitor cells in overweight and obese individuals.","journal":"Nutrition","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with baseline values, the OPE group showed significantly improved FMD at 12 wk (from 12.5 ± 5.2 to 15.2 ± 6.1; P = 0.002), whereas the placebo group showed no difference.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no difference\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25934864","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25934864","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.114.098590","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.098590","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25934864/","title":"Effects of the pure flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin on vascular function and cardiometabolic health: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quercetin-3-glucoside supplementation had no effect on flow-mediated dilation, insulin resistance, or other CVD risk factors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21324570","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21324570","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21324570/","title":"Quercetin reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcoidosis.","journal":"Clin Nutr","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quercetin supplementation improved the antioxidant defence, indicated by the increased total plasma antioxidant capacity. Moreover, quercetin supplementation also reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the blood of sarcoidosis patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32071149","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32071149","doi":"10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000392","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000392","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32071149/","title":"Randomised clinical trial to determine the safety of quercetin supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","journal":"BMJ Open Respir Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quercetin was safely tolerated up to 2000 mg/day as assessed by lung function, blood profile and COPD assessment test questionnaire.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29988130","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29988130","doi":"10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988130/","title":"Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age.","journal":"Nat Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The senolytic cocktail, dasatinib plus quercetin, which causes selective elimination of senescent cells, decreased the number of naturally occurring senescent cells and their secretion of frailty-related proinflammatory cytokines in explants of human adipose tissue.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21715508","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21715508","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.110.010926","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.010926","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21715508/","title":"Green tea intake lowers fasting serum total and LDL cholesterol in adults: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Green tea consumption significantly lowered the TC concentration by 7.20 mg/dL (95% CI: -8.19, -6.21 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and significantly lowered the LDL-cholesterol concentration by 2.19 mg/dL (95% CI: -3.16, -1.21 mg/dL; P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lowered the ldl\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19597519","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19597519","doi":"10.1038/ijo.2009.135","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2009.135","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19597519/","title":"The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Int J Obes (Lond)","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Catechins or an epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-caffeine mixture have a small positive effect on WL and WM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28627214","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28627214","doi":"10.20960/nh.753","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.753","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28627214/","title":"[Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: a systematic review].","journal":"Nutr Hosp","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"daily consumption of green tea with doses of EGCG between 100 and 460 mg/day has shown greater effectiveness on body fat and body weight reduction in intervention periods of 12 weeks or more.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24861099","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24861099","doi":"10.1007/s00394-014-0720-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0720-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24861099/","title":"Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Green tea consumption significantly changed systolic blood pressure, by -2.08 mm Hg (95% CI -3.06, -1.05), and diastolic blood pressure, by -1.71 mm Hg (95% CI -2.86, -0.56), compared to the control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38034724","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38034724","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21228","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21228","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38034724/","title":"Effects of green tea catechin on the blood pressure and lipids in overweight and obese population-a meta-analysis.","journal":"Heliyon","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"in overweight and obese people green tea catechin could reduce waist circumference (WC) (pooled WMD = -1.37 cm, 95 % CI: -2.52 to -0.22 cm, p = 0.019), and triglyceride (TG) (pooled WMD = -0.18 mmol/L, 95 % CI: -0.35 to -0.02 mmol/L, p = 0.032)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23426037","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23426037","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.111.032573","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.032573","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23426037/","title":"Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on glycemic control in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooled analyses showed that FBG (-1.48 mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.57, -0.40 mg/dL) decreased significantly with GTCs with or without caffeine, whereas FBI (0.04 μU/mL; 95% CI: -0.36, 0.45 μU/mL), Hb A1c (-0.04%; 95% CI: -0.15, 0.08%), and HOMA-IR (-0.05; 95% CI: -0.37, 0.26) did not.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32670385","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32670385","doi":"10.1186/s12986-020-00469-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00469-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32670385/","title":"Effects of green tea consumption on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Nutr Metab (Lond)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The pooled results showed that green tea significantly lowered fasting blood glucose by - 1.44 mg/dL (95%CI:-2.26, - 0.62 mg/dL; < 0.001) with no obvious heterogeneity","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lowered fasting blood glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38430822","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38430822","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2024.02.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2024.02.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38430822/","title":"A green tea extract confection decreases circulating endotoxin and fasting glucose by improving gut barrier function but without affecting systemic inflammation: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial in healthy adults and adults with metabolic syndrome.","journal":"Nutr Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings demonstrate that catechin-rich GTE is effective to decrease circulating endotoxin and improve glycemic control in healthy adults and those with MetS, likely by reducing gut inflammation and small intestinal permeability but without affecting systemic inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20605696","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20605696","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2010.01.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.01.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20605696/","title":"Green tea minimally affects biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome.","journal":"Nutrition","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study suggests that the daily consumption of green tea beverage or extracts for 8 wk was well tolerated but did not affect the features of metabolic syndrome.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30967168","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30967168","doi":"10.1017/S0029665119000545","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665119000545","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30967168/","title":"The role of bioactives in energy metabolism and metabolic syndrome.","journal":"Proc Nutr Soc","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At present, the question 'Are bioactives effective in weight management and prevention of metabolic syndrome?' remains inconclusive.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16968850","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16968850","doi":"10.1001/jama.296.10.1255","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.10.1255","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968850/","title":"Green tea consumption and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in Japan: the Ohsaki study.","journal":"JAMA","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Green tea consumption is associated with reduced mortality due to all causes and due to cardiovascular disease but not with reduced mortality due to cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32118296","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32118296","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32118296/","title":"Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"adverse effects of green tea extract intake were reported, including gastrointestinal disorders, elevation of liver enzymes, and, more rarely, insomnia, raised blood pressure and skin/subcutaneous reactions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"raised blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26298797","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26298797","doi":"10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26298797/","title":"Polyphenon E, non-futile at neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis but unpredictably hepatotoxic: Phase I single group and phase II randomized placebo-controlled studies.","journal":"J Neurol Sci","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Class I evidence: some lots of Polyphenon E have a high risk of hepatotoxicity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25446466","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25446466","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25446466/","title":"Sensitivity to hepatotoxicity due to epigallocatechin gallate is affected by genetic background in diversity outbred mice.","journal":"Food Chem Toxicol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Within the DO population, an equal exposure to EGCG (50 mg/kg; daily for three days) was found to be tolerated in the majority of mice; however, a small fraction of the animals (16%; 43/272) exhibited severe hepatotoxicity (10-86.8% liver necrosis) that is analogous to the clinical cases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35091276","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35091276","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2021.09.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.09.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35091276/","title":"Astaxanthin supplementation mildly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Nutr Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with placebo, astaxanthin significantly reduced blood malondialdehyde concentration (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.95; 95% CI, -1.67 to -0.23; P = .01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39269488","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39269488","doi":"10.1007/s00210-024-03432-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03432-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39269488/","title":"Exploring the benefits of astaxanthin as a functional food ingredient: Its effects on oxidative stress and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS - A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings indicate that while astaxanthin significantly improves markers of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in follicular fluid, it does not show a consistent effect on other oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), or superoxide dismutase (SOD).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39127677","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39127677","doi":"10.1186/s13048-024-01472-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-024-01472-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39127677/","title":"Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on female fertility and reproductive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and animal studies.","journal":"J Ovarian Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis of clinical trials showed that AST significantly increased the oocyte maturation rate (MD: 8.40, 95% CI: 4.57 to 12.23, I: 0%) and the total antioxidant capacity levels in the follicular fluid (MD: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.06, I: 0%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34578794","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34578794","doi":"10.3390/nu13092917","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092917","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578794/","title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Astaxanthin on Human Skin Ageing.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral ASX supplementation significantly restored moisture content (SMD = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.05, 1.01; I= 52%;= 0.03) and improved elasticity (SMD = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.19, 1.35; I= 75%;= 0.009) but did not significantly decrease wrinkle depth (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI = -0.58, 0.06; I= 0%;= 0.11) compared to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35631193","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35631193","doi":"10.3390/nu14102050","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102050","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631193/","title":"Astaxanthin Influence on Health Outcomes of Adults at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results show marginal effects of astaxanthin on reduction in total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure, and a significant attenuating effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in total cholesterol\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40872489","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40872489","doi":"10.3390/ph18081097","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081097","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40872489/","title":"Assessing the Effects of Moderate to High Dosage of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Lipid Profile Parameters-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies.","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis concludes positive effects of astaxanthin (6-20 mg/d) on HDL-C (0.4200; 95% CI: 0.1081 to 0.7319) and triglyceride (-0.3058; 95% CI: -0.5138 to -0.0978) levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42197030","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42197030","doi":"10.3390/nu18101570","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101570","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42197030/","title":"The Effects of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Exercise Recovery Biomarkers and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Astaxanthin significantly reduced creatine kinase levels (SMD = -0.45, 95% CI: -0.83 to -0.07). Lactate dehydrogenase also favored astaxanthin (SMD = -0.93, 95% CI: -1.39 to -0.48), although heterogeneity was substantial. No significant effects were observed for malondialdehyde or interleukin-6.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effects\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33998846","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33998846","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2021.1925870","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1925870","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998846/","title":"Carotenoids supplementation and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For the individual carotenoids, astaxanthin, (WMD: -0.30 mg/L, 95% CI: -0.51, -0.09, = 0.005), lutein/zeaxanthin (WMD: -0.30 mg/L, 95% CI: -0.45, -0.15, < 0.001), and β-cryptoxanthin (WMD: -0.35 mg/L, 95% CI: -0.54, -0.15, < 0.001) significantly decreased CRP level.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly decreased crp\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41162864","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41162864","doi":"10.1186/s12872-025-05260-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-05260-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41162864/","title":"Impact of astaxanthin on oxidative markers, uric acid, and clinical symptoms in heart failure: a randomized clinical trial.","journal":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In contrast, the ASX group demonstrated significantly greater reductions in MDA (-2.19 vs. -0.68 nmol/L, P < 0.001) and serum UA levels (-1.82 vs. -0.63 mg/dl, P = 0.003) compared to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21883001","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21883001","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2011.1626","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2011.1626","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21883001/","title":"Protective effects of Haematococcus astaxanthin on oxidative stress in healthy smokers.","journal":"J Med Food","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with baseline, the plasma malondialdehyde and isoprostane levels decreased, whereas superoxide dismutase level and total antioxidant capacity increased in all ASX intervention groups over the 3-week period.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21480416","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21480416","doi":"10.1002/ptr.3494","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3494","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21480416/","title":"Effects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress in overweight and obese adults.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with baseline, the MDA (by 34.6% and 35.2%) and ISP (by 64.9% and 64.7%) levels were significantly lowered, whereas SOD (by 193% and 194%) and TAC (by 121% and 125%) levels were significantly increased in two dose groups after the 3 week intervention.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34611051","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34611051","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0138","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0138","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611051/","title":"Astaxanthin Supplementation Increases Glutathione Concentrations but Does Not Impact Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Active Young Men.","journal":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Astaxanthin supplementation of 6 mg/day for 4 weeks increased whole blood levels of the antioxidant glutathione in active young men but did not affect oxidative stress markers or substrate utilization during exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24260184","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24260184","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0079280","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079280","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24260184/","title":"Effect of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in cyclists: a randomized trial.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Despite substantial increases in plasma astaxanthin concentrations, astaxanthin supplementation did not improve antioxidant capacity in well-trained cyclists.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29610561","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29610561","doi":"10.3164/jcbn.17-100","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.17-100","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29610561/","title":"Effect of astaxanthin-rich extract derived fromon cognitive function in middle-aged and older individuals.","journal":"J Clin Biochem Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The astaxanthin group experienced significantly larger increase in blood astaxanthin level than the placebo group. However, there were no significant intergroup differences in the results of the tests.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant intergroup differences\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30739297","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30739297","doi":"10.1007/s11357-019-00051-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-019-00051-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30739297/","title":"Astaxanthin supplementation modulates cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in young and aged mice.","journal":"Geroscience","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We show that feeding astaxanthin to aged mice for 1 month improves performance on several hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks and increases long-term potentiation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39544014","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39544014","doi":"10.1177/13872877241291253","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13872877241291253","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39544014/","title":"Investigating the efficacy of ergothioneine to delay cognitive decline in mild cognitively impaired subjects: A pilot study.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Subjects receiving ergothioneine demonstrated improved performance in assessment of learning ability and stabilized plasma levels of neurofilament light chain, compared with the placebo group, which saw no improvement in cognitive assessments and a significant increase in neurofilament light chain levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no improvement\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36139790","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36139790","doi":"10.3390/antiox11091717","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091717","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36139790/","title":"Low Plasma Ergothioneine Predicts Cognitive and Functional Decline in an Elderly Cohort Attending Memory Clinics.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower plasma ET levels were associated with poorer baseline cognitive performance and faster rates of decline in function as well as in multiple cognitive domains including memory, executive function, attention, visuomotor speed, and language.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34673145","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34673145","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34673145/","title":"Low plasma ergothioneine levels are associated with neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular disease in dementia.","journal":"Free Radic Biol Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Plasma ET concentrations were lowest in dementia (p < 0.001 vs. NCI and CIND), with intermediate levels in CIND (p < 0.001 vs. NCI).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36635386","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36635386","doi":"10.1038/s41588-022-01270-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01270-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36635386/","title":"Genomic atlas of the plasma metabolome prioritizes metabolites implicated in human diseases.","journal":"Nat Genet","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"we identified 22 metabolites and 20 metabolite ratios having estimated causal effect on 12 traits and diseases, including orotate for estimated bone mineral density, α-hydroxyisovalerate for body mass index and ergothioneine for inflammatory bowel disease and asthma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34548082","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34548082","doi":"10.1186/s12937-021-00738-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00738-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34548082/","title":"Prospective study of dietary mushroom intake and risk of mortality: results from continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2014 and a meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutr J","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, including 601,893 individuals, showed that mushroom consumption was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (pooled risk ratio: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38887673","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38887673","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2024.1396783","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1396783","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38887673/","title":"Effects of an ergothioneine-rich sp. on skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Front Med (Lausanne)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 12 weeks, wrinkle and texture scores were significantly better in the hiratake group than in the placebo group, and plasma EGT concentrations in the hiratake group were 4.7-fold higher than baseline (from 3.4 to 15.9 μM).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40968729","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40968729","doi":"10.1017/S0029665125101754","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665125101754","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40968729/","title":"Ergothioneine for cognitive health, longevity and healthy ageing: where are we now?","journal":"Proc Nutr Soc","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Observational data consistently associate low blood ergothioneine levels with cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, frailty and mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30322941","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30322941","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1809045115","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809045115","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322941/","title":"Prolonging healthy aging: Longevity vitamins and proteins.","journal":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the following 10 compounds as putative longevity vitamins, is reviewed: the fungal antioxidant ergothioneine; the bacterial metabolites pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and queuine","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35090053","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35090053","doi":"10.1002/1873-3468.14299","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14299","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35090053/","title":"Decline of ergothioneine in frailty and cognition impairment.","journal":"FEBS Lett","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients suffering from dementia, including Alzheimer's disease with hippocampal atrophy, deteriorating cognitive ability is correlated with declining ergothioneine levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34370646","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34370646","doi":"10.2174/1871525719666210809122541","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1871525719666210809122541","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370646/","title":"Cardioprotective Effects and Antioxidant Mechanism of L-Ergothioneine in Experimental Type-2 Diabetic Rats.","journal":"Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-egt protects against diabetes-induced cardiovascular injury via the upregulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and its downstream cytoprotective antioxidants.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36829475","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36829475","doi":"10.3390/biology12020196","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020196","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36829475/","title":"Cognitive Healthy Aging in Mice: Boosting Memory by an Ergothioneine-Rich Primordium Extract.","journal":"Biology (Basel)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"we disclosed a selective, preventive and neuroprotective effect of He2 on aged hippocampus, both on recognition memory as well on inflammation/oxidative stress/glutamate receptors expression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33888143","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33888143","doi":"10.1186/s12937-021-00691-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00691-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888143/","title":"Association of mushroom consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among American adults: prospective cohort study findings from NHANES III.","journal":"Nutr J","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Participants who reported consuming mushrooms had lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with those without mushroom intake (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73-0.98)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40990594","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40990594","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0000000000004141","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000004141","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40990594/","title":"Efficacy of olive leaf extracts in controlling blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a double-blind randomized clinical trial.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"OLE can decrease 24-h BP, BPL, and diastolic BPV with improvement of lipid profile, systemic inflammation, and body weight in hypertensive patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21036583","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21036583","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21036583/","title":"Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with Captopril.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract, at the dosage regimen of 500 mg twice daily, was similarly effective in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressures in subjects with stage-1 hypertension as Captopril, given at its effective dose of 12.5-25 mg twice daily.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41935461","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41935461","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158138","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158138","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41935461/","title":"Effects of a combination of olive leaf extract and potassium on blood pressure in participants with mild to moderate hypertension: A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation also reduced total cholesterol by 11.1 mg/dL, LDL-cholesterol by 6.9 mg/dL, and triglycerides by approximately 22 mg/dL at Week 6, while HDL-cholesterol remained stable.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced total cholesterol\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23516412","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23516412","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0057622","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057622","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23516412/","title":"Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"OLE supplementation was associated with a 15% improvement in insulin sensitivity (p = 0.024) compared to placebo. There was also a 28% improvement in pancreatic β-cell responsiveness (p = 0.013).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22512698","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22512698","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2011.0243","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2011.0243","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22512698/","title":"Olive leaf extract as a hypoglycemic agent in both human diabetic subjects and in rats.","journal":"J Med Food","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the randomized clinical trial, the subjects treated with olive leaf extract exhibited significantly lower HbA1c and fasting plasma insulin levels; however, postprandial plasma insulin levels did not differ significantly by treatment group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not differ\" | favorable-cue: \"significantly lower hba1c\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31930845","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31930845","doi":"10.3923/pjbs.2019.342.348","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2019.342.348","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31930845/","title":"Effects of Olive Leaf Extract on Metabolic Response, Liver and Kidney Functions and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hypertensive Patients.","journal":"Pak J Biol Sci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The OLE tablets did not have significant effect on liver enzymes, total protein, albumin, urea and creatinine (p>0.05), but significantly decreased interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha as inflammatory biomarkers (p<0.05) in OLE group compared to the placebo group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33034707","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33034707","doi":"10.1007/s00394-020-02397-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02397-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33034707/","title":"The effect of olive leaf extract on cardiovascular health markers: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Blood lipid profiles were not significantly affected by 8 weeks OLE supplementation in overweight/obese subjects with mildly elevated cholesterol levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"were not significantly affected\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25379688","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25379688","doi":"10.3390/nu6114881","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6114881","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25379688/","title":"Antihypertensive potential of combined extracts of olive leaf, green coffee bean and beetroot: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was no significant effect of treatment on ABP or any other outcome measure. The failure to confirm prior evidence of the antihypertensive benefits of these extracts emphasises the importance of placebo control and the value of ABP monitoring.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\" | favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39818111","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39818111","doi":"10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.101949","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.101949","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39818111/","title":"Efficacy and safety of olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) for glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ESOLED): A pilot randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Complement Ther Clin Pract","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The ESOLED trial has provided preliminary evidence on the tolerability of OLE in adults with type 2 diabetes, but was inconclusive in determining whether OLE is effective at improving glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, diabetes-related distress and quality of life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31448348","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31448348","doi":"10.5114/amsad.2019.86756","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5114/amsad.2019.86756","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31448348/","title":"No effect of fenugreek, bergamot and olive leaf extract on glucose homeostasis in patients with prediabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The administration of an agent containing fenugreek, olive leaf polyphenols and bergamot extract for 6 months did not improve glycemia or lipid parameters in patients with prediabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38287654","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38287654","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuad164","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad164","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38287654/","title":"Olive leaf extract effect on cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The outcomes demonstrated a positive correlation between the intervention group and glucose metabolism (4 RCTs), blood pressure (2 RCTs), lipid profile (2 RCTs), and inflammatory markers (2 RCTs).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36271405","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36271405","doi":"10.1186/s13098-022-00920-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-022-00920-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36271405/","title":"The effects of olive leaf extract on cardiovascular risk factors in the general adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Diabetol Metab Syndr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present study revealed that supplementation with OLE yielded beneficial effects for blood pressure and lipid profile in adults, especially in patients with hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40325976","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40325976","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8509","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8509","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40325976/","title":"Efficacy of Olive Leaf Extract in Improving Blood Pressure in Pre-Hypertensive and Hypertensive Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Olive leaf extract (1000 mg/day) may reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure by -11.45 and -4.65 mmHg, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39153251","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39153251","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2024.103311","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103311","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39153251/","title":"Cardioprotective potential of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal and their combination: Unravelling complementary effects on acute myocardial infarction and metabolic syndrome.","journal":"Redox Biol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Conclusively, OL-HT-OC combination therapy exerts potent cardioprotective, antihyperglycemic and anti-atherosclerotic properties in vivo, with remarkable and clinically translatable cardiovascular benefits in high-risk patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25086598","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25086598","doi":"10.1186/s12967-014-0219-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-014-0219-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25086598/","title":"Beneficial effects of the olive oil phenolic components oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: focus on protection against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.","journal":"J Transl Med","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_compounds":"Olive Leaf Extract (Oleuropein)","linked_monograph_ids":"p109","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"109","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Thus, a protective action has been demonstrated in preclinical studies against several diseases, especially cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28513179","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28513179","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00586","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00586","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28513179/","title":"Consumption of Watermelon Juice Enriched in l-Citrulline and Pomegranate Ellagitannins Enhanced Metabolism during Physical Exercise.","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the antioxidant pomegranate ellagitannins are precursors of urolithin A, which has been associated with mitophagy and increased muscle function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increased muscle\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42118217","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42118217","doi":"10.1007/s11033-026-11950-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-026-11950-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42118217/","title":"Urolithin A: A Novel Postbiotic for inflammation, aging, and cancer: A Journey from Dietary ellagitannins to clinical use.","journal":"Mol Biol Rep","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"UA enhances muscle endurance, mitochondrial function indicators, and cardiometabolic health without side effects or adverse reactions in preliminary human trials, primarily including the elderly and sedentary individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhances\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35142569","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35142569","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2022.2036693","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2036693","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35142569/","title":"Ellagic acid and intestinal microflora metabolite urolithin A: A review on its sources, metabolic distribution, health benefits, and biotransformation.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Foods rich in ellagic tannins are first hydrolyzed into ellagic acid in the stomach and small intestine, and then converted into urolithins with high bioavailability by the intestinal flora.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37335106","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37335106","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2023.2219763","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2219763","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37335106/","title":"Crosstalk between dietary pomegranate and gut microbiota: evidence of health benefits.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Uro contributes to strengthening intestinal barrier and reducing inflammatory processes. Yet, Uro production varies greatly among individuals and depend on GM composition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26202092","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26202092","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201500264","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201500264","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26202092/","title":"Urolithins, gut microbiota-derived metabolites of ellagitannins, inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urolithins A, B, and C decreased NO production via inhibition of the iNOS protein and mRNA expression. They decreased the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 mRNA in LPS challenged RAW 264.7 murine macrophages.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40617711","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40617711","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104154","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104154","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40617711/","title":"Impacts of supplementation with pomegranate on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PO supplementation substantially reduced body weight (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.14 kg, 95 % CI: -0.25, -0.03; P = 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (SMD: -0.39 mmHg, 95 % CI: -0.59, -0.18; P < 0.001)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27888156","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27888156","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888156/","title":"Effects of pomegranate juice on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Pharmacol Res","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quantitative data synthesis from 8 RCTs showed significant reductions in both systolic [weighed mean difference (WMD): -4.96mmHg, 95% CI: -7.67 to -2.25, p<0.001) and diastolic BP (WMD: -2.01mmHg, 95% CI: -3.71 to -0.31, p=0.021) after pomegranate juice consumption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30661697","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30661697","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.11.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.11.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30661697/","title":"Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on blood pressure and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A single-blind randomized clinical trial.","journal":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It is concluded that PJ consumption could decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with diabetes while having no effect on lipid profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24593225","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24593225","doi":"10.1186/1475-2891-13-18","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-18","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24593225/","title":"Does Pomegranate intake attenuate cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients?","journal":"Nutr J","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Regular PJ consumption by HD patients reduced systolic blood pressure and improved lipid profile. These favorable changes may reduce the accelerated atherosclerosis and high incidence of CVD among HD patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16169367","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16169367","doi":"10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.026","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.026","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169367/","title":"Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary heart disease.","journal":"Am J Cardiol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After 3 months, the extent of stress-induced ischemia decreased in the pomegranate group (SDS -0.8 +/- 2.7) but increased in the control group (SDS 1.2 +/- 3.1, p <0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24995502","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24995502","doi":"10.1055/s-0034-1368615","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1368615","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24995502/","title":"Influence of gut microbiota-derived ellagitannins' metabolites urolithins on pro-inflammatory activities of human neutrophils.","journal":"Planta Med","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urolithins can specifically modulate inflammatory functions of neutrophils, and thus could contribute to the beneficial health effects of ellagitannin-rich medicinal plant materials and food products.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27537554","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27537554","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000004247","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004247","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27537554/","title":"The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Medicine (Baltimore)","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall analyses found significant reductions for SBP (WMD = -6.077; 95% CI: -10.736 to -1.419; P = 0.011) and DBP (WMD = -2.803; 95% CI: -4.417 to -1.189; P = 0.001) after grape seed extract treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21802563","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21802563","doi":"10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21802563/","title":"The effect of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"J Am Diet Assoc","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on the currently available literature, grape seed extract appears to significantly lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no effect on lipid or CRP levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"significantly lower systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34798267","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34798267","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105905","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105905","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34798267/","title":"The effect of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract supplementation on flow-mediated dilation, blood pressure, and heart rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials with duration- and dose-response analysis.","journal":"Pharmacol Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, GSE may be beneficial for individuals with or at risk of cardiovascular disease because it may have hypotensive and HR-lowering properties.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31880030","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31880030","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6518","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6518","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31880030/","title":"The effects of grape seed extract on glycemic control, serum lipoproteins, inflammation, and body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis demonstrated that GSE intake significantly reduced FPG, TC, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and CRP levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced fpg, tc, ldl\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34107109","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34107109","doi":"10.1111/ijcp.14469","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14469","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107109/","title":"The effect of grape seed extract supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.","journal":"Int J Clin Pract","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It appears that GSE supplementation can remarkably modulate the body's redox system, particularly through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, but has neutral or mildly beneficial effects on inflammatory responses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26568249","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26568249","doi":"10.1017/S0007114515004328","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515004328","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26568249/","title":"Effects of grape seed extract beverage on blood pressure and metabolic indices in individuals with pre-hypertension: a randomised, double-blinded, two-arm, parallel, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GSE was found to be safe and to improve BP in people with pre-hypertension, supporting the use of GSE as a functional ingredient in a low-energy beverage for BP control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37351191","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37351191","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1139880","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1139880","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37351191/","title":"A grape seed and bilberry extract reduces blood pressure in individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes: the PRECISE study, a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over intervention study.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Long-term supplementation with bilberry and grape seed extract can improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure in individuals at risk of T2DM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33132345","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33132345","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.66.427","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.427","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33132345/","title":"Effects of Acute Grape Seed Extract Supplementation on Hemodynamics in Normal Body Weight and Obese Males.","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our study suggests that acute supplementation with GSE reduced both SBP and MAP via a reduction in CO in obese individuals and decreased peripheral vasoconstriction in NBW group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36361103","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36361103","doi":"10.3390/ijerph192114223","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114223","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36361103/","title":"Effects of Grape Seed Extract Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Endurance Performance in Basketball Players.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We demonstrated that chronic supplementation with GSE improved endurance performance and these effects may partially be due to vasodilation in active skeletal muscle mediated by enhanced endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15577189","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15577189","doi":"10.1155/S1110724304403088","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110724304403088","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15577189/","title":"Effect of Grape Seed Extract and Quercetin on Cardiovascular and Endothelial Parameters in High-Risk Subjects.","journal":"J Biomed Biotechnol","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Thus sufficient polyphenols from GSE appear to be absorbed to influence endothelial nitric oxide production, and GSE has the potential to favourably influence vascular function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29683391","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29683391","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2017.0133","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.0133","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29683391/","title":"Grape Seed Extract Supplementation Attenuates the Blood Pressure Response to Exercise in Prehypertensive Men.","journal":"J Med Food","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"FMD was augmented by GSE (18.9 ± 2.0 vs. 12.4% ± 2.0%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19646193","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19646193","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02727.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02727.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19646193/","title":"Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity.","journal":"Diabet Med","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GSE significantly improved markers of inflammation and glycaemia and a sole marker of oxidative stress in obese Type 2 diabetic subjects at high risk of cardiovascular events over a 4-week period, which suggests it may have a therapeutic role in decreasing cardiovascular risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22987017","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22987017","doi":"10.1248/bpb.b12-00598","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b12-00598","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22987017/","title":"Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression through 5'-AMP activated protein kinase/Surtuin 1-Krüpple like factor 2 pathway and modulate blood pressure in ouabain induced hypertensive rats.","journal":"Biol Pharm Bull","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, GSPE increase eNOS expression and NO production in an AMPK/SIRT1 dependent manner through KLF2 induction, and attenuate ouabain induced hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27601315","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27601315","doi":"10.3892/mmr.2016.5699","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5699","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27601315/","title":"Beneficial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on arterial remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats via protecting against oxidative stress.","journal":"Mol Med Rep","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ET-1 production was reduced, while NO production was increased in the GSPE group, which exhibited improved endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22903376","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22903376","doi":"10.1002/ptr.4793","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4793","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22903376/","title":"Effects of oligomeric grape seed proanthocyanidins on heart, aorta, kidney in DOCA-salt mice: role of oxidative stress.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings suggest that administration of GSPs has the potential to attenuate DOCA-salt induced CR and KH and preserve NO activity and endothelial function, which mechanism may contribute to its antioxidant characteristic, at least in part.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33418491","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33418491","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2020.111092","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.111092","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33418491/","title":"Impact of Silymarin in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutrition","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Silymarin seems to be effective in reducing transaminase levels in individuals with NAFLD. Despite the statistical benefits, we call attention to potential flaws related to the quality of the included studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29245314","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29245314","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000009061","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000009061","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29245314/","title":"The therapeutic effect of silymarin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty disease: A meta-analysis (PRISMA) of randomized control trials.","journal":"Medicine (Baltimore)","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"SIL has positive efficacy to reduce transaminases levels in NAFLD patients. SIL can be an encouraging and considerable phytotherapy for NAFLD patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28785154","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28785154","doi":"10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.5004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.5004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28785154/","title":"Effect of silymarin on biochemical indicators in patients with liver disease: Systematic review with meta-analysis.","journal":"World J Gastroenterol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Silymarin minimally reduced, but without clinical relevance, the serum levels of ALT and AST. It is necessary to carry out studies with more appropriate methodological designs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38505782","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38505782","doi":"10.3138/canlivj-2023-0021","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3138/canlivj-2023-0021","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38505782/","title":"Effects of silymarin use on liver enzymes and metabolic factors in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Can Liver J","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found that silymarin significantly reduced the levels of ALT (MD= -17.12 [-28.81, -4.43]), (P < 0.004), AST (MD= -12.56 [-19.02, -6.10]), (P < 0.0001) and TG (MD = -22.60 [-23.83, -21.38]) (< 0.00001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40221681","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40221681","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-04886-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-04886-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40221681/","title":"Are alterations needed in Silybum marianum (Silymarin) administration practices? A novel outlook and meta-analysis on randomized trials targeting liver injury.","journal":"BMC Complement Med Ther","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"silymarin administration showed a significant reduction in AST (SMD [95% CI]: - 0.670 [- 0.931, - 0.408], p-value = 0.000), and ALT (SMD [95% CI]: - 0.912 [- 1.177, - 0.646], p-value = 0.000) levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27340676","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27340676","doi":"10.1155/2016/5147468","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5147468","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27340676/","title":"Silymarin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Diabetes Res","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"routine silymarin administration determines a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels (-26.86 mg/dL; 95% CI -35.42-18.30) and HbA1c levels (-1.07; 95% CI -1.73-0.40) and has no effect on lipid profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"reduction in fasting blood glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35958359","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35958359","doi":"10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_313_20","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_313_20","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35958359/","title":"Effect of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products on Liver Enzymes in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Patients in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Int J Prev Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"silymarin had the highest effect on the reduction of AST (SMD = -2.68), cinnamon excreted the most profound effect on ALT (SMD = -2.69).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33761646","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33761646","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000024884","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024884","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33761646/","title":"The efficacy of novel metabolic targeted agents and natural plant drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Medicine (Baltimore)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Novel metabolic targeted agents generally have better effects than natural plant drugs, especially obeticholic acid, and elafibranor.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28419855","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28419855","doi":"10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28419855/","title":"A Randomized Trial of Silymarin for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.","journal":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Silymarin may reduce liver fibrosis but this remains to be confirmed in a larger trial. It appears to be safe and well tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22343419","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22343419","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22343419/","title":"Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Free Radic Biol Med","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment with RA but not P for 12 months was associated with improvement in liver enzymes, insulin resistance, and liver histology, without increases in body weight.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30920975","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30920975","doi":"10.1097/MEG.0000000000001369","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000001369","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30920975/","title":"Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial suggested a significant benefit of silymarin, pioglitazone, and vitamin E in improving liver aminotransferases in patients with NAFLD after only 3 months, without exerting any specific side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9566830","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9566830","doi":"10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80285-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80285-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9566830/","title":"Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial.","journal":"J Hepatol","year":1998,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of this study indicate that silymarin has no effect on survival and the clinical course in alcoholics with liver cirrhosis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36014565","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36014565","doi":"10.3390/molecules27165327","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165327","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36014565/","title":"Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin.","journal":"Molecules","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Silybins are the major constituents in silymarin with almost 70-80% abundance and are accountable for most of the observed therapeutic activity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30080294","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30080294","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6171","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6171","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30080294/","title":"Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, literature data suggest that, despite encouraging preclinical data, further well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to fully substantiate the real value of MT preparations in liver diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30142943","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30142943","doi":"10.3390/nu10091153","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091153","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30142943/","title":"Nutraceutical Approach to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): The Available Clinical Evidence.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Silymarin, vitamin E and vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 series, coenzyme Q10, berberine and curcumin, if well dosed and administered for medium-long periods, and associated to lifestyle changes, could exert positive effects on NAFLD and NAFLD-related parameters.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21068346","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21068346","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.110.004945","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.004945","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21068346/","title":"Hesperidin contributes to the vascular protective effects of orange juice: a randomized crossover study in healthy volunteers","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly lower after 4 wk consumption of orange juice or CDH than after consumption of CDP (P = 0.02), whereas microvascular endothelium-related reactivity was not significantly affected when measured after an overnight fast.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not significantly affected\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22110589","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22110589","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0026669","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026669","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22110589/","title":"Hesperidin displays relevant role in the nutrigenomic effect of orange juice on blood leukocytes in human volunteers: a randomized controlled cross-over study","journal":"PLoS One","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study shows that regular consumption of orange juice for 4 weeks alters leukocyte gene expression to an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic profile, and hesperidin displays a relevant role in the genomic effect of this beverage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25865966","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25865966","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.12.016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25865966/","title":"Marked antioxidant effect of orange juice intake and its phytomicronutrients in a preliminary randomized cross-over trial on mild hypercholesterolemic men","journal":"Clin Nutr","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily intakes of orange juice significantly led to a marked antioxidant effect which was correlated to hesperetin plasma levels and related with a decrease in reactive oxygen species. A tendency towards reduction of endothelial dysfunction and modest increase in plasma apoA-I concentration were also observed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25788001","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25788001","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.114.104364","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.104364","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25788001/","title":"Orange juice-derived flavanone and phenolic metabolites do not acutely affect cardiovascular risk biomarkers: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in men at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Despite increased plasma flavanone and phenolic metabolite concentrations, cardiovascular risk biomarkers were unaltered.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36156675","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36156675","doi":"10.1007/s12603-022-1834-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-022-1834-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156675/","title":"The Effect of a Citrus and Pomegranate Complex on Physical Fitness and Mental Well-Being in Healthy Elderly: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","journal":"J Nutr Health Aging","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After four weeks of CPC supplementation, handgrip strength significantly improved (p=0.019), compared to placebo. Moreover, the thinking, memory, learning, and concentration facets were improved (p=0.042), compared to placebo, and plasma malondialdehyde decreased, compared to placebo (p=0.033).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33799833","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33799833","doi":"10.3390/antiox10030432","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030432","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33799833/","title":"8-Week Supplementation of 2S-Hesperidin Modulates Antioxidant and Inflammatory Status after Exercise until Exhaustion in Amateur Cyclists","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Chronic 2S-hesperidin supplementation increased endogenous antioxidant capacity (↑SOD) after maximal effort and decreased oxidative stress (↓AUC-GSSG) during the rectangular test, decreasing inflammation (↓MCP1) after the acute recovery phase.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased oxidative stress\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39279783","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39279783","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102055","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102055","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39279783/","title":"Effects of Citrus Flavanone Hesperidin Extracts or Purified Hesperidin Consumption on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence From an Updated Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","journal":"Curr Dev Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (WMD: -13.60 ng/mL; 95% CI: -23.72, -3.48 ng/mL), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (WMD: -15.60 ng/mL; 95% CI: -30.13, -1.06 ng/mL), and C-reactive protein (WMD: -0.56 mg/L; 95% CI: -1.11, -0.01 mg/L), whereas no effects were found for other CVDRFs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38462779","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38462779","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8174","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8174","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38462779/","title":"Effect of hesperidin on blood pressure and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the outcomes of this meta-analysis suggest that hesperidin administration could benefit patients with CVD by reducing LDL, TC, and TG.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39038797","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39038797","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae084","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae084","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39038797/","title":"Effects of Hesperidin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of this study demonstrate that hesperidin supplementation had a significant impact on reducing FBS, TG, TC, LDL-C, SBP, and TNF-α. However, there was no significant effect observed on insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, HDL-C, DBP, and hs-CRP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37502716","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37502716","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2023.1177708","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1177708","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37502716/","title":"The effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that hesperidin supplementation had a significant effect on reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density cholesterol (LDL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), whereas weight was increased.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38772688","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38772688","doi":"10.1002/ptr.8231","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8231","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38772688/","title":"Hesperidin reduces systolic blood pressure in diabetic patients and has no effect on blood pressure in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, hesperidin reduced systolic blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes (WMD = -4.32, 95% CI: - 7.77 ~ - 0.87, Z = 2.45, p = 0.01), and had a tendency to reduce diastolic blood pressure in diabetic patients (WMD = -3.72, 95% CI: -7.63 ~ 0.18, Z = 1.87, p = 0.06).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30632207","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30632207","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6264","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6264","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30632207/","title":"Hesperidin, a major flavonoid in orange juice, might not affect lipid profile and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hesperidin supplement also had no effect on systolic (WMD = -0.85 mmHg; 95% CI [-3.07, 1.36]) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD = -0.48 mmHg; 95% CI [-2.39, 1.42]). Hesperidin supplementation might not improve lipid profile and blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31271436","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31271436","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuz036","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz036","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31271436/","title":"Effects of hesperidin consumption on cardiovascular risk biomarkers: a systematic review of animal studies and human randomized clinical trials","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the human studies, endothelial function improved with flavonoid consumption, whereas no conclusive results were observed for the other biomarkers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18387509","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18387509","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387509/","title":"Hesperidin, hesperidin methyl chalone and phellopterin from Poncirus trifoliata (Rutaceae) differentially regulate the expression of adhesion molecules in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells","journal":"Int Immunopharmacol","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"hesperidin, hesperidin methyl chalone and phellopterin reduce TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression through regulation of the Akt and PKC pathway, which contributes to inhibit the adhesion of monocytes to endothelium.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22307524","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22307524","doi":"10.1039/c2fo10224b","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo10224b","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22307524/","title":"Bioavailability of orally administered water-dispersible hesperetin and its effect on peripheral vasodilatation in human subjects: implication of endothelial functions of plasma conjugated metabolites","journal":"Food Funct","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hp7GA enhanced nitric oxide (NO) release by inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) activity in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell culture system, indicating that plasma hesperetin metabolites can improve vasodilatation in the vascular system.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34049472","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34049472","doi":"10.1142/S0192415X21500592","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X21500592","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34049472/","title":"Apigenin Alleviates Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence via Modulation of the SIRT1-NAD+-CD38 Axis.","journal":"Am J Chin Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that apigenin is a promising phytochemical for reducing the impact of senescent cells in age-related lung diseases such as COPD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33199924","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33199924","doi":"10.1038/s42255-020-00305-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-00305-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33199924/","title":"Senescent cells promote tissue NAD+ decline during ageing via the activation of CD38+ macrophages.","journal":"Nat Metab","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These M1-like macrophages express high levels of the NAD-consuming enzyme CD38 and have enhanced CD38-dependent NADase activity, thereby reducing tissue NAD levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24786309","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24786309","doi":"10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24786309/","title":"NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease.","journal":"Trends Cell Biol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NAD(+) levels decline during the aging process and may be an Achilles' heel, causing defects in nuclear and mitochondrial functions and resulting in many age-associated pathologies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39218272","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39218272","doi":"10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167488","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167488","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39218272/","title":"Dietary apigenin ameliorates obesity-related hypertension through TRPV4-dependent vasorelaxation and TRPV4-independent adiponectin secretion.","journal":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Apigenin downregulated Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), restoring Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ (NAD+) levels and activating the NAD+/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway, enhancing adiponectin expression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38493256","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38493256","doi":"10.1007/s00011-024-01863-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-024-01863-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38493256/","title":"The NADase CD38 is a central regulator in gouty inflammation and a novel druggable therapeutic target.","journal":"Inflamm Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mouse air pouch inflammatory responses to MSU crystals were blunted by CD38 KO and apigenin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"blunted\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36103412","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36103412","doi":"10.1002/art.42351","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42351","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36103412/","title":"Targeting CD38 to Suppress Osteoarthritis Development and Associated Pain After Joint Injury in Mice.","journal":"Arthritis Rheumatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CD38 deficiency exerts OA disease-modifying effects. Inhibition of CD38 has the potential to be a novel therapeutic approach for OA treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39725836","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39725836","doi":"10.1007/s12035-024-04675-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04675-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39725836/","title":"CD38 Coordinates with NF-kappaB to Promote Cochlear Inflammation in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: the Protective Effect of Apigenin.","journal":"Mol Neurobiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"apigenin significantly reduce the threshold shift of hearing by inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and CD38 can be a promising target for protecting against noise-induced hearing loss.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38476603","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38476603","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1359176","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1359176","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38476603/","title":"Apigenin: a natural molecule at the intersection of sleep and aging.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cumulatively, a large body of evidence positions apigenin as a unique molecule capable of influencing both aging and sleep.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39836709","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39836709","doi":"10.1097/GME.0000000000002496","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000002496","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39836709/","title":"Efficacy and safety of Matricaria chamomilla intervention in managing menopausal symptoms: a triple-blind clinical trial.","journal":"Menopause","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Notable differences were found between the intervention and control groups in the overall scores on the symptom scorecard from baseline to 12 weeks' postintervention (-10.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], -13.84 to -6.92; P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27279007","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27279007","doi":"10.3892/ijmm.2016.2626","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2626","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27279007/","title":"Apigenin inhibits UVA-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and prevents signs of skin aging in vivo.","journal":"Int J Mol Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"we found that the apigenin-containing cream increased dermal density and elasticity, and reduced fine wrinkle length.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increased dermal density\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38906017","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38906017","doi":"10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116986","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116986","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38906017/","title":"Apigenin potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through the PKA-MEK kinase signaling pathway independent of K-ATP channels.","journal":"Biomed Pharmacother","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Apigenin exerts glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by modulating the PKA-MEK kinase signaling cascade independent of K-ATP channels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29392519","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29392519","doi":"10.1007/s11064-018-2482-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-018-2482-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29392519/","title":"Luteolin Could Improve Cognitive Dysfunction by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation.","journal":"Neurochem Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"luteolin prevented the increase of TNF-α and IL-1β, IL-6, and MDA, improved the activity of SOD and GPx, inhibited microglia over-activation and astrogliosis (particularly in the hippocampus and cortex), and ameliorated learning and short-term memory dysfunction, and LTP deficit.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36710678","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36710678","doi":"10.3233/JAD-220904","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220904","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36710678/","title":"Luteolin and Exercise Combination Therapy Ameliorates Amyloid-β1-42 Oligomers-Induced Cognitive Impairment in AD Mice by Mediating Neuroinflammation and Autophagy.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Luteolin (100 mg/kg/d) combined with exercise could significantly improve the performance of AD model mice in novel object recognition test, and the improvement was greater than that of monotherapy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34655374","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34655374","doi":"10.1007/s12640-021-00426-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-021-00426-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34655374/","title":"Luteolin Suppresses Microglia Neuroinflammatory Responses and Relieves Inflammation-Induced Cognitive Impairments.","journal":"Neurotox Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"these results demonstrated luteolin was effective in alleviating cognitive impairment and limited neuronal damage via inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators, suggesting luteolin is potential for further therapeutic research of neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\" | favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38539680","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38539680","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14030293","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030293","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38539680/","title":"Co-ultraPEALut in Subjective Cognitive Impairment Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Exploratory Retrospective Study.","journal":"Brain Sci","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Neuro-post-COVID-19 patients treated with co-ultraPEALut scored better than controls in MoCA and PRMQ questionnaires after 10 months: this may support the importance of neuroinflammation modulation for neuro-long-COVID-19.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37380908","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37380908","doi":"10.1007/s00405-023-08085-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-023-08085-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37380908/","title":"Treatment of COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction with olfactory training, palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin, or combined therapy: a blinded controlled multicenter randomized trial.","journal":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 90 days, odor identification scores improved by > 3 points in 89.2% of patients receiving combined therapy vs. 36.8% receiving olfactory training with placebo, 40% receiving twice daily um-PEA-LUT alone, and 41.6% receiving once daily um-PEA-LUT alone (p < 0.00001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35450527","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35450527","doi":"10.2174/1570159X20666220420113513","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X20666220420113513","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35450527/","title":"Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Supplement Combined with Olfactory Training to Treat Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Impairment: A Multi-Center Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo- Controlled Clinical Trial.","journal":"Curr Neuropharmacol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification scores compared to controls (p=0.0001). Overall, 92% of patients in the intervention group improved versus 42% of controls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37626685","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37626685","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines11082189","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082189","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37626685/","title":"Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Association on Post-Covid Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies.","journal":"Biomedicines","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CoUltraPEALut demonstrated significant efficacy in the overall recovery of the olfactory function, compared to the conventional therapy, suggesting that it could represent a possible future adjuvant treatment for PCOD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33802381","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33802381","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18052483","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052483","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33802381/","title":"A Placebo-Controlled, Pseudo-Randomized, Crossover Trial of Botanical Agents for Gulf War Illness: Resveratrol (), Luteolin, and Fisetin ().","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Luteolin did not decrease symptom severity more than placebo at either the lower (= 0.718) or higher dosages (= 0.492).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23688534","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23688534","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23688534/","title":"An open-label pilot study of a formulation containing the anti-inflammatory flavonoid luteolin and its effects on behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders.","journal":"Clin Ther","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was a significant improvement in adaptive functioning as measured by using the VABS age-equivalent scores (8.43 months in the communication domain, 7.17 months in daily living skills, and 8 months in the social domain; P < 0.005)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26418275","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26418275","doi":"10.1038/tp.2015.142","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.142","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26418275/","title":"Children with autism spectrum disorders, who improved with a luteolin-containing dietary formulation, show reduced serum levels of TNF and IL-6.","journal":"Transl Psychiatry","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the mean serum IL-6 and TNF levels decreased significantly (P=0.036 and P=0.015, respectively) at the end of the treatment period (26 weeks) as compared with levels at the beginning","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32407927","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32407927","doi":"10.1016/j.taap.2020.115036","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2020.115036","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32407927/","title":"Luteolin prevents liver from tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-dependent sestrin 2 induction.","journal":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"luteolin significantly decreased Tm- or thapsigargin-mediated C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression. In addition, luteolin reduced the activation of three canonical signaling pathways related to the unfolded protein response","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40808687","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40808687","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1639644","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1639644","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40808687/","title":"Preclinical evidence for luteolin in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review.","journal":"Front Pharmacol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis revealed that LUT significantly ameliorated colon length, reduced the disease activity index, alleviated body weight loss, and decreased histological scores.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"ameliorated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35548432","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35548432","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2022.685998","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.685998","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35548432/","title":"Cardioprotective Effects and Possible Mechanisms of Luteolin for Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence.","journal":"Front Cardiovasc Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooling of the data demonstrated that luteolin exerts cardioprotective effects against MIRI through different signaling pathways. As possible mechanisms, luteolin exerts anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation effects against MIRI.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23570274","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23570274","doi":"10.1186/1742-2094-10-46","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-10-46","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23570274/","title":"Focal brain inflammation and autism.","journal":"J Neuroinflammation","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The natural flavonoid luteolin inhibits mTOR, mast cells and microglia and could have a significant benefit in ASD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37449593","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37449593","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.373680","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.373680","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449593/","title":"The role of natural flavonoids on neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease: a narrative review.","journal":"Neural Regen Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Previous research found that multiple natural flavonoids could exert satisfactory treatment effects on the neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34594472","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34594472","doi":"10.1155/2021/1987588","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1987588","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34594472/","title":"Paving Luteolin Therapeutic Potentialities and Agro-Food-Pharma Applications: Emphasis on Pharmacological Effects and Bioavailability Traits.","journal":"Oxid Med Cell Longev","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"luteolin has a very limited bioavailability, which consequently affects its biological properties and efficacy. Several drug delivery strategies have been developed to raise its bioavailability, with nanoformulations and lipid carriers, such as liposomes, being the most intensively explored.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38070683","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38070683","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38070683/","title":"Effect of cocoa extract supplementation on cognitive function: results from the clinic subcohort of the COSMOS trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"daily CE supplementation, compared with placebo, showed no overall benefits for global or domain-specific cognitive function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"showed no\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41143317","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41143317","doi":"10.1039/d5fo02589c","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5fo02589c","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41143317/","title":"Cocoa flavanols alleviate early diastolic dysfunction by decreasing left atrial volume in a randomized double blinded trial in healthy older individuals.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Flavanol intake counteracted subclinical cardiac dysfunction, evidenced by a 12.6 ± 3.5% reduction in maximal LA volume","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40568979","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40568979","doi":"10.1039/d5fo01134e","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5fo01134e","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40568979/","title":"The overlooked impact of background diet and adherence in nutrition trials.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taking these factors into account resulted in a larger effect size for all observed endpoints","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28439881","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28439881","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28439881/","title":"Effect of cocoa on blood pressure.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This review provides moderate-quality evidence that flavanol-rich chocolate and cocoa products cause a small (2 mmHg) blood pressure-lowering effect in mainly healthy adults in the short term.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20584271","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20584271","doi":"10.1186/1741-7015-8-39","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-39","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20584271/","title":"Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis.","journal":"BMC Med","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our meta-analysis suggests that dark chocolate is superior to placebo in reducing systolic hypertension or diastolic prehypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"superior to placebo\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16390538","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16390538","doi":"10.1186/1743-7075-3-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-3-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16390538/","title":"Chocolate and prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.","journal":"Nutr Metab (Lond)","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our updated meta-analysis indicates that intake of flavonoids may lower risk of CHD mortality, RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.71-0.92) comparing highest and lowest tertiles.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26681132","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26681132","doi":"10.2215/CJN.05560515","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.05560515","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26681132/","title":"Vasculoprotective Effects of Dietary Cocoa Flavanols in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acute ingestion improved FMD by 53% (3.2±0.6% to 4.8±0.9% versus placebo, 3.2±0.7% to 3.3±0.8%; P<0.001), with no effects on BP or heart rate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30358831","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30358831","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqy229","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy229","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30358831/","title":"Assessing the respective contributions of dietary flavanol monomers and procyanidins in mediating cardiovascular effects in humans: randomized, controlled, double-masked intervention trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consumption of DP1-10, but not of either DP2-10 or the control capsule, significantly increased flow-mediated vasodilation (primary endpoint) and the concentration of structurally related (-)-epicatechin metabolites (SREMs) in the circulatory system while decreasing pulse wave velocity and blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33801767","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33801767","doi":"10.3390/nu13041103","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041103","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33801767/","title":"Cocoa Flavanols Improve Vascular Responses to Acute Mental Stress in Young Healthy Adults.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Flavanols are effective at counteracting mental stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and improving peripheral blood flow during stress.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18348861","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18348861","doi":"10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.040","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.040","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18348861/","title":"Cocoa flavanols lower vascular arginase activity in human endothelial cells in vitro and in erythrocytes in vivo.","journal":"Arch Biochem Biophys","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"erythrocyte arginase activity was lowered in healthy humans following consumption of a high flavanol beverage in vivo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20404222","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20404222","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147892","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.147892","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20404222/","title":"(-)-epicatechin activation of endothelial cell endothelial nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and related signaling pathways.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Together, these results strongly suggest the presence of a cell surface acceptor-effector for the cacao flavanol (-)-epicatechin, which may mediate its cardiovascular effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32185628","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32185628","doi":"10.1007/s11130-020-00807-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-020-00807-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32185628/","title":"Cocoa Flavanols Protect Human Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress.","journal":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our results demonstrate for the first time that a polyphenolic extract from cocoa and its main flavonoid protect human endothelial cells against an oxidative insult by modulating oxygen radical generation and antioxidant enzyme and non-enzyme defences.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29658370","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29658370","doi":"10.1080/10641955.2018.1446977","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10641955.2018.1446977","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29658370/","title":"Changes in endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in pregnant women after consumption of high-flavanol and high-theobromine chocolate: a double blind randomized clinical trial.","journal":"Hypertens Pregnancy","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Chronic HFHT intake increased plasma theobromine, though it did not have positive impacts on endothelial function, arterial stiffness or BP when compared to LFLT in pregnant women at risk of PE.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22169919","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22169919","doi":"10.1055/s-0031-1292826","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1292826","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22169919/","title":"[Cacoa and dark chocolate in cardiovascular prevention?].","journal":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An increase of endothelial NO production following the ingestion of the antioxidant cocoa flavanols catechin and epicatechin seems to be the leading mechanism causing these effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22240497","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22240497","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehr482","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr482","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22240497/","title":"Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In CAD patients, Pycnogenol treatment was associated with an improvement of FMD from 5.3 ± 2.6 to 7.0 ± 3.1 (P < 0.0001), while no change was observed with placebo (5.4 ± 2.4 to 4.7 ± 2.0; P = 0.051).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9781917","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9781917","doi":"10.1097/00005344-199810000-00001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-199810000-00001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9781917/","title":"Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of Pycnogenol.","journal":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol","year":1998,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results indicate that P, in addition to its antioxidant activity, stimulates constitutive endothelial NOS (eNOS) activity to increase NO levels, which could counteract the vasoconstrictor effects of E and NE.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11996210","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11996210","doi":"10.5414/cpp40158","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5414/cpp40158","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11996210/","title":"A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology.","journal":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PYC antagonizes the vasoconstriction caused by epinephrine and norepinephrine by increasing the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31637782","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31637782","doi":"10.1002/ptr.6515","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6515","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31637782/","title":"Effect of pycnogenol supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooled analysis suggested that pycnogenol supplementation can reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) of (-3.22 mmHg; 95% CI [-5.52, -0.92]) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; -1.91 mmHg; 95% CI [-3.64, -0.18]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30087862","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30087862","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30087862/","title":"Effect of Pycnogenol Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Iran J Public Health","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with the control, the pooled estimate of change in systolic and diastolic BPs were -3.22 mmHg (95% CI: -6.20, -0.24) and -3.11 mmHg (95% CI: -4.60, -1.62), respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31763928","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31763928","doi":"10.1177/0003319719889428","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319719889428","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31763928/","title":"Effect of Pycnogenol on Blood Pressure: Findings From a PRISMA Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Studies.","journal":"Angiology","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Therefore, the present meta-analysis does not suggest any significant effect of pycnogenol on BP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32990945","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32990945","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32990945/","title":"Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Small sample sizes, limited numbers of RCTs per condition, variation in outcome measures, and poor reporting of the included RCTs mean no definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy or safety of pine bark extract supplements are possible.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17703218","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17703218","doi":"10.1038/sj.ijir.3901597","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901597","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17703218/","title":"Improvement of erectile function with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.","journal":"Int J Impot Res","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intake of Pycnogenol for 1 month restored erectile function to normal. Intercourse frequency doubled. e-NOS in spermatozoa and testosterone levels in blood increased significantly.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20184576","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20184576","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09213.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09213.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20184576/","title":"Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study.","journal":"BJU Int","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study shows that Prelox is effective for improving erectile function, and that this effect persists on continuous therapy for up to 6 months.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19083426","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19083426","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19083426/","title":"Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementation.","journal":"Nutr Res","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After 12 weeks of supplementation, Pycnogenol resulted in improved diabetes control, lowered CVD risk factors, and reduced antihypertensive medicine use vs controls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15363656","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15363656","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.043","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.043","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15363656/","title":"Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II.","journal":"Life Sci","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation of Pycnogenol to conventional diabetes treatment lowers glucose levels and improves endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24675223","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24675223","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24675223/","title":"Pycnogenol® improves cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills in healthy professionals aged 35-55.","journal":"J Neurosurg Sci","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pycnogenol® supplementation for 12 weeks appears to improve cognitive function and oxidative stress in healthy professionals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29754480","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29754480","doi":"10.23736/S0390-5616.18.04382-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0390-5616.18.04382-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29754480/","title":"Pycnogenol® supplementation in minimal cognitive dysfunction.","journal":"J Neurosurg Sci","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the Pycnogenol® group MMSE score at inclusion was on average 21.64±1.5; after 8 weeks of supplementation, the average MMSE score increased significantly to 25.64±1.4 (P<0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30215292","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30215292","doi":"10.1089/rej.2018.2095","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2018.2095","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30215292/","title":"Pleiotropic Effects of French Maritime Pine Bark Extract to Promote Healthy Aging.","journal":"Rejuvenation Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The extract reduces oxidative stress and improves endothelial health. Its antithrombotic properties are based on inhibition of platelet aggregation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35583807","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35583807","doi":"10.1002/ptr.7454","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7454","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35583807/","title":"The role of Pycnogenol in the control of inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic diseases: Molecular aspects.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pycnogenol (PYC) is a natural compound that could control inflammation and oxidative stress.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22038497","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22038497","doi":"10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22038497/","title":"Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There were significant increases in time in bed, total sleep time and sleep efficiency total (P < 0.05) with cherry juice supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20438325","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20438325","doi":"10.1089/jmf.2009.0096","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2009.0096","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20438325/","title":"Effects of a tart cherry juice beverage on the sleep of older adults with insomnia: a pilot study.","journal":"J Med Food","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"When compared to placebo, the study beverage produced significant reductions in insomnia severity (minutes awake after sleep onset); no such improvements were observed for sleep latency, total sleep time, or sleep efficiency compared to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40964149","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40964149","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.70923","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.70923","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40964149/","title":"The Effect of Tart Cherry on Sleep Quality and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Food Sci Nutr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Three studies reported significant improvements in sleep indicators such as sleep duration, sleep efficiency, or sleep onset time. Three studies also reported an increase in melatonin levels after tart cherry consumption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32521042","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32521042","doi":"10.1111/acps.13201","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13201","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521042/","title":"Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of all available treatments for insomnia in the elderly: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"Acta Psychiatr Scand","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The limited evidence on non-pharmacological interventions suggested that acupressure, auricular acupuncture, mindfulness-based stress reduction program, and tart cherry juice were better than their control interventions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30979048","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30979048","doi":"10.3390/nu11040822","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040822","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30979048/","title":"Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Various nutritional interventions have been shown to improve sleep including high carbohydrate, high glycaemic index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit and micronutrients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26275673","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26275673","doi":"10.1007/s40279-015-0377-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0377-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26275673/","title":"Sleep Hygiene and Recovery Strategies in Elite Soccer Players.","journal":"Sports Med","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consuming high-electrolyte fluids such as milk, high-glycemic index carbohydrates, some forms of protein immediately prior to sleep, as well as tart cherry juice concentrate and tryptophan may promote rehydration, substrate stores replenishment, muscle-damage repair and/or restorative sleep.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21233776","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21233776","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820e5adc","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820e5adc","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21233776/","title":"Montmorency cherry juice reduces muscle damage caused by intensive strength exercise.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Montmorency cherry juice consumption improved the recovery of isometric muscle strength after intensive exercise perhaps owing to the attenuation of the oxidative damage induced by the damaging exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25983669","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25983669","doi":"10.1186/s12970-015-0085-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0085-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25983669/","title":"Influence of a montmorency cherry juice blend on indices of exercise-induced stress and upper respiratory tract symptoms following marathon running--a pilot investigation.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The CRP increase at 24 and 48 h post-Marathon was lower (P < 0.01) in the CJ group compared to PL group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27231439","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27231439","doi":"10.1186/s12970-016-0133-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-016-0133-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27231439/","title":"Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on acute endurance exercise performance in aerobically trained individuals.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results revealed that short-term supplementation of Montmorency powdered tart cherries surrounding an endurance challenge attenuated markers of muscle catabolism, reduced immune and inflammatory stress, better maintained redox balance, and increased performance in aerobically trained individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced immune and inflammatory\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32672095","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32672095","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2020.1797181","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1797181","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32672095/","title":"Montmorency tart cherry juice does not reduce markers of muscle soreness, function and inflammation following professional male rugby League match-play.","journal":"Eur J Sport Sci","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These data suggest MC does not affect the modest changes observed in cytokine responses and markers of recovery from RL match-play.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23710994","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23710994","doi":"10.1111/sms.12085","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12085","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23710994/","title":"The role of cherries in exercise and health.","journal":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Reported to be high in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacity, cherries and their constituents are proposed to provide a similar but natural alternative akin to over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or analgesics.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37809623","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37809623","doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19987","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19987","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37809623/","title":"Dose-dependent effect of tart cherry on blood pressure and selected inflammation biomarkers: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Heliyon","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Regarding the 21 included trials, Tart cherry didn't affect blood pressure, heart rate, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 (P > 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31287117","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31287117","doi":"10.1039/c9fo00913b","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c9fo00913b","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31287117/","title":"Effect of Montmorency tart cherry juice on cognitive performance in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily tart cherry juice consumption may improve cognitive abilities.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35325766","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35325766","doi":"10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35325766/","title":"Effects of saffron supplementation on improving sleep quality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Sleep Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The pooling of the effect sizes showed that saffron group achieve a notable treatment effect on PSQI (MD: -2.14; 95% CI: -2.86 to -1.42; P < 0.01), ISI (MD: -2.63; 95% CI: -3.70 to -2.55; P < 0.01) and RSQ (MD: 7.05; 95% CI: 1.48 to 12.62; P = 0.01) compared with placebo group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36141931","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36141931","doi":"10.3390/ijerph191811658","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811658","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141931/","title":"Crocus Sativus for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Although there is limited evidence of a very low- to moderate-quality, Crocus sativus may benefit people with insomnia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31987241","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31987241","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102250","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102250","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987241/","title":"The effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on mental health parameters and C-reactive protein: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis demonstrated that saffron intake significantly reduced BDI, BAI and PSQI scores, but did not affect HDRS-D, HARS-A scores and CRP levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41120739","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41120739","doi":"10.1007/s11325-025-03508-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-025-03508-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41120739/","title":"Nutritional interventions and sleep quality in obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.","journal":"Sleep Breath","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Eleven RCTs involving 637 participants demonstrated that compared with the controls, the nutritional intervention significantly improved sleep quality (OR = 2.52, 95% CI [1.57, 4.03], P = 0.000). Specific interventions, such as saffron supplementation (OR = 11.10, P = 0.000), showed varying degrees of effectiveness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32056539","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32056539","doi":"10.5664/jcsm.8376","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8376","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32056539/","title":"Effects of saffron on sleep quality in healthy adults with self-reported poor sleep: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"J Clin Sleep Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on data collected from 55 participants, saffron was associated with greater improvements in ISI total score (P = .017), RSQ total score (P = .029), and PSD sleep quality ratings (P = .014) than the placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with greater\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34438361","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34438361","doi":"10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34438361/","title":"An investigation into an evening intake of a saffron extract (affron®) on sleep quality, cortisol, and melatonin concentrations in adults with poor sleep: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose study.","journal":"Sleep Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to the placebo, saffron supplementation was associated with greater improvements in sleep quality ratings (primary outcome measure), mood ratings after awakening, the ISQ total score, and ISQ-insomnia classifications.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with greater\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40698027","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40698027","doi":"10.1016/j.sleepx.2025.100147","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2025.100147","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40698027/","title":"Effect of a saffron extract on sleep quality in adults with moderate insomnia: A decentralized, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Sleep Med X","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among 150 completers, saffron extract led to a greater reduction in insomnia symptoms (AIS) than the placebo (between-group adjusted mean difference= -0.95 [95 % CI: -1.79, -0.11],< .05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in insomnia\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40762630","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40762630","doi":"10.1039/d5fo00917k","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5fo00917k","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40762630/","title":"A standardised saffron extract improves subjective and objective sleep quality in healthy older adults with sleep complaints: results from the gut-sleep-brain axis randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In summary, four-weeks saffron supplementation improved both subjective and objective sleep quality in older adults with sleep complaints, and modulated gut microbiota composition, particularly increasing short-chain fatty acids producing bacteria.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30477864","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30477864","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30477864/","title":"Effect of crocetin on quality of sleep: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Delta power was significantly increased with crocetin compared with placebo. There were no significant differences in the other sleep parameters, including sleep latency, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and wake after sleep onset.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant differences\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32736046","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32736046","doi":"10.1016/j.jep.2020.113116","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113116","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32736046/","title":"Evaluation of sedative effects of an intranasal dosage form containing saffron, lettuce seeds and sweet violet in primary chronic insomnia: A randomized, double-dummy, double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial.","journal":"J Ethnopharmacol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The mean ISI scores in week 8 decreased significantly for the intervention group (P = 0.001) and also the placebo group (P < 0.01) when compared with baseline.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40414301","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40414301","doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.05.024","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40414301/","title":"An Examination into the Effects of a Saffron Extract (Affron) on Mood and General Wellbeing in Adults Experiencing Low Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In exploratory analyses across various strata and assumptions, improvements in sleep disturbances (β: -2.72 points; 95% confidence interval: -4.99, -0.46 points; Cohen's d = 0.44) were identified in a subset of participants with a greater severity of sleep disturbance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33960081","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33960081","doi":"10.1111/ijcp.14334","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14334","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33960081/","title":"Saffron improves life and sleep quality, glycaemic status, lipid profile and liver function in diabetic patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial.","journal":"Int J Clin Pract","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The saffron group showed more significant improvements in PSQI scores than the placebo group, such that at the post-intervention analysis, only the saffron group achieved a \"good\" sleep band.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38580720","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38580720","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-58661-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58661-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38580720/","title":"Effect of a nutraceutical combination on sleep quality among people with impaired sleep: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among adults with impaired sleep, a nutraceutical combination did not improve objective or subjective sleep parameters more than a placebo infusion.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\" | no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35813851","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35813851","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2022.2083455","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2022.2083455","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35813851/","title":"An examination into the mental and physical effects of a saffron extract (affron®) in recreationally-active adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on data collected from all participants, there were no statistically significant between-group differences in changes in any of the outcome measures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no statistically significant between-group differences\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37627614","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37627614","doi":"10.3390/antiox12081619","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081619","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37627614/","title":"Effects of Supplementation with the Standardized Extract of Saffron (affron) on the Kynurenine Pathway and Melatonin Synthesis in Rats.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol increase the metabolism of tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway and reduce its availability for the synthesis of melatonin and serotonin, which may cause alterations in mood and sleep.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40077679","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40077679","doi":"10.3390/nu17050809","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050809","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40077679/","title":"The Effects of Combined Scutellaria and Saffron Supplementation on Mood Regulation in Participants with Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results confirmed the beneficial effects of saffron extract on depressive and anxious symptoms, as well as its role in improving sleep quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35653117","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35653117","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/","title":"Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28.","journal":"JAMA Ophthalmol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A direct analysis of lutein/zeaxanthin vs beta carotene showed the HR for late AMD was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.73-0.98; P = .02).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39025435","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39025435","doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.07.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.07.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39025435/","title":"Oral Antioxidant and Lutein/Zeaxanthin Supplements Slow Geographic Atrophy Progression to the Fovea in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","journal":"Ophthalmology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral micronutrient supplementation slowed GA progression toward the central macula, likely by augmenting the natural phenomenon of foveal sparing.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"slowed\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25515572","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25515572","doi":"10.1167/iovs.14-15553","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15553","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25515572/","title":"Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age-related macular degeneration.","journal":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Xanthophyll carotenoids supplementation was associated with significant decrease in logMAR levels compared with the placebo group (WMD, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.06 to -0.03), and during intervention, each 1-mg/day increase in these carotenoids supplementation was related to a 0.003 reduction in logMAR level of VA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27420092","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27420092","doi":"10.3390/nu8070426","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070426","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27420092/","title":"Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Twenty RCTs involving 938 AMD patients and 826 healthy subjects were identified. Xanthophyll carotenoids supplementation was associated with significant increase in MPOD in AMD patients (WMD, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.11) and healthy subjects (WMD, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.14).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34995151","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34995151","doi":"10.1080/08820538.2021.2022165","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.2022165","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34995151/","title":"Efficacy of different nutrients in age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"Semin Ophthalmol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The nutrient of zinc and carotenoids (lutein/zeaxanthin) supplementation were associated with better improvement in VA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36296956","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36296956","doi":"10.3390/nu14204273","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204273","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36296956/","title":"The Effect of Dietary Supplementations on Delaying the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Multifocal electroretinogram results (mfERG) were significantly improved overall (SMD: 4.59, 95% CI: 1.75, 7.43) after lutein plus zeaxanthin supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42028334","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42028334","doi":"10.1155/joph/2155378","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/joph/2155378","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42028334/","title":"From Supplements to Sight: Quantifying the Impact of Lutein and Carotenoid on Age-Related Macular Degeneration-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Ophthalmol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Improvements were predominantly observed in early-stage AMD, whereas no statistically significant benefit was detected in late-stage disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no statistically significant benefit\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24150707","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24150707","doi":"10.1007/s00417-013-2492-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-013-2492-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24150707/","title":"A dose-response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract.","journal":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake is associated with a reduced risk of ARC, especially nuclear cataract in a dose-response manner, indicating a beneficial effect of lutein and zeaxanthin in ARC prevention.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34999335","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34999335","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34999335/","title":"Omega-3 fatty acid, carotenoid and vitamin E supplementation improves working memory in older adults: A randomised clinical trial.","journal":"Clin Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results support a biologically plausible rationale whereby these nutrients work synergistically, and in a dose-dependent manner, to improve working memory in cognitively healthy older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37447152","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37447152","doi":"10.3390/nu15132825","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132825","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447152/","title":"Effects of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Combination with Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Episodic Memory in Healthy Older Adults.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that supplementation with LCPUFAs + LZ did not significantly affect memory function in healthy, non-demented, older individuals with memory complaints whereas it improved memory function in healthy, non-demented, older individuals with cognitive decline.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly affect\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29642425","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29642425","doi":"10.3390/nu10040458","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040458","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29642425/","title":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual-Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that L and Z may impact brain health and cognition in older adults by enhancing neurobiological efficiency in a variety of regions that support visual perception and decision-making.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27064326","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27064326","doi":"10.1155/2016/9035745","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9035745","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27064326/","title":"Increased Macular Pigment Optical Density and Visual Acuity following Consumption of a Buttermilk Drink Containing Lutein-Enriched Egg Yolks: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Ophthalmol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MPOD increased significantly from 0.45 to 0.52 and BCVA improved significantly from -0.04 to -0.09 LogMar.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33114566","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33114566","doi":"10.3390/nu12113271","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113271","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33114566/","title":"Visual Function and Macular Carotenoid Changes in Eyes with Retinal Drusen-An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare a Micronized Lipid-Based Carotenoid Liquid Supplementation and AREDS-2 Formula.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The LM group demonstrated greater and faster benefits in visual performance as measured by CSF when compared to the PV group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26988845","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26988845","doi":"10.1007/s10633-016-9532-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-016-9532-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26988845/","title":"The effect of nutritional supplementation on the multifocal electroretinogram in healthy eyes.","journal":"Doc Ophthalmol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Although the results were not clinically significant, the reported trend for improvement in MPOD and mfERG outcomes warrants further investigation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25282031","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25282031","doi":"10.1016/j.jchf.2014.06.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2014.06.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25282031/","title":"The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial.","journal":"JACC Heart Fail","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The primary long-term endpoint was reached by 15% of the patients in the CoQ10 group versus 26% in the placebo group (hazard ratio: 0.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.32 to 0.80; p = 0.003) by intention-to-treat analysis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22626835","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22626835","doi":"10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.156","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.156","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22626835/","title":"Cardiovascular mortality and N-terminal-proBNP reduced after combined selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation: a 5-year prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among elderly Swedish citizens.","journal":"Int J Cardiol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"During a follow up time of 5.2 years a significant reduction of cardiovascular mortality was found in the active treatment group vs. the placebo group (5.9% vs. 12.6%; P=0.015).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36480969","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36480969","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36480969/","title":"Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"coenzyme Q10 supplementation decreased all-cause mortality events (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49-0.94).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40495903","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40495903","doi":"10.1016/j.ijcrp.2025.200424","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcrp.2025.200424","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40495903/","title":"Effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on blood pressure and heart rate in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis indicates that CoQ10 supplementation may be an effective adjunctive therapy for reducing systolic blood pressure, especially at doses below 200 mg/day and with longer treatment durations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36130103","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36130103","doi":"10.1093/advances/nmac100","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac100","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36130103/","title":"Dose-Response Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Blood Pressure among Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (-4.77 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.57, -2.97) in patients with cardiometabolic diseases","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26935713","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26935713","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD007435.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007435.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26935713/","title":"Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This review provides moderate-quality evidence that coenzyme Q10 does not have a clinically significant effect on blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38630421","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38630421","doi":"10.1007/s40292-024-00630-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-024-00630-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38630421/","title":"Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results demonstrated significant increases in Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) after CoQ10 supplementation (WMD: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.36; p < 0.02)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22088605","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22088605","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.10.027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22088605/","title":"Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation is associated with significant improvement in endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38987784","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38987784","doi":"10.1186/s12933-024-02326-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-024-02326-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38987784/","title":"Six-month supplementation with high dose coenzyme Q10 improves liver steatosis, endothelial, vascular and myocardial function in patients with metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Cardiovasc Diabetol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Six-month treatment with high-dose coenzyme-Q10 reduces liver steatosis and improves endothelial, vascular and left ventricle myocardial function in patients with MASLD, demonstrating significant improvements in micro- and macro-vasculature function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32749777","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32749777","doi":"10.1111/nep.13766","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.13766","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32749777/","title":"Associations of coenzyme Q10 with endothelial function in hemodialysis patients.","journal":"Nephrology (Carlton)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant correlation was observed between FMD and plasma CoQ10 level (r = 0.727, P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30283614","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30283614","doi":"10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_263_17","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_263_17","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30283614/","title":"Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Serum of High Sensitivity c-reactive Protein Level in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Int J Prev Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results of the pooled analysis revealed that the CoQ10 supplementation had no significant effect on the serum level of hs-CRP compared with the placebo group","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41158831","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41158831","doi":"10.1017/jns.2025.10043","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2025.10043","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41158831/","title":"Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on myopathy in statin-treated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Nutr Sci","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation of CoQ10 can reduce muscle pain in patients with SAMS, which is relevant for their well-being and treatment continuation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32179207","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32179207","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32179207/","title":"Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on statin-associated myalgia and adherence to statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review and meta-analysis did not demonstrate that CoQ10 supplementation was beneficial for patients with statin-associated muscle pain or improved adherence to statin therapy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not demonstrate\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36091835","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36091835","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2022.883251","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.883251","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36091835/","title":"Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Reducing Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Front Pharmacol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on the results of this meta-analysis, we conclude that CoQ10 is an effective and safe supplement for reducing fatigue symptoms.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30305810","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30305810","doi":"10.1155/2018/6484839","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6484839","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30305810/","title":"Effectiveness of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Int J Endocrinol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on current evidence, coenzyme Q10 may assist glycemic control, decrease TG, and improve HDL-C in patients with T2DM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36337001","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36337001","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgac585","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac585","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36337001/","title":"Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Lipid Profiles in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CoQ10 supplementation decreased the TC, LDL-C, and TG levels, and increased HDL-C levels in adults, and the dosage of 400 to 500 mg/day achieved the greatest effect on TC.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased the tc, ldl\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25913756","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25913756","doi":"10.1111/jcpt.12280","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12280","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25913756/","title":"Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic profile in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Clin Pharm Ther","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CoQ10 supplementation has no beneficial effects on glycemic control, lipid profile or blood pressure in patients with diabetes. However, it may reduce triglycerides levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38908296","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38908296","doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100287","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100287","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38908296/","title":"The impact of six-week dihydrogen-pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation on mitochondrial biomarkers, brain metabolism, and cognition in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"J Nutr Health Aging","year":2024,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dihydrogen-PQQ resulted in a significant elevation in serum BDNF levels at the six-week follow-up (P = 0.01); conversely, no changes in BDNF levels were observed in the placebo group throughout the study duration (P = 0.27).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36807425","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36807425","doi":"10.1039/d2fo01515c","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo01515c","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36807425/","title":"Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt improves brain function in both younger and older adults.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2023,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In younger adults (aged 20-40 years), PQQ improved cognitive function (cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and execution speed) after 8 weeks. Only older adults (aged 41-65 years) showed improvements in complex and verbal memory after 12 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26782228","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26782228","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_40","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_40","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26782228/","title":"Effect of the Antioxidant Supplement Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt (BioPQQ™) on Cognitive Functions.","journal":"Adv Exp Med Biol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results suggest that PQQ can prevent reduction of brain function in aged persons, especially in attention and working memory.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27526146","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27526146","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-38810-6_29","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38810-6_29","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27526146/","title":"Effects of Antioxidant Supplements (BioPQQ™) on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism in the Prefrontal Cortex.","journal":"Adv Exp Med Biol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results suggest that PQQ causes increased activity in the right PFC associated with increases in rCBF and oxygen metabolism, resulting in enhanced cognitive function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31860387","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31860387","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2019.1705203","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2019.1705203","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31860387/","title":"Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Indices of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Untrained Men.","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation of PQQ does not appear to elicit any ergogenic effects regarding aerobic performance or body composition but appears to impact mitochondrial biogenesis by way of significant elevations in PGC-1α protein content.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41651893","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41651893","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-34191-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34191-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41651893/","title":"The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone and nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on interoception following acute exhaustive exercise: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2026,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Body listening was the only domain that demonstrated a significant group × time interaction (p = 0.016), with the PQQ group showing significant improvement (p < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26226960","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26226960","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.61.233","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.61.233","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26226960/","title":"Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt Intake on the Serum Cholesterol Levels of Healthy Japanese Adults.","journal":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)","year":2015,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the stratification analysis of the high LDL-chol subgroup (baseline LDL-chol level ≥140 mg/dL), the mean LDL-chol levels decreased significantly from the baseline values in the PQQ group compared to the placebo group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39275279","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39275279","doi":"10.3390/nu16172965","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172965","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39275279/","title":"Consumption of Sylimarin, Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Sodium Salt and Myricetin: Effects on Alcohol Levels and Markers of Oxidative Stress-A Pilot Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Changes in oxidative stress biomarkers, particularly a TAC (range +9-12%) increase and an 8-isoprostane (marker of lipidic peroxidation) decrease (range -22-27%), were observed too.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38735721","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38735721","doi":"10.2152/jmi.71.23","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.71.23","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38735721/","title":"The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt on brain function and physiological processes.","journal":"J Med Invest","year":2024,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PQQ has redox properties and exerts antioxidant, neuroprotective, and mitochondrial biogenesis effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29714638","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29714638","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2018.1461146","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1461146","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29714638/","title":"Mechanisms Behind Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis: Possible Synergistic Effects with Exercise.","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is emerging evidence to support that PQQ supplementation can upregulate the molecular signaling responses indicative of mitochondrial biogenesis within skeletal muscle.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19861415","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19861415","doi":"10.1074/jbc.M109.030130","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.030130","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19861415/","title":"Pyrroloquinoline quinone stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha expression.","journal":"J Biol Chem","year":2009,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The induction of this process occurred through the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), a pathway known to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29185343","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29185343","doi":"10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01185","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01185","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29185343/","title":"Pyrroloquinoline Quinone, a Redox-Active o-Quinone, Stimulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway.","journal":"Biochemistry","year":2017,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The exposure of NIH/3T3 cells to 10-100 nM PQQ for 48 h resulted in increased levels of Mitotracker staining, mitochondrial DNA content, and mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (MTCO1) protein.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21814553","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21814553","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0021779","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021779","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21814553/","title":"Altering pyrroloquinoline quinone nutritional status modulates mitochondrial, lipid, and energy metabolism in rats.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2011,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Collectively, these data demonstrate that PQQ deficiency impacts a number of parameters related to normal mitochondrial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30972174","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30972174","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30972174/","title":"Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents knee osteoarthritis by inhibiting oxidative stress and chondrocyte senescence.","journal":"Am J Transl Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study demonstrated that PQQ supplementation can prevent ACLT-induced OA by inhibiting oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell senescence and the development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29891841","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29891841","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-26962-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26962-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29891841/","title":"PQQ ameliorates D-galactose induced cognitive impairments by reducing glutamate neurotoxicity via the GSK-3β/Akt signaling pathway in mouse.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2018,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"D-gal-induced mouse showed increased MDA and ROS levels, and decreased T-AOC activities in the hippocampus, these changes were reversed by PQQ supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30240821","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30240821","doi":"10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30240821/","title":"Mitochondrial regulation by pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease models.","journal":"Neurosci Lett","year":2018,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings indicated that PQQ could prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion, which might contribute to its neuroprotective effect in PD models.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24576864","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24576864","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000000220","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000220","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24576864/","title":"Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults-a meta-analysis.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cr + RT increased total body mass (P = 0.004) and fat-free mass (P < 0.0001) with no effect on fat mass as compared with RT alone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39519498","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39519498","doi":"10.3390/nu16213665","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213665","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39519498/","title":"Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength Gains in Adults <50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"creatine supplementation with resistance training enhances upper- and lower-body muscle strength in adults aged < 50, with greater benefits likely to be seen in males than females.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37432300","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37432300","doi":"10.3390/nu15092116","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092116","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37432300/","title":"The Effects of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Regional Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the results suggest that creatine supplementation combined with RT promotes a small increase in the direct measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in both the upper and lower body.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29138605","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29138605","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S123529","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S123529","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29138605/","title":"Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Open Access J Sports Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Creatine supplementation resulted in greater increases in lean tissue mass (mean difference =1.37 kg [95% CI =0.97-1.76];<0.00001), chest press strength (standardized mean difference [SMD] =0.35 [0.16-0.53];=0.0002), and leg press strength (SMD =0.24 [0.05-0.43];=0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34199420","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34199420","doi":"10.3390/nu13061912","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061912","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34199420/","title":"Meta-Analysis Examining the Importance of Creatine Ingestion Strategies on Lean Tissue Mass and Strength in Older Adults.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, creatine (independent of dosing strategy) augments lean tissue mass and strength increase from RT vs. placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34836013","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34836013","doi":"10.3390/nu13113757","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113757","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836013/","title":"Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass in Older Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, Cr significantly increased measures of upper-body strength (7 studies,= 142,= 0.04), with no effect on lower-body strength or measures of muscle mass.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"significantly increased measures of upper-body strength\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40673730","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40673730","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40673730/","title":"Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Accumulating research shows that CrM, primarily when combined with exercise training, is safe and has beneficial effects on measures of whole-body lean body mass, regional muscle size, muscle strength, bone area and thickness, functional ability, glucose kinetics, cognition and memory.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39509039","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39509039","doi":"10.1007/s11914-024-00895-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-024-00895-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39509039/","title":"Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Muscle, Bone and Brain- Hope or Hype for Older Adults?","journal":"Curr Osteoporos Rep","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the combination of creatine monohydrate supplementation and resistance training provides 'hope' for older adults as it improves measures of lean mass, regional (limb) muscle thickness, upper- and lower-body muscle strength and functional ability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21394604","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21394604","doi":"10.1007/s00726-011-0855-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0855-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21394604/","title":"Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The benefits afforded to older adults through creatine ingestion are substantial, can improve quality of life, and ultimately may reduce the disease burden associated with sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28251287","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28251287","doi":"10.1007/s00198-017-3980-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-3980-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28251287/","title":"Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review.","journal":"Osteoporos Int","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on the included studies, mainly performed on well-nourished subjects, the interactive effect of dietary supplementation on muscle function appears limited.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37144634","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37144634","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003202","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003202","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37144634/","title":"A 2-yr Randomized Controlled Trial on Creatine Supplementation during Exercise for Postmenopausal Bone Health.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Two years of creatine supplementation and exercise in postmenopausal women had no effect on BMD; yet, it improved some bone geometric properties at the proximal femur.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25386713","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25386713","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000000571","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000571","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25386713/","title":"Effects of Creatine and Resistance Training on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Twelve months of Cr supplementation during a resistance training program preserves femoral neck BMD and increases femoral shaft superiosteal width, a predictor of bone bending strength, in postmenopausal women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31257405","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31257405","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glz162","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz162","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31257405/","title":"Creatine Supplementation (3 g/d) and Bone Health in Older Women: A 2-Year, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Creatine supplementation more than 2 years did not improve bone health in older, postmenopausal women with osteopenia, nor did it affect lean mass or muscle function in this population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29740583","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29740583","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2018.00027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29740583/","title":"Creatine Supplementation During Resistance Training Does Not Lead to Greater Bone Mineral Density in Older Humans: A Brief Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our meta-analyses revealed no significant effect on whole body, hip, femoral neck, or lumbar spine BMD when comparing creatine and resistance training to resistance training alone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29704637","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29704637","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29704637/","title":"Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Exp Gerontol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral creatine administration may improve short-term memory and intelligence/reasoning of healthy individuals but its effect on other cognitive domains remains unclear.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25632150","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25632150","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3113-14.2015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3113-14.2015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25632150/","title":"Creatine supplementation enhances corticomotor excitability and cognitive performance during oxygen deprivation.","journal":"J Neurosci","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary creatine monohydrate supplementation augments neural creatine, increases corticomotor excitability, and prevents the decline in attention that occurs during severe oxygen deficit.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33557850","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33557850","doi":"10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557850/","title":"Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Furthermore, evidence-based research shows that creatine supplementation is relatively well tolerated, especially at recommended dosages (i.e. 3-5 g/day or 0.1 g/kg of body mass/day).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41061678","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41061678","doi":"10.1111/acel.70191","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70191","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41061678/","title":"Experimental Evidence Against Taurine Deficiency as a Driver of Aging in Humans.","journal":"Aging Cell","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"No association between circulating taurine levels and age, muscle mass, strength, physical performance, or mitochondrial function was observed, thereby challenging the implication of taurine deficiency as a primary driver of aging in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no association\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41275513","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41275513","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf220","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf220","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41275513/","title":"Effects of Oral Taurine Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine supplementation may effectively improve cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, underscoring its potential to reduce the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39148075","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39148075","doi":"10.1186/s12937-024-00995-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-024-00995-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39148075/","title":"Insights into the cardiovascular benefits of taurine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutr J","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine showed noteworthy effects in preventing hypertension and enhancing cardiac function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38755142","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38755142","doi":"10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-024-00289-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38755142/","title":"Taurine reduces the risk for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Nutr Diabetes","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine supplementation exhibits positive effects on multiple MetS-related factors, making it a potential dietary addition for individuals at risk of or already experiencing MetS.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32871172","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32871172","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173533","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173533","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32871172/","title":"The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Eur J Pharmacol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings indicate that, in patients with liver dysregulation, taurine supplementation can lower blood pressure and improve the lipid profile by reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26781281","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26781281","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/","title":"Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine supplementation significantly decreased the clinic and 24-hour ambulatory BPs, especially in those with high-normal BP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41217691","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41217691","doi":"10.1007/s13668-025-00711-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00711-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41217691/","title":"Taurine in Type 2 Diabetes: Plasma Concentrations, Metabolic Pathways, and Potential as a Therapeutic Adjuvant.","journal":"Curr Nutr Rep","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Plasma taurine concentrations have been found to be reduced in individuals with T2DM, likely due to impaired reabsorption, increased renal excretion, and elevated tissue demand caused by hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30206707","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30206707","doi":"10.1007/s00726-018-2650-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2650-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30206707/","title":"Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by the pancreatic and extra-pancreatic actions of taurine.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The beneficial actions of L-taurine (Tau) against glucose intolerance, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and non-alcoholic fat liver disease (NAFLD) have been linked to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which ameliorate tissue insulin sensitivity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40410431","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40410431","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03215-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03215-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40410431/","title":"Taurine as a supplement for treating type II diabetes mellitus with metformin and DPP4 inhibitor.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It could be concluded that taurine was a useful supplement for treating T2DM with metformin and DPP4 inhibitor.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30211983","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30211983","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201800569","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201800569","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30211983/","title":"Taurine: A Regulator of Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Skeletal Muscle Function.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine affects mitochondrial bioenergetics and taurine-deficient mice exhibit an impaired exercise performance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35624880","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35624880","doi":"10.3390/antiox11051016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11051016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35624880/","title":"Taurine Administration Counteracts Aging-Associated Impingement of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We showed that, in injured muscle, taurine enhances the regenerative process by downregulating the inflammatory response and preserving muscle fiber integrity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhances\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40458841","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40458841","doi":"10.1111/1753-0407.70100","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.70100","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40458841/","title":"Taurine Alleviates Pancreatic β-Cell Senescence by Inhibition of p53 Pathway.","journal":"J Diabetes","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pretreatment with taurine inhibited naturally aging, chemically induced senescent and inflammatory program, oxidative stress, and defective insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32074082","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32074082","doi":"10.18632/aging.102834","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102834","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32074082/","title":"NMR-based metabonomic analysis of HUVEC cells during replicative senescence.","journal":"Aging (Albany NY)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Furthermore, we observed taurine retarded oxidative damage resulting from senescence.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28745470","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28745470","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07497-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07497-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28745470/","title":"Effects of taurine on markers of muscle damage, inflammatory response and physical performance in triathletes.","journal":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Taurine supplementation did not provide benefits on performance and muscle damage in triathletes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22293292","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22293292","doi":"10.1254/jphs.11r04fm","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.11r04fm","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22293292/","title":"New therapeutic strategy for amino acid medicine: glycine improves the quality of sleep.","journal":"J Pharmacol Sci","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We recently reported that glycine ingestion before bedtime significantly ameliorated subjective sleep quality in individuals with insomniac tendencies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"ameliorated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25533534","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25533534","doi":"10.1038/npp.2014.326","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.326","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25533534/","title":"The sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of glycine are mediated by NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.","journal":"Neuropsychopharmacology","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These data suggest that exogenous glycine promotes sleep via peripheral vasodilatation through the activation of NMDA receptors in the SCN shell.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37874350","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37874350","doi":"10.1007/s00394-023-03267-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03267-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37874350/","title":"Collagen peptide supplementation before bedtime reduces sleep fragmentation and improves cognitive function in physically active males with sleep complaints.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CP supplementation did not influence sleep quantity, latency, or efficiency, but reduced awakenings and improved cognitive function in physically active males with sleep complaints.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36094342","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36094342","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003040","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003040","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36094342/","title":"Nutritional Modulation of Sleep Latency, Duration, and Efficiency: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Double-Blind Deception Study.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The intervention trial reduced sleep onset latency (-24 ± 25 min; P = 0.002), increased total sleep time (22 ± 32 min; P = 0.01), and increased sleep efficiency (2.4% ± 3.9%; P = 0.03), while also reducing morning sleepiness ( P = 0.02).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm21795440","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21795440","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.110.003483","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.003483","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21795440/","title":"Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder;GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"p125;glynac","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"125;198","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary supplementation with the glutathione precursors cysteine and glycine fully restores glutathione synthesis and concentrations and lowers levels of oxidative stress and oxidant damages.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowers levels of oxidative stress\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20929994","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20929994","doi":"10.2337/dc10-1006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20929994/","title":"Glutathione synthesis is diminished in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and restored by dietary supplementation with cysteine and glycine.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary supplementation with GSH precursor amino acids can restore GSH synthesis and lower oxidative stress and oxidant damage in the face of persistent hyperglycemia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower oxidative stress\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37683986","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37683986","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2023.102066","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102066","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37683986/","title":"Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes: From biochemistry to gerontology and successful aging.","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder;GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"p125;glynac","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"125;198","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Notably, GSH levels decline during aging, an alteration generally related to impaired GSH biosynthesis and leading to cell dysfunction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35013990","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35013990","doi":"10.1007/s40618-021-01720-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01720-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35013990/","title":"Effects of glycine on metabolic syndrome components: a review.","journal":"J Endocrinol Invest","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glycine supplementation improves various components of metabolic syndrome including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27852613","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27852613","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.116.138594","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.138594","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27852613/","title":"Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Subjects who took 15 g gelatin 1 h before exercise showed double the amino-terminal propeptide of collagen I in their blood, indicating increased collagen synthesis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39086044","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39086044","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003519","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003519","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39086044/","title":"Collagen Peptide Supplementation during Training Does Not Further Increase Connective Tissue Protein Synthesis Rates.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Collagen peptide supplementation (2 × 15 g daily) does not increase myofibrillar or muscle connective protein synthesis rates during 1 wk of intense resistance exercise training in young, recreational athletes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not increase\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm6470827","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"6470827","doi":"10.1093/jn/114.9.1697","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/114.9.1697","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6470827/","title":"Improvement of nitrogen retention by arginine and glycine supplementation and its relation to collagen synthesis in traumatized mature and aged rats.","journal":"J Nutr","year":1984,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The beneficial effect of arginine and glycine supplementation on improving N retention in traumatized rats appears to be due, at least in part, to increased collagen synthesis in wounds.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35121169","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35121169","doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101452","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101452","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35121169/","title":"Disrupted liver oxidative metabolism in glycine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice is mitigated by dietary methionine restriction.","journal":"Mol Metab","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Glycine Powder","linked_compounds":"Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"p125","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"125","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"One-carbon metabolism is routinely dysregulated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This includes decreased glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), a critical regulator of s-adenosylmethionine (SAM).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12598816","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12598816","doi":"10.1097/00004850-200303000-00001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-200303000-00001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12598816/","title":"Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.","journal":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis showed a significant advantage for Alcar compared to placebo for the integrated summary effect [ES =0.201, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.107-0.295] and CGI-CH (ES =0.32, 95% CI=0.18-0.47).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28349514","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28349514","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD009374.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009374.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349514/","title":"L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Due to the limited number of included trials, short-term treatment, and inadequate reporting, we were unable to draw any conclusions about the efficacy or safety of L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in healthy adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhancement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29076953","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29076953","doi":"10.1097/PSY.0000000000000537","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000537","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29076953/","title":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Psychosom Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooled data across nine RCTs (231 treated with ALC versus 216 treated with placebo and 20 no intervention) showed that ALC significantly reduced depressive symptoms (SMD = -1.10, 95% CI = -1.65 to -0.56, I = 86%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34531367","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34531367","doi":"10.1038/s41398-021-01590-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01590-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34531367/","title":"Role of dietary factors in the prevention and treatment for depression: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective studies.","journal":"Transl Psychiatry","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (SMD: -0.28, 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.09, I = 75.0%) and acetyl-L-carnitine (SMD: -1.10, 95% CI, -1.65 to -0.56, I = 86.0%) supplementations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25786048","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25786048","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786048/","title":"A randomised controlled trial comparing duloxetine and acetyl L-carnitine in fibromyalgic patients: preliminary data.","journal":"Clin Exp Rheumatol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"these preliminary findings confirm the efficacy of duloxetine, and suggest that acetyl L-carnitine is also efficacious in improving depressive symptoms, pain, and the quality of life of FMS patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"efficacious\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18940920","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18940920","doi":"10.1345/aph.1L201","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1L201","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18940920/","title":"Role of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","journal":"Ann Pharmacother","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Subjects who received at least 2 g daily of ALC showed decreases in pain scores. One study showed improvements in electrophysiologic factors such as nerve conduction velocities, while the other did not.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32408706","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32408706","doi":"10.3390/nu12051389","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051389","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32408706/","title":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Dementia and Other Cognitive Disorders: A Critical Update.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The underlying mechanisms may include restoring of cell membranes and synaptic functioning, enhancing cholinergic activity, promoting mitochondrial energy metabolism, protecting against toxins, and exerting neurotrophic effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18491985","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18491985","doi":"10.1517/13543784.17.6.827","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.17.6.827","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18491985/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid: possible neurotherapeutic agents for mood disorders?","journal":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Preliminary controlled trials in depressed geriatric populations also suggest an antidepressant effect with acetyl-L-carnitine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21542052","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21542052","doi":"10.1002/hipo.20934","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20934","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21542052/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine-mediated neuroprotection during hypoxia is attributed to ERK1/2-Nrf2-regulated mitochondrial biosynthesis.","journal":"Hippocampus","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We here demonstrate that administration of ALCAR to hypoxic rats for a period of 2 weeks effectively protected hippocampal neurons from mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neurodegeneration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8239306","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8239306","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb23077.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb23077.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8239306/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine and Alzheimer's disease: pharmacological considerations beyond the cholinergic sphere.","journal":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","year":1993,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"pharmacological studies with ALCAR in animals have demonstrated its facility to maximize energy production and promote cellular membrane stability, particularly its ability to restore membranal changes that are age-related.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26402075","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26402075","doi":"10.3233/JAD-150057","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150057","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26402075/","title":"A Nutritional Formulation for Cognitive Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Placebo-Controlled Trial with an Open-Label Extension.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The NF cohort improved in the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS; effect size >0.7) and maintained baseline performance in CLOX-1.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18065594","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18065594","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1738","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1738","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18065594/","title":"L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Significant differences were also found in physical fatigue (-4.10 compared with -1.10; P < 0.01), mental fatigue (-2.70 compared with 0.30; P < 0.001), fatigue severity (-23.60 compared with 1.90; P < 0.001), and MMSE (4.1 compared with 0.6; P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm18357530","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18357530","doi":"10.1007/s10620-008-0238-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-008-0238-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18357530/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy.","journal":"Dig Dis Sci","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The benefits of ALC in comparison with placebo are demonstrated in greater reductions in serum ammonia levels, as well as in improvements of neuropsychological functioning.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21870121","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21870121","doi":"10.1007/s11011-011-9260-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-011-9260-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21870121/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in severe hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized and controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Metab Brain Dis","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The improvement of cognitive deficits, the reduction of ammonia, and the modification of EEG in patients treated with ALC suggest that ALC could represent a new tool in the treatment of severe hepatic encephalopathy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21443422","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21443422","doi":"10.3109/00365521.2011.565067","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2011.565067","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21443422/","title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy.","journal":"Scand J Gastroenterol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study shows that ALC treatment is associated with significant improvement in patient energy levels, general functioning and well-being.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11976193","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11976193","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02090.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02090.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11976193/","title":"Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites.","journal":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Some of this decay can be reversed in aged animals by feeding them the mitochondrial metabolites acetylcarnitine and lipoic acid.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26519439","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26519439","doi":"10.3233/JAD-150538","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150538","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26519439/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of MMFS-01, a Synapse Density Enhancer, for Treating Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"With MMFS-01 treatment, overall cognitive ability improved significantly relative to placebo (p = 0.003; Cohen's d = 0.91). Cognitive fluctuation was also reduced.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41601871","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41601871","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1729164","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1729164","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41601871/","title":"The effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) on cognitive performance and sleep quality in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The purpose of this two-arm, 6-week, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to examine the effects of magnesium L-threonate (Magtein) supplementation on cognitive performance, cognitive age, sleep quality, and selected physiological indicators in adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39252819","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39252819","doi":"10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39252819/","title":"Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Sleep Med X","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This showed MgT improved sleep quality, especially deep/REM sleep stages, improved mood, energy, alertness, and daily activity and productivity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36703238","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36703238","doi":"10.1002/cam4.4922","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.4922","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36703238/","title":"Oral application of magnesium-L-threonate enhances analgesia and reduces the dosage of opioids needed in advanced cancer patients-A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Cancer Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-TAMS outperforms a placebo in enhancing the analgesic effect of opioids and reducing the necessary opioid dosage. Moreover, L-TAMS can significantly relieve opioid-induced constipation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42374947","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42374947","doi":"10.12809/eaap2617","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.12809/eaap2617","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42374947/","title":"Effects of magnesium supplementation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function in patients undergoing fluoxetine therapy for depression.","journal":"East Asian Arch Psychiatry","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Magnesium supplementation as an adjunct to fluoxetine was associated with greater improvement in cognitive function than fluoxetine alone in patients with depression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with greater\" | favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39009081","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39009081","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100272","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100272","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009081/","title":"Magnesium and Cognitive Health in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Evidence from the limited number of RCTs was insufficient to draw conclusions on the effects of Mg supplements. Cohort studies showed inconsistent dose-response relationships between dietary Mg and cognitive disorders, with high heterogeneity across populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31685499","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31685499","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030052","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030052","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685499/","title":"Relations of magnesium intake to cognitive impairment and dementia among participants in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a prospective cohort study.","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Participants in Q3 had a significantly lower risk of MCI/PD (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.91) and MCI (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87) after multivariate adjustments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20152124","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20152124","doi":"10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.026","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.026","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20152124/","title":"Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium.","journal":"Neuron","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Here, we show that increasing brain magnesium using a newly developed magnesium compound (magnesium-L-threonate, MgT) leads to the enhancement of learning abilities, working memory, and short- and long-term memory in rats. The pattern completion ability was also improved in aged rats.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25152202","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25152202","doi":"10.1517/14728222.2014.941286","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1517/14728222.2014.941286","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152202/","title":"Targeting the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B for treating or preventing age-related memory decline.","journal":"Expert Opin Ther Targets","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Accumulating evidence suggests that elevated brain magnesium levels, via dietary supplementation, can boost NR2B in the brain, consequently reversing memory deficits and enhancing cognitive abilities.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40234095","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40234095","doi":"10.5607/en24030","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5607/en24030","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40234095/","title":"Magnesium-L-threonate Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit by Attenuating Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Impairment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.","journal":"Exp Neurobiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, MgT treatment improved cognitive decline by ameliorating adult hippocampal neurogenesis impairment in this AD model, possibly via ERK/CREB activation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32857294","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32857294","doi":"10.1007/s12264-020-00563-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-020-00563-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32857294/","title":"Chronic Oral Administration of Magnesium-L-Threonate Prevents Oxaliplatin-Induced Memory and Emotional Deficits by Normalization of TNF-α/NF-κB Signaling in Rats.","journal":"Neurosci Bull","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The OXA-induced behavioral and synaptic changes were prevented by chronic oral administration of magnesium-L-threonate (L-TAMS, 604 mg/kg per day, from 2 days before until the end of experiments).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41201547","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41201547","doi":"10.1007/s12035-025-05322-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-025-05322-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41201547/","title":"Magnesium L-Threonate Reduces Hippocampal Amyloid-β Load without Cognitive Improvement in a PTU-induced Hypothyroidism Model in Young Rats.","journal":"Mol Neurobiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We report that while MgT supplementation did not significantly improve cognitive performance in behavioral tasks or inflammatory markers in hypothyroid rats, it did increase hippocampal BDNF levels in euthyroid animals and reduced hippocampal amyloid-β load under both euthyroid and hypothyroid conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38488562","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38488562","doi":"10.4103/1673-5374.391310","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.391310","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38488562/","title":"Magnesium-L-threonate treats Alzheimer's disease by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.","journal":"Neural Regen Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Previously, we reported that magnesium-L-threonate treatment improved cognition and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in a double-transgenic line of Alzheimer's disease model mice expressing the amyloid-β precursor protein and mutant human presenilin 1 (APP/PS1).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39253923","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39253923","doi":"10.2174/0113816128321466240816075041","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128321466240816075041","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39253923/","title":"Magnesium (Mg): Essential Mineral for Neuronal Health: From Cellular Biochemistry to Cognitive Health and Behavior Regulation.","journal":"Curr Pharm Des","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with Mg, particularly in the form of bioavailable compounds such as Magnesium-L-Threonate (MgLT), Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate (MgAT), and other Magnesium salts, has shown some promising results in enhancing synaptic density, improving memory function, and alleviating symptoms of mental health disorders.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviating\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42084749","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42084749","doi":"10.1007/s12017-026-08929-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-026-08929-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42084749/","title":"Enhanced Neurophysiological Benefits of Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate Over Magnesium-L-Threonate: A Comparative pre-clinical Study on Bioavailability, Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Functions.","journal":"Neuromolecular Med","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium L-Threonate","linked_monograph_ids":"p127","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"127","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Behavioral tests indicated that MAT and the combined therapy of MLT and MAT significantly improved spatial learning, memory, and anxiety-related behaviors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30415628","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30415628","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1812792","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812792","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415628/","title":"Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A primary end-point event occurred in 17.2% of the patients in the icosapent ethyl group, as compared with 22.0% of the patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.83; P<0.001)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30415637","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30415637","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1811403","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811403","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415637/","title":"Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids did not result in a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events or cancer than placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not result\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37264945","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37264945","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.123.029512","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.123.029512","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37264945/","title":"Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This dose-response meta-analysis demonstrates that combined intake of omega-3 fatty acids near linearly lowers triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowers triglyceride\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31567003","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31567003","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.119.013543","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.013543","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31567003/","title":"Marine Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving 127 477 Participants.","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Marine omega-3 supplementation lowers risk for myocardial infarction, CHD death, total CHD, CVD death, and total CVD, even after exclusion of REDUCE-IT. Risk reductions appeared to be linearly related to marine omega-3 dose.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowers risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36103100","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36103100","doi":"10.1007/s10557-022-07379-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-022-07379-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36103100/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Moderate evidence showed that the use of omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34612056","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34612056","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34612056/","title":"Effect of Long-Term Marine ɷ-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Circulation","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In RCTs examining cardiovascular outcomes, marine ɷ-3 supplementation was associated with an increased risk of AF. The risk appeared to be greater in trials testing >1 g/d.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35647665","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35647665","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.121.025071","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.025071","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35647665/","title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This dose-response meta-analysis demonstrates that the optimal combined intake of omega-3 fatty acids for BP lowering is likely between 2 g/d and 3 g/d.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8339414","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8339414","doi":"10.1161/01.cir.88.2.523","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.88.2.523","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8339414/","title":"Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials.","journal":"Circulation","year":1993,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is a dose-response effect of fish oil on blood pressure of -0.66/-0.35 mm Hg/g omega-3 fatty acids. The hypotensive effect may be strongest in hypertensive subjects and those with clinical atherosclerotic disease or hypercholesterolemia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29284786","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29284786","doi":"10.1038/s41430-017-0052-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0052-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29284786/","title":"Effect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on heart rate: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Eur J Clin Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to placebo, n-3 PUFA supplementation mildly but significantly reduced HR (-2.23 bpm; 95% CI: -3.07, -1.40 bpm).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24899309","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24899309","doi":"10.1038/nature13479","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13479","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24899309/","title":"Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology.","journal":"Nature","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This Review covers the mechanisms of specialized pro-resolving mediators and omega-3 essential fatty acid pathways that could help us to understand their physiological functions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29757195","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29757195","doi":"10.1172/JCI97943","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI97943","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29757195/","title":"Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators.","journal":"J Clin Invest","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These are the resolvins, protectins, and maresins: bioactive metabolomes that each stimulate self-limited innate responses, enhance innate microbial killing and clearance, and are organ-protective.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35170723","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35170723","doi":"10.1093/advances/nmac016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35170723/","title":"Impact of α-Linolenic Acid, the Vegetable ω-3 Fatty Acid, on Cardiovascular Disease and Cognition.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"RCTs have shown that dietary ALA reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure, and epidemiologic studies and some trials also have shown an anti-inflammatory effect of ALA, which collectively account for, in part, the cardiovascular benefits of ALA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17065669","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17065669","doi":"10.2337/dc06-1216","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-1216","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17065669/","title":"Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral treatment with ALA for 5 weeks improved neuropathic symptoms and deficits in patients with DSP. An oral dose of 600 mg once daily appears to provide the optimum risk-to-benefit ratio.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9285502","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9285502","doi":"10.2337/diab.46.2.s62","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.46.2.s62","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9285502/","title":"Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy.","journal":"Diabetes","year":1997,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, intravenous treatment with alpha-lipoic acid (600 mg/day) over 3 weeks is safe and effective in reducing symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and oral treatment with 800 mg/day for 4 months may improve cardiac autonomic dysfunction in NIDDM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10480774","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10480774","doi":"10.2337/diacare.22.8.1296","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.8.1296","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10480774/","title":"Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings indicate that a 3-week intravenous treatment with alpha-lipoic acid, followed by a 6-month oral treatment, had no effect on neuropathic symptoms distinguishable from placebo to a clinically meaningful degree, possibly due to increasing intercenter variability in symptom scoring during the study.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22837391","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22837391","doi":"10.1530/EJE-12-0555","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0555","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22837391/","title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of α-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","journal":"Eur J Endocrinol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of this meta-analysis provide evidence that treatment with ALA (300-600 mg/day i.v. for 2-4 weeks) is safe and that the treatment can significantly improve both nerve conduction velocity and positive neuropathic symptoms.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29990473","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29990473","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2018.07.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.07.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29990473/","title":"The effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on glucose control and lipid profiles among patients with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Metabolism","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that ALA administration may lead to an improvement in glucose homeostasis parameters and lipid profiles except HDL-cholesterol levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41077538","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41077538","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104370","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104370","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41077538/","title":"Effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ALA supplementation may improve certain cardiometabolic risk factors by ameliorating anthropometric and glycemic parameters, as well as through its potential lipid-lowering effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38044616","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38044616","doi":"10.5468/ogs.23206","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.23206","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38044616/","title":"The effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, oxidative stress, and hormonal parameters in individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Obstet Gynecol Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ALA supplementation improves FBS and HOMA-IR levels in women with PCOS. ALA consumption is an effective complementary therapy for the management of women with PCOS.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28295905","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28295905","doi":"10.1111/obr.12528","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12528","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28295905/","title":"Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: results from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Obes Rev","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Alpha-lipoic acid treatment showed small, yet significant short-term weight loss compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34369837","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34369837","doi":"10.1080/09513590.2021.1963955","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2021.1963955","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34369837/","title":"Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation effects on serum values of some oxidative stress biomarkers in women with gestational diabetes.","journal":"Gynecol Endocrinol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The current study showed that ALA supplementation at a dosage of 300 mg/day in women with GDM had improving effects on maternal circulating values of FBS, TAC, OSI, TAG, TOS, glutathione and catalase.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26051095","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26051095","doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26051095/","title":"Randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial examining the effects of alpha-lipoic acid supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men.","journal":"Fertil Steril","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ALA supplementation also resulted in a significant improvement in seminal levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde compared with the placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26962183","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26962183","doi":"10.3945/jn.115.224105","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.224105","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26962183/","title":"Supplementation with α-Lipoic Acid Alone or in Combination with Eicosapentaenoic Acid Modulates the Inflammatory Status of Healthy Overweight or Obese Women Consuming an Energy-Restricted Diet.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary supplementation with LA improves some systemic inflammatory and cardiovascular disease-related risk markers in healthy overweight or obese women independently of weight loss, whereas EPA modulates inflammation-related genes in adipose tissue.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36069950","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36069950","doi":"10.1007/s00213-022-06225-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06225-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36069950/","title":"Effect of add-on alpha lipoic acid on psychopathology in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ALA supplementation improved psychopathology and decreased oxidative stress in patients with TRS. This study thus shows the potential of adjunctive ALA in TRS.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36584248","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36584248","doi":"10.1097/JCP.0000000000001639","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001639","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36584248/","title":"α-Lipoic Acid as Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.","journal":"J Clin Psychopharmacol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found no significant improvement in body mass index, cognition, psychopathology, antipsychotic adverse effects, or oxidative stress and inflammation in the experimental group compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12600857","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12600857","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/77.3.658","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.3.658","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12600857/","title":"Comparison of the effect of low-dose supplementation with L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid on plasma homocysteine: a randomized placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2003,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-MTHF was more effective than was folic acid in lowering tHcy (P < 0.05). At 24 wk, the increases in plasma folate and RCF concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 supplemented groups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not differ\" | favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17522618","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17522618","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602778","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602778","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17522618/","title":"The folic acid metabolite L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate effectively reduces total serum homocysteine level in orthotopic liver transplant recipients: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Eur J Clin Nutr","year":2007,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We observed only a significant decrease of total serum HCY in the L-5-MTHF group during the study period (at week 0: 15+/-7.7 microM; after 8 weeks treatment: 9.41+/-2.6 microM, P<0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29878267","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29878267","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxy057","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy057","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29878267/","title":"l-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Supplementation Increases Blood Folate Concentrations to a Greater Extent than Folic Acid Supplementation in Malaysian Women.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings suggest differential effects of l-5-MTHF compared with folic acid supplementation on blood folate concentrations but no differences on plasma total homocysteine lowering in Malaysian women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28460586","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28460586","doi":"10.1080/09637486.2017.1320536","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2017.1320536","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28460586/","title":"Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid equally reduces serum homocysteine concentrations in older adults.","journal":"Int J Food Sci Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with [6 S]-5-MTHF was slightly less effective, but not significantly, in Hcy lowering than FA (p = .243 between the groups), that is, by 7.8% and 13.4%, respectively. The [6 S]-5-MTHF was shown to be an adequate alternative to FA in reducing Hcy concentrations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24494987","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24494987","doi":"10.3109/00498254.2013.845705","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2013.845705","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24494987/","title":"Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing.","journal":"Xenobiotica","year":2014,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Naturally occurring 5-MTHF has important advantages over synthetic folic acid - it is well absorbed even when gastrointestinal pH is altered and its bioavailability is not affected by metabolic defects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19398669","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19398669","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.808675","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.808675","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19398669/","title":"MTHFR 677 C>T Polymorphism reveals functional importance for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, not homocysteine, in regulation of vascular redox state and endothelial function in human atherosclerosis.","journal":"Circulation","year":2009,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vascular 5-MTHF, rather than plasma or vascular homocysteine, is a key regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling and nitric oxide bioavailability in human vessels, suggesting that plasma homocysteine is an indirect marker of 5-MTHF rather than a primary regulator of endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23482308","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23482308","doi":"10.1515/jpm-2012-0256","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2012-0256","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23482308/","title":"Is 5-methyltetrahydrofolate an alternative to folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects?","journal":"J Perinat Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carriers of certain polymorphisms in genes related to folate metabolism or absorption can better benefit from 5-methylTHF instead of FA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37482222","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37482222","doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.017","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.017","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37482222/","title":"5-MTHF enhances the portal pressure reduction achieved with propranolol in patients with cirrhosis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"J Hepatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, 5-MTHF administration significantly enhanced the HVPG reduction achieved with propranolol. This effect appears to be mediated by improved nitric oxide bioavailability in the hepatic microcirculation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32630031","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32630031","doi":"10.3390/nu12071957","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071957","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32630031/","title":"Influence of Dietary Supplementation for Hyperhomocysteinemia Treatments.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Every supplementation induced significant (range <0.05-0.0001) reductions of Hcy level and Cys concentration after the three protocols adopted.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23881650","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23881650","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003285.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003285.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23881650/","title":"Homocysteine lowering interventions for peripheral arterial disease and bypass grafts.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2013,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Currently, no recommendation can be made regarding the value of treatment of hyperhomocysteinaemia in peripheral arterial disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23212058","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23212058","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071114","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071114","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23212058/","title":"L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials.","journal":"Am J Psychiatry","year":2012,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the second trial, adjunctive L-methylfolate at 15 mg/day showed significantly greater efficacy compared with continued SSRI therapy plus placebo on both primary outcome measures (response rate and degree of change in depression symptom score) and two secondary outcome measures of symptom severity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37192264","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37192264","doi":"10.4088/PCC.22nr03361","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.22nr03361","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37192264/","title":"A Review of l-Methylfolate as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder.","journal":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord","year":2023,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These studies support the use of LMF as an adjunctive treatment in patients with MDD not responding to antidepressant monotherapy. The most effective dose tested was 15 mg/day.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27528407","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27528407","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.116.003768","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003768","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27528407/","title":"Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2016,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our meta-analysis indicated a 10% lower risk of stroke and a 4% lower risk of overall CVD with folic acid supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22884409","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22884409","doi":"10.1016/j.ejim.2012.07.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2012.07.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22884409/","title":"Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in cardiovascular disease prevention: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Eur J Intern Med","year":2012,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis suggests that there might be a potentially modest benefit of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25323814","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25323814","doi":"10.1017/S1368980014002134","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014002134","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25323814/","title":"The effect of folate fortification on folic acid-based homocysteine-lowering intervention and stroke risk: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Public Health Nutr","year":2014,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Folic acid supplementation might have a modest benefit on stroke prevention in regions without folate fortification.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15694902","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15694902","doi":"10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.08.019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.08.019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15694902/","title":"Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging.","journal":"Am J Med","year":2005,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In high-functioning older adults, low folate levels appear to be a risk factor for cognitive decline. The risk of developing cognitive decline might be reduced through dietary folate intake.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26193858","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26193858","doi":"10.1007/s12603-015-0539-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0539-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26193858/","title":"Effect of Vitamin Intake on Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Evaluation of the Evidence.","journal":"J Nutr Health Aging","year":2015,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Evaluation of the totality of the currently available evidence indicates that intake of the above vitamins, either as a monotherapy, or in combination with other vitamins, has no clinically-relevant effect on delaying cognitive decline or delaying the onset of dementia in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20691310","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20691310","doi":"10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.064","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.064","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20691310/","title":"Meta-analysis of folic acid supplementation trials on risk of cardiovascular disease and risk interaction with baseline homocysteine levels.","journal":"Am J Cardiol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, FA supplementation did not affect primary cardiovascular clinical end points (relative risk 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 1.13, p = 0.66) or stroke (relative risk 0.95, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.08, p = 0.43).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38163998","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38163998","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgad762","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad762","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38163998/","title":"Inositol for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Inform the 2023 Update of the International Evidence-based PCOS Guidelines.","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Evidence suggests benefits for myo-inositol or D-chiro-inositol (DCI) for some metabolic measures and potential benefits from DCI for ovulation, but inositol may have no effect on other outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34624138","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34624138","doi":"10.1002/ijgo.13971","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13971","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34624138/","title":"Efficacy of myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol combination on menstrual cycle regulation and improving insulin resistance in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized open-label study.","journal":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol in combination (3.6:1 ratio) are effective in regularizing menstrual cycles and improving insulin resistance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34590929","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34590929","doi":"10.1080/09513590.2021.1981282","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2021.1981282","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34590929/","title":"Myoinositol/metformin pretreatment in GnRH-antagonist cycle for women with PCOS undergoing IVF: a double-blinded randomized controlled study.","journal":"Gynecol Endocrinol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Myo had improvement in fasting insulin, HOMA, Sr.AMH, and SHBG suggesting decreased insulin resistance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30614289","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30614289","doi":"10.1080/09513590.2018.1549656","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2018.1549656","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30614289/","title":"Comparison of metformin plus myoinositol vs metformin alone in PCOS women undergoing ovulation induction cycles: randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Gynecol Endocrinol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Live birth rate was significantly higher in the Group I as compared to Group II [55% (33/60); 26.67% (16/60); p = .002].","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33260918","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33260918","doi":"10.3390/molecules25235566","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235566","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33260918/","title":"Inositols in PCOS.","journal":"Molecules","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The available clinical data suggest that MI, DCI, and their combination in physiological ratio 40:1 with or without other compound could be beneficial for improving metabolic, hormonal, and reproductive aspects of PCOS.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37111094","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37111094","doi":"10.3390/nu15081875","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081875","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111094/","title":"Myo-Inositol and D-Chiro-Inositol as Modulators of Ovary Steroidogenesis: A Narrative Review.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Noticeably, experimental data have shown that myo-inositol and its most relevant epimer D-chiro-inositol are both necessary to permit a faithful transduction of insulin and of other molecular factors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36647089","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36647089","doi":"10.1186/s12902-022-01208-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01208-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647089/","title":"Lifestyle management in polycystic ovary syndrome - beyond diet and physical activity.","journal":"BMC Endocr Disord","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Research investigating inositol supplementation have produced the most promising findings, showing improved metabolic profiles and reduced hyperandrogenism.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35460931","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35460931","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.04.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.04.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35460931/","title":"Myo-inositol supplementation for the prevention of gestational diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with control group in pregnant women, myo-inositol supplementation could lead to remarkably reduced incidence of gestational diabetes (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.72; P = 0.005)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30564926","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30564926","doi":"10.1007/s00404-018-5005-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-018-5005-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30564926/","title":"Inositol for the prevention of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Arch Gynecol Obstet","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ISL supplementation was associated with lower rate of GDM (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-1.03, p = 0.01) and lower preterm delivery rate (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.17-0.74, p = 0.006).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37308791","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37308791","doi":"10.1007/s00404-023-07100-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07100-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37308791/","title":"Inositol supplementation for the prevention and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Arch Gynecol Obstet","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis found that inositol supplementation resulted in a significantly lower incidence of GDM in the inositol versus the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-0.67; P = 0.0005).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lower incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35575290","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35575290","doi":"10.1080/09513590.2022.2071865","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2022.2071865","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35575290/","title":"The efficacy of myo-inositol supplementation to reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Gynecol Endocrinol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Myo-inositol supplementation is effective to reduce the incidence of gestational diabetes, 2-h glucose OGTT, HOMA-IR and preterm delivery, which suggested that myo-inositol supplementation should be recommended to prevent gestational diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20811299","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20811299","doi":"10.1097/gme.0b013e3181e8e1b1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181e8e1b1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20811299/","title":"Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Menopause","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Myo-inositol plus diet improved systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HOMA index, cholesterol, and triglyceride serum levels with highly significant differences, compared with the groups treated only with diet and placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33764214","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33764214","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2021.1902938","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1902938","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33764214/","title":"Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analysis supports the advantage of a lower dose of betaine supplementation (<4 g/d) on homocysteine concentrations without the lipid-augmenting effect observed with a higher dosage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16365055","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16365055","doi":"10.1093/jn/136.1.34","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.1.34","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16365055/","title":"Orally administered betaine has an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum betaine and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy humans","journal":"J Nutr","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"a single dose of orally administered betaine had an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum betaine concentration and resulted in lowered plasma tHcy concentrations within 2 h in healthy subjects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31408467","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31408467","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1002870","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002870","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31408467/","title":"A novel nutritional supplement to reduce plasma homocysteine in nonpregnant women: A randomised controlled trial in The Gambia","journal":"PLoS Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At endline (our primary endpoint), the drink powder and UNIMMAP reduced mean plasma homocysteine by 23.6% (-29.5 to -17.1) and 15.5% (-21.2 to -9.4), respectively (both p < 0.001), compared with the controls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12399266","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12399266","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12399266/","title":"Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A hypoenergetic diet with betaine supplementation (6 g daily for 12 wk) decreased the plasma homocysteine concentration but did not affect body composition more than a hypoenergetic diet without betaine supplementation did.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20978525","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20978525","doi":"10.1038/ejcn.2010.230","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.230","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20978525/","title":"Long-term effect of betaine on risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in healthy subjects","journal":"Eur J Clin Nutr","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Betaine had no effect on serum lipid profile in long term in young healthy subjects. The lowering effect on plasma homocysteine concentration was weak.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18326594","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18326594","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/87.3.577","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.3.577","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18326594/","title":"Dietary and supplementary betaine: acute effects on plasma betaine and homocysteine concentrations under standard and postmethionine load conditions in healthy male subjects","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary betaine and supplementary betaine acutely increase plasma betaine, and they and choline attenuate the postmethionine load rise in homocysteine concentrations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19346114","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19346114","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19346114/","title":"Dietary and supplementary betaine: effects on betaine and homocysteine concentrations in males","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplemental or dietary betaine similarly increase circulating betaine concentrations and attenuate the post-methionine load rise in homocysteine concentrations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15941890","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15941890","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1378","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1378","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15941890/","title":"Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Concentrations of tHcy were inversely related to the betaine concentration (r = -0.17, P < 0.01), and the association was independent of age, sex, and serum concentrations of folate, creatinine, and cobalamin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17537289","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17537289","doi":"10.1017/S0007114507750912","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507750912","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17537289/","title":"The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"betaine was positively associated with better performance of construction, sensomotor speed and executive function, whereas elevated concentrations of methionine were positively associated with sensomotor speed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with better\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15720203","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15720203","doi":"10.2174/1389200052997366","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200052997366","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15720203/","title":"Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health","journal":"Curr Drug Metab","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Studies in healthy volunteers with plasma homocysteine concentrations in the normal range show that betaine supplementation lowers plasma fasting homocysteine dose-dependently to up to 20% for a dose of 6 g/d of betaine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15321791","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15321791","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15321791/","title":"Betaine in human nutrition","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"As a methyl donor, betaine participates in the methionine cycle-primarily in the human liver and kidneys.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10448523","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10448523","doi":"10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.217","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10448523/","title":"Homocysteine metabolism","journal":"Annu Rev Nutr","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid whose metabolism stands at the intersection of two pathways: remethylation to methionine, which requires folate and vitamin B12 (or betaine in an alternative reaction); and transsulfuration to cystathionine, which requires pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34743980","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34743980","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174604","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174604","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34743980/","title":"Preventive and therapeutic role of betaine in liver disease: A review on molecular mechanisms","journal":"Eur J Pharmacol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In recent years, a large number of literatures have shown that betaine has good preventive and therapeutic effects on many liver diseases, including chemical or drug-induced liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32119738","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32119738","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxaa032","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa032","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119738/","title":"One-Carbon Metabolism in Fatty Liver Disease and Fibrosis: One-Carbon to Rule Them All","journal":"J Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Many animal models have demonstrated that one-carbon metabolism is strongly associated with NAFLD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36348572","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36348572","doi":"10.1017/S0007114522002975","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522002975","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36348572/","title":"Dietary betaine intake and risk of mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: the prospective Guangdong Coronary Artery Disease Cohort","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher dietary betaine intake was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular death after fully adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, other potential confounders and plasma methionine metabolites and vitamins.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a decreased\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24497336","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24497336","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehu002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24497336/","title":"Prognostic value of choline and betaine depends on intestinal microbiota-generated metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Elevated plasma levels of choline and betaine are each associated with incident MACE risk independent of traditional risk factors. However, high choline and betaine levels are only associated with higher risk of future MACE with concomitant increase in TMAO.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22566526","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22566526","doi":"10.1503/cmaj.111990","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.111990","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566526/","title":"Zinc for the treatment of the common cold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"CMAJ","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with patients given placebo, those receiving zinc had a shorter duration of cold symptoms (mean difference -1.65 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.50 to -0.81); however, heterogeneity was high (I(2) = 95%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38719213","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38719213","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD014914.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014914.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38719213/","title":"Zinc for prevention and treatment of the common cold.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"When zinc is used for cold treatment, there may be a reduction in the mean duration of the cold in days (MD -2.37, 95% CI -4.21 to -0.53; I² = 97%; 8 studies, 972 participants; low-certainty evidence)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21769305","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21769305","doi":"10.2174/1874306401105010051","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874306401105010051","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21769305/","title":"Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration of colds: a systematic review.","journal":"Open Respir Med J","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Three trials used zinc acetate in daily doses of over 75 mg, the pooled result indicating a 42% reduction in the duration of colds (95% CI: 35% to 48%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32342851","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32342851","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.19-0718","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0718","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342851/","title":"Zinc Supplementation Reduces Common Cold Duration among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials with Micronutrients Supplementation.","journal":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, zinc supplementation was observed to potentially reduce cold duration by 2.25 days (when zinc is provided singly, 95% CI: -3.39, -1.12).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27378206","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27378206","doi":"10.1111/bcp.13057","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13057","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27378206/","title":"Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta-analysis.","journal":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The one stage meta-analysis gave an overall estimate of 2.73 days (95% CI 1.8, 3.3 days) shorter colds by zinc acetate lozenge usage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10929163","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10929163","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10929163/","title":"Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2000,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean overall duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 8.1 days), cough (3.1 [95% CI, 2.1 to 4.1] vs. 6.3 [CI, 4.9 to 7.7] days), and nasal discharge (4.1 [CI, 3.3 to 4.9] vs. 5.8 [CI, 4.3 to 7.3] days)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9170894","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9170894","doi":"10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01601.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01601.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9170894/","title":"Zinc lozenges reduce the duration of common cold symptoms.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":1997,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The median time to complete resolution of cold symptoms was 4.4 days in the zinc group compared with 7.6 days in the placebo group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18045283","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18045283","doi":"10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02448.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2007.02448.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18045283/","title":"Effect of zinc sulfate on common cold in children: randomized, double blind study.","journal":"Pediatr Int","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Zinc sulfate had no effect on the duration of cold symptoms. However, it appears to be effective in reducing the severity of the cold symptoms in healthy children.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35177991","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35177991","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2022.817522","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.817522","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35177991/","title":"Quantile Treatment Effect of Zinc Lozenges on Common Cold Duration: A Novel Approach to Analyze the Effect of Treatment on Illness Duration.","journal":"Front Pharmacol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the Mossad (1996) trial, zinc gluconate lozenges shortened common cold duration on average by 4.0 days (95% CI 2.3-5.7 days).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20690364","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20690364","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20690364/","title":"Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Prim Health Care","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High doses of intranasal zinc preparation (2.1 mg zinc/day) were reported in two studies to shorten the duration and reduce the symptom severity of common cold in healthy adults, when started within 24 to 48 hours of onset of illness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21154362","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21154362","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005978.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005978.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154362/","title":"Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Analysis showed that zinc supplementation reduced the incidence of pneumonia by 13% (risk ratio (RR) 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 0.94, fixed-effect, six studies)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced the incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40390089","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40390089","doi":"10.1186/s12979-025-00511-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-025-00511-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40390089/","title":"Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases.","journal":"Immun Ageing","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Indeed, zinc has demonstrated potential to improve immune responses, decrease inflammation, and mitigate the risk of age-related conditions including diabetes, depression, cardiovascular disease, and vision loss.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18304769","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18304769","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2008.01.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2008.01.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18304769/","title":"Zinc supplementation boosts the stress response in the elderly: Hsp70 status is linked to zinc availability in peripheral lymphocytes.","journal":"Exp Gerontol","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Short term zinc supplementation resulted in a marked increase in both basal as well as stress-induced Hsp70 levels in lymphocytes from healthy elderly donors with a higher impact on CD3+ cells.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30336639","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30336639","doi":"10.3390/nu10101531","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101531","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30336639/","title":"Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Immune function may be improved by restoring deficient micronutrients to recommended levels, thereby increasing resistance to infection and supporting faster recovery when infected.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16373990","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16373990","doi":"10.1159/000090495","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000090495","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16373990/","title":"Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions.","journal":"Ann Nutr Metab","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These trials document that adequate intakes of vitamin C and zinc ameliorate symptoms and shorten the duration of respiratory tract infections including the common cold.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26624886","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26624886","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0141641","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141641","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26624886/","title":"Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality 10 Years after Supplementation with Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 for Four Years: Follow-Up Results of a Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial in Elderly Citizens.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated a reduced cardiovascular mortality risk in the active treatment group (HR: 0.51; 95%CI 0.36-0.74; P = 0.0003).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced cardiovascular mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29641571","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29641571","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0193120","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193120","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29641571/","title":"Still reduced cardiovascular mortality 12 years after supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for four years: A validation of previous 10-year follow-up results of a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in elderly.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"After 12 years a significantly reduced CV mortality could be seen in those supplemented with selenium and coenzyme Q10, with a CV mortality of 28.1% in the active treatment group, and 38.7% in the placebo group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced cv mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26375288","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26375288","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0137680","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137680","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26375288/","title":"Levels of sP-selectin and hs-CRP Decrease with Dietary Intervention with Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 Combined: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2015,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"CRP and sP-selectin showed significant changes reflecting effects on inflammation and atherosclerosis in those given selenium and coenzyme Q10 combined.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29220105","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29220105","doi":"10.1002/biof.1404","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1404","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29220105/","title":"Less fibrosis in elderly subjects supplemented with selenium and coenzyme Q10-A mechanism behind reduced cardiovascular mortality?","journal":"Biofactors","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Compared with placebo, in those receiving supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10, all biomarkers except ST2 showed significant decreased concentrations in blood.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29766349","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29766349","doi":"10.1007/s11883-018-0730-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-018-0730-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29766349/","title":"Recent Developments in the Role of Coenzyme Q10 for Coronary Heart Disease: a Systematic Review.","journal":"Curr Atheroscler Rep","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Current evidence does not support routine use of CoQ10 in patients with coronary heart disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not support\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38243784","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38243784","doi":"10.1089/thy.2023.0556","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2023.0556","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38243784/","title":"Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.","journal":"Thyroid","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In people with HT without THRT, selenium was effective and safe in lowering TSH, TPOAb, and MDA levels. Indications for lowering TPOAb were found independent of THRT.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27702392","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27702392","doi":"10.1089/thy.2016.0256","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0256","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702392/","title":"Selenium Supplementation Significantly Reduces Thyroid Autoantibody Levels in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Thyroid","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Selenium supplementation reduced serum TPOAb levels after 3, 6, and 12 months in an LT4-treated AIT population, and after three months in an untreated AIT population. Whether these effects correlate with clinically relevant measures remains to be demonstrated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33650299","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33650299","doi":"10.1111/cts.12993","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12993","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33650299/","title":"Effect of selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and regulatory T cells in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A prospective randomized-controlled trial.","journal":"Clin Transl Sci","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that SYT treatment significantly decreased TPOAb, TGAb, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, accompanied with the increased Se, GPx3, and SePP1, compared with the control group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23744563","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23744563","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD010223.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010223.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23744563/","title":"Selenium supplementation for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The current level of evidence for the efficacy of selenium supplementation in the management of people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis is based on four randomised controlled trials assessed at unclear to high risk of bias; this does not at present allow confident decision making about the use of selenium supplementation for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36834802","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36834802","doi":"10.3390/ijms24043393","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043393","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36834802/","title":"Selenium, Iodine and Iron-Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism.","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15749805","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15749805","doi":"10.1677/joe.1.05971","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.05971","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15749805/","title":"Selenium and endocrine systems.","journal":"J Endocrinol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Well-characterized selenoenzymes are the families of glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), thioredoxin reductases (TRs) and iodothyronine deiodinases (Ds). These selenoenzymes are capable of modifying cell function by acting as antioxidants and modifying redox status and thyroid hormone metabolism.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17508906","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17508906","doi":"10.1089/ars.2007.1528","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1528","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17508906/","title":"From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health.","journal":"Antioxid Redox Signal","year":2007,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The function of most selenoproteins is currently unknown; however, thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and thyroid hormone deiodinases (DIO) are well characterised selenoproteins involved in redox regulation of intracellular signalling, redox homeostasis and thyroid hormone metabolism.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm7608438","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"7608438","doi":"10.1016/0735-1097(95)80010-e","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(95)80010-e","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7608438/","title":"Effects of L-carnitine administration on left ventricular remodeling after acute anterior myocardial infarction: the L-Carnitine Ecocardiografia Digitalizzata Infarto Miocardico (CEDIM) Trial.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":1995,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant attenuation of left ventricular dilation in the first year after acute myocardial infarction was observed in patients treated with L-carnitine compared with those receiving placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8746285","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8746285","doi":"10.1136/pgmj.72.843.45","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.72.843.45","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8746285/","title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of L-carnitine in suspected acute myocardial infarction.","journal":"Postgrad Med J","year":1996,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At the end of the 28-day treatment period, the mean infarct size assessed by cardiac enzymes showed a significant reduction in the carnitine group compared to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm2668006","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"2668006","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059519","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059519","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2668006/","title":"High doses of L-carnitine in acute myocardial infarction: metabolic and antiarrhythmic effects.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":1989,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Similar fatty acid accumulation occurs during myocardial ischaemia because of the decreased rate of beta-oxidation, and this has been put forward as a cause of ventricular arrhythmias.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17955358","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17955358","doi":"10.1007/s10557-007-6056-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-007-6056-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17955358/","title":"L-carnitine as an adjunct therapy to percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.","journal":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther","year":2007,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the treatment group, the peak values of creatine kinase-MB were significantly lower than the control group at 12 h and 24 h after PCI (P < 0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29241711","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29241711","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29241711/","title":"l-Carnitine and heart disease.","journal":"Life Sci","year":2017,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"l-Carnitine facilitates transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, triggering cardioprotective effects through reduced oxidative stress, inflammation and necrosis of cardiac myocytes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced oxidative stress\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22796714","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22796714","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283569c5a","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283569c5a","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22796714/","title":"L-Carnitine prevents the development of ventricular fibrosis and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in hypertensive heart disease.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2012,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"L-carnitine supplementation attenuates cardiac fibrosis by increasing prostacyclin production through arachidonic acid pathway, and may be a promising therapeutic option for HFpEF.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9330130","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9330130","doi":"10.1016/s1071-9164(97)90018-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1071-9164(97)90018-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9330130/","title":"The propionyl-L-carnitine hypothesis: an alternative approach to treating heart failure.","journal":"J Card Fail","year":1997,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a randomized study of 50 patients with mild CHF, PLC increased the maximal exercise time, reduced lactate production, and improved left ventricular ejection fraction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16407731","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16407731","doi":"10.1097/00005082-200601000-00004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005082-200601000-00004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407731/","title":"Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy.","journal":"J Cardiovasc Nurs","year":2006,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Collectively, CENs have demonstrated favorable clinical effects in CVDs, including chronic heart failure, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and in CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and lipoprotein(a).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40914496","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40914496","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.08.037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.08.037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40914496/","title":"Effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress in adult patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review.","journal":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","year":2025,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Out of the 15 RCTs, nine reported on supplemental antioxidants (i.e., L-carnitine and melatonin), and two reported on dietary antioxidants (Khorasan wheat diet and wine) that were effective at lowering OS (P < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24368434","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24368434","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.113.062802","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.062802","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24368434/","title":"L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2013,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis failed to confirm the previous findings regarding the effects of l-carnitine on hemoglobin and the erythropoietin dose but showed that l-carnitine significantly decreased serum LDL and CRP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly decreased serum ldl\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28663251","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28663251","doi":"10.1161/JAHA.116.004947","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004947","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28663251/","title":"Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.","journal":"J Am Heart Assoc","year":2017,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Individuals with elevated concentrations of TMAO precursors (l-carnitine, choline, or betaine) had an approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times higher risk for MACE compared to those with low concentrations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39280209","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39280209","doi":"10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100755","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100755","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39280209/","title":"Impact of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate;Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p136;p191","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"136;191","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings of the present umbrella meta-analysis showed an overall decrease of SBP and DBP with magnesium supplementation, particularly at doses of ≥400 mg/day for ≥12 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12160191","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12160191","doi":"10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02964-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02964-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160191/","title":"The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Am J Hypertens","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"there was an apparent dose-dependent effect of magnesium, with reductions of 4.3 mm Hg systolic BP (95% CI 6.3 to 2.2; P < .001) and of 2.3 mm Hg diastolic BP (95% CI 4.9 to 0.0; P = .09) for each 10 mmol/day increase in magnesium dose.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28724644","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28724644","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.117.155291","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155291","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28724644/","title":"The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure in individuals with insulin resistance, prediabetes, or noncommunicable chronic diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate;Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p136;p191","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"136;191","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Magnesium supplementation resulted in a mean reduction of 4.18 mm Hg in SBP and 2.27 mm Hg in DBP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16978367","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16978367","doi":"10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01852.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01852.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16978367/","title":"Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials.","journal":"Diabet Med","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the weighted mean post-intervention fasting glucose was significantly lower in the treatment groups compared with the placebo groups [-0.56 mmol/l (95% CI, -1.10 to -0.01); P for heterogeneity = 0.02].","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25540137","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25540137","doi":"10.1152/physrev.00012.2014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00012.2014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540137/","title":"Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease.","journal":"Physiol Rev","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"As the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium, it is involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism and protein synthesis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31622458","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31622458","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqz256","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz256","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31622458/","title":"Serum magnesium and the incidence of coronary artery disease over a median 27 years of follow-up in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and a meta-analysis.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, low serum Mg was associated with higher CAD risk after adjustment for demographics, lifestyle factors, and other CAD risk factors than was higher serum Mg (HR Q1 compared with Q5: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.47; P-linear trend <0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher cad risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31815866","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31815866","doi":"10.1097/FJC.0000000000000739","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000000739","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31815866/","title":"Quantitative Association Between Serum/Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease/Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.","journal":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increasing dietary magnesium or serum magnesium level is linearly and inversely associated with the risk of total CVD and CHD events.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21868780","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21868780","doi":"10.2337/dc11-0518","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-0518","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21868780/","title":"Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies involving 536,318 participants and 24,516 cases detected a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk [RR] 0.78 [95% CI 0.73-0.84]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17645588","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17645588","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01840.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01840.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17645588/","title":"Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.","journal":"J Intern Med","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The overall relative risk for a 100 mg day(-1) increase in magnesium intake was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.92).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33684200","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33684200","doi":"10.1093/advances/nmab001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33684200/","title":"Total, Dietary, and Supplemental Magnesium Intakes and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"higher intake of dietary magnesium was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cancer mortality, but not CVD mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34836329","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34836329","doi":"10.3390/nu13114074","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114074","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836329/","title":"Oral Magnesium Supplementation for Treating Glucose Metabolism Parameters in People with or at Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with placebo, Mg supplementation reduced fasting plasma glucose in people with diabetes. In people at high risk of diabetes, Mg supplementation significantly improved plasma glucose per se, and after a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37393389","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37393389","doi":"10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37393389/","title":"The Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Profiles in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We could not find any significant difference in anthropometric parameters as well as the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures before and after intervention between the two groups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22270875","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22270875","doi":"10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22270875/","title":"Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The median effect of β-alanine supplementation is a 2.85% (-0.37 to 10.49%) improvement in the outcome of an exercise measure, when a median total of 179 g of β-alanine is supplemented.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34333586","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34333586","doi":"10.1093/advances/nmab087","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab087","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333586/","title":"Effect of Carnosine or β-Alanine Supplementation on Markers of Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine;Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137;p139","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"137;139","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with carnosine or β-alanine may reduce fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in humans and rodents, and fasting insulin in humans; both compounds show potential as therapeutics to improve glycemic control and insulin resistance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34098531","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34098531","doi":"10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0038","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0038","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34098531/","title":"Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis Provides No Evidence of Intervention Response Variation in Individuals Supplementing With Beta-Alanine.","journal":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Analyses showed a group effect of BA supplementation on TTE (7.7, 95% credible interval [CrI] [1.3, 14.3] s) and muscle carnosine (18.1, 95% CrI [14.5, 21.9] mmol/kg DM).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32698345","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32698345","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17145224","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145224","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32698345/","title":"Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Caffeine and high protein supplement with beta-alanine may provide positive effects in the older population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25474013","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25474013","doi":"10.1097/MCO.0000000000000127","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000127","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25474013/","title":"Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance.","journal":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It has been repeatedly demonstrated that chronic beta-alanine supplementation can augment intramuscular carnosine content.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31508423","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31508423","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2019.00135","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00135","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31508423/","title":"Can the Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Response to Beta-Alanine Supplementation Be Optimized?","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral beta-alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content although large variation in response to supplementation exists and the amount of ingested beta-alanine converted into muscle carnosine appears to be low.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increases muscle\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20479615","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20479615","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c74e38","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c74e38","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20479615/","title":"Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, beta-alanine supplementation seems to be a safe nutritional strategy capable of improving high-intensity anaerobic performance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20199122","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20199122","doi":"10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20199122/","title":"Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training.","journal":"Sports Med","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Muscle carnosine content is lower in women, declines with age and is probably lower in vegetarians, whose diets are deprived of beta-alanine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17690198","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17690198","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17690198/","title":"beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"beta-Alanine supplementation significantly increased the carnosine content in both the soleus (+47%) and gastrocnemius (+37%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39724872","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39724872","doi":"10.1123/japa.2024-0118","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2024-0118","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39724872/","title":"Beta-Alanine for Improving Exercise Capacity, Muscle Strength, and Functional Performance of Older Adults: A Systematic Review.","journal":"J Aging Phys Act","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, exercise capacity may be improved following supplementation protocols with dosages ranging from 2.4 to 3.2 g/day. Muscle strength and functional performance do not seem to be improved by beta-alanine since these tasks are not significantly impacted by acidosis buildup.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22143432","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22143432","doi":"10.1007/s00726-011-1190-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1190-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22143432/","title":"Beta-alanine (Carnosyn™) supplementation in elderly subjects (60-80 years): effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In summary, the current data indicate for the first time, that beta-alanine supplementation is effective in increasing the muscle carnosine content in healthy elderly subjects, with subsequent improvement in their exercise capacity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39408214","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39408214","doi":"10.3390/nu16193247","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193247","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39408214/","title":"The Top 5 Can't-Miss Sport Supplements.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Beta-alanine, when combined with the amino acid histidine, elevates intramuscular carnosine, which acts as a buffer in skeletal muscles and delays fatigue during high-intensity exercise by neutralizing hydrogen ions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24137022","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24137022","doi":"10.1152/physrev.00039.2012","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00039.2012","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24137022/","title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine.","journal":"Physiol Rev","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For several pathologies, such as diabetes and its complications, ocular disease, aging, and neurological disorders, promising preclinical and clinical results have been obtained.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36615738","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36615738","doi":"10.3390/nu15010081","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010081","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36615738/","title":"Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Aerobic tests could be improved with the use of taurine, caffeine, and beta-alanine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42268593","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42268593","doi":"10.1001/jamacardio.2026.1279","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2026.1279","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42268593/","title":"Two Years of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA Cardiol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings of this study suggest that supplementation with MK-7 for 2 years may slow calcification in noncalcified plaques of patients with symptomatic CAD. The clinical significance of this finding in terms of plaque stability remains to be determined.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25694037","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25694037","doi":"10.1160/TH14-08-0675","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1160/TH14-08-0675","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694037/","title":"Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial.","journal":"Thromb Haemost","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, long-term use of MK-7 supplements improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women, especially in women having a high arterial stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37299386","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37299386","doi":"10.3390/nu15112422","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112422","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299386/","title":"Effect of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin K supplements provided a beneficial impact in lowering the rate of arterial stiffness progression in chronic hemodialysis patients with diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40077685","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40077685","doi":"10.3390/nu17050815","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050815","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40077685/","title":"Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Post-menopausal women with an increased stiffness benefit most from MK-7 supplementation, with a significantly improved blood pressure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28756183","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28756183","doi":"10.1016/j.jash.2017.07.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2017.07.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28756183/","title":"Vitamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipients-a single-arm, single-center clinical trial.","journal":"J Am Soc Hypertens","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation was associated with a 14.2% reduction in mean cfPWV at 8 weeks","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15514282","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15514282","doi":"10.1093/jn/134.11.3100","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.11.3100","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15514282/","title":"Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intake of menaquinone was also inversely related to all-cause mortality [RR = 0.91 (0.75, 1.09) and 0.74 (0.59, 0.92), respectively] and severe aortic calcification [odds ratio of 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) and 0.48 (0.32, 0.71), respectively].","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19179058","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19179058","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2008.10.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2008.10.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19179058/","title":"A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease.","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"we observed an inverse association between vitamin K(2) and risk of CHD with a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 0.91 [95% CI 0.85-1.00] per 10 microg/d vitamin K(2) intake.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24647393","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24647393","doi":"10.3945/jn.113.187740","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.187740","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24647393/","title":"Dietary intake of vitamin K is inversely associated with mortality risk.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An increase in dietary intake of vitamin K is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular, cancer, or all-cause mortality in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27688985","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27688985","doi":"10.7759/cureus.748","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.748","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27688985/","title":"Cardiovascular Disease Death Before Age 65 in 168 Countries Correlated Statistically with Biometrics, Socioeconomic Status, Tobacco, Gender, Exercise, Macronutrients, and Vitamin K.","journal":"Cureus","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Female and male cohorts in countries that have vitamin K2 < 5µg per 2000 kcal/day per capita (n = 70) had about 2.2 times the rate of early CVD deaths as people in countries with > 24 µg/day of vitamin K2 per 2000 kcal/day (n = 72).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33947618","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33947618","doi":"10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.03.016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.03.016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33947618/","title":"Vitamin KDependent Matrix Gla Protein Relating to Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Overall Mortality: A Combined Case Control and Cohort Study.","journal":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For people with an AAA, dp-ucMGP was correlated with an increased mortality risk for the highest tertile of dp-ucMGP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36033779","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36033779","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2022.979649","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.979649","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36033779/","title":"Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Front Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of this meta-analysis seem to indicate that VK2 supplementation has a positive effect on the maintenance and improvement of BMD LS in postmenopausal women, and it can also reduce the fracture incidence, serum uc-OC levels and the ratio of uc-OC to cOC.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35711002","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35711002","doi":"10.1007/s00774-022-01342-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-022-01342-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35711002/","title":"Efficacy and safety of vitamin K2 for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at a long-term follow-up: meta-analysis and systematic review.","journal":"J Bone Miner Metab","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin K2 supplementation is beneficial and safe in the treatment of osteoporosis for postmenopausal women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41268154","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41268154","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1703116","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1703116","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41268154/","title":"The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on bone turnover biochemical markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin K2 supplementation improves key bone turnover biomarkers, particularly OC and ucOC. These findings support its role in bone metabolism, though further long-term studies are needed to confirm clinical benefits, such as increased bone mineral density.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35267901","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35267901","doi":"10.3390/nu14050925","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14050925","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35267901/","title":"Vitamin K Supplementation for Prevention of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Are We There Yet?","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Matrix Gla Protein (MGP), one the most powerful naturally occurring inhibitors of arterial calcification, requires vitamin K as a co-factor in order to undergo post-translational γ-carboxylation and phosphrorylation and become biologically active.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29749440","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29749440","doi":"10.3892/mmr.2018.8940","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.8940","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29749440/","title":"Vitamin K-dependent proteins involved in bone and cardiovascular health (Review).","journal":"Mol Med Rep","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carboxylated matrix Gla protein effectively protects blood vessels and may prevent calcification within the vascular wall.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40999397","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40999397","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02016-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-025-02016-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40999397/","title":"Effect of carnosine or beta-alanine supplementation therapy for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"BMC Endocr Disord","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our analysis indicated that supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD: -0.53; 95% CI: -0.75 to -0.31; p < 0.00001) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (SMD:-0.36; 95% CI:-0.59 to -0.12; p = 0.003) compared to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced fasting blood glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm38172006","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38172006","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.012","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.012","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38172006/","title":"Carnosine supplementation improves glucose control in adults with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carnosine supplementation decreased blood glucose at 90 min (-1.31 mmol/L; p = 0.02) and 120 min (-1.60 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and total glucose area under the curve (-3.30 mmol/L; p = 0.04) following an oral glucose tolerance test.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased blood glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27040154","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27040154","doi":"10.1002/oby.21434","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21434","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27040154/","title":"Effects of carnosine supplementation on glucose metabolism: Pilot clinical trial.","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring)","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An increase in fasting insulin and insulin resistance was hampered in individuals receiving carnosine compared to placebo, and this remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and change in body weight (P = 0.02, P = 0.04, respectively).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29420997","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29420997","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2017.11.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.11.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29420997/","title":"l-Carnosine supplementation attenuated fasting glucose, triglycerides, advanced glycation end products, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.","journal":"Nutr Res","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (13.1 mg/dL); glycated hemoglobin (.6%); and serum levels of triglycerides (29.8 mg/dL), carboxymethyl lysine (91.8 ng/mL), and tumor necrosis factor-α was detected in the l-carnosine group compared with the placebo group (P<.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in fasting blood glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28744992","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28744992","doi":"10.1111/pedi.12564","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12564","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28744992/","title":"The effect of 12 weeks carnosine supplementation on renal functional integrity and oxidative stress in pediatric patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Pediatr Diabetes","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral supplementation with L-Carnosine for 12 weeks resulted in a significant improvement of oxidative stress, glycemic control and renal function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34174842","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34174842","doi":"10.1186/s12882-021-02434-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02434-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34174842/","title":"Effect of Oral carnosine supplementation on urinary TGF-β in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"BMC Nephrol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urinary TGF-β significantly decreased with carnosine supplement (- 17.8% of the baseline values), whereas it tended to increase with placebo (+ 16.9% of the baseline values) (between-group difference P < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39770949","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39770949","doi":"10.3390/nu16244328","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244328","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770949/","title":"The Effect of Carnosine Supplementation on Musculoskeletal Health in Adults with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fourteen weeks of carnosine supplementation did not improve muscle strength, body composition, or bone health in adults with prediabetes or T2D.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30089410","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30089410","doi":"10.1177/0004563218796860","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563218796860","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30089410/","title":"Carnosine supplementation does not affect serum concentrations of advanced glycation and precursors of lipoxidation end products in autism: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Ann Clin Biochem","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carnosine supplementation did not significantly alter plasma concentrations of advanced glycation end products and precursors of advanced lipoxidation end products in autistic children.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly alter\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36637533","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36637533","doi":"10.1007/s00726-022-03230-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-022-03230-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36637533/","title":"Carnosine increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and reduces methylglyoxal-modified proteins in type-2 diabetic human skeletal muscle cells.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment with 10 mM carnosine significantly increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in T2D cells (p = 0.047); with no effect in LHC cells. Insulin-stimulation increased MGO-modified proteins in T2D cells by 47%; treatment with carnosine attenuated this increase to 9.7% (p = 0.011).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12002523","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12002523","doi":"10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01474-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01474-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12002523/","title":"Effects of thermal denaturation on protein glycation.","journal":"Life Sci","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carnosine prevented Glyc-induced AGE formation in both native and denatured AAT suggesting that carnosine's anti-inflammatory activity may be due in part to carnosine's ability to prevent glycation of denatured protein.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15955455","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15955455","doi":"10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15955455/","title":"Carnosine protects against the inactivation of esterase induced by glycation and a steroid.","journal":"Biochim Biophys Acta","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carnosine significantly inhibited the inactivation of esterase induced by all four compounds. Carnosine decreased the extent of the cross-linking. These results provide further evidence for carnosine's role as an anti-glycation compound.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33723307","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33723307","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-85046-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85046-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33723307/","title":"Bacterial processing of glucose modulates C. elegans lifespan and healthspan.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These negative effects are abrogated when the E. coli is not able to process the additional glucose and by the addition of the anti-glycation compound carnosine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30658430","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30658430","doi":"10.3390/cells8010064","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8010064","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30658430/","title":"Carnosine Prevents Aβ-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Microglial Cells: A Key Role of TGF-β1.","journal":"Cells","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Carnosine is involved in cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, including the inhibition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation and the scavenging of reactive species.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42322395","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42322395","doi":"10.1007/s12035-026-05985-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-026-05985-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42322395/","title":"Mechanistic Integration of Beta-Alanine-Carnosine Buffering and Glutamine Metabolism in Exercise-Induced Muscle-Brain Crosstalk: Implications for Aging, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline.","journal":"Mol Neurobiol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"BA, through its involvement in the biosynthesis of carnosine, augments intracellular buffering capacity and maintains pH stability during metabolic stress scenarios such as exercise and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33353117","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33353117","doi":"10.3390/antiox9121303","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121303","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353117/","title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Carnosine: Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Kidney and Brain Axis.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"endogenous dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and hydrogen sulfide (HS) exert cytoprotective actions through the modulation of redox-dependent resilience pathways during oxidative stress and inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26439389","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26439389","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0138707","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138707","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26439389/","title":"Muscle Carnosine Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Humans.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our data shows that higher carnosine content in human skeletal muscle is positively associated with insulin resistance and fasting metabolic preference for glucose.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34773460","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34773460","doi":"10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5083","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5083","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34773460/","title":"Association of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Individuals With and Without Atherosclerosis: Distinguishing Between Particle Concentration, Type, and Content.","journal":"JAMA Cardiol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, when assessed together, only apoB was associated (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per 1 SD, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.15-1.40; P < .001). Similarly, only apoB was associated with MI in the secondary prevention cohort.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32203549","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32203549","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1003062","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003062","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32203549/","title":"Evaluating the relationship between circulating lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins with risk of coronary heart disease: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation analysis.","journal":"PLoS Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In multivariable MR, only apolipoprotein B (OR 1.92; 95% CI: 1.31-2.81; P < 0.001) retained a robust effect, with the estimate for LDL cholesterol (OR 0.85; 95% CI: 0.57-1.27; P = 0.44) reversing and that of triglycerides (OR 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.23; P = 0.01) becoming weaker.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38700053","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38700053","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehae258","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae258","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38700053/","title":"Discordance among apoB, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides: implications for cardiovascular prevention.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2024,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"None of the residuals of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or of log triglycerides remained significant when apoB was included in the model.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34293083","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34293083","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehab432","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab432","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34293083/","title":"Remnant cholesterol predicts cardiovascular disease beyond LDL and ApoB: a primary prevention study.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2021,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In ASCVD-free individuals, elevated RC levels were associated with ASCVD independent of traditional risk factors, LDL-C, and apoB levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38233012","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38233012","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2023.10.039","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.10.039","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38233012/","title":"Lipoprotein(a) Is Markedly More Atherogenic Than LDL: An Apolipoprotein B-Based Genetic Analysis.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"From these data, we estimate that the atherogenicity of Lp(a) is approximately 6-fold (point estimate of 6.6; 95% CI: 5.1-8.8) greater than that of LDL on a per-particle basis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23422241","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23422241","doi":"10.1097/MED.0b013e32835ed9cb","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e32835ed9cb","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23422241/","title":"Update on the detection and treatment of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins.","journal":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes","year":2013,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"By contrast, a meta-analysis of published prospective studies demonstrated that non-HDL-C was superior to LDL-C, and apoB was superior to non-HDL-C.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26228670","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26228670","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2015.05.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2015.05.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26228670/","title":"Residual dyslipidemia according to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B among statin-treated US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010.","journal":"J Clin Lipidol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, 64% of statin users were at goal for LDL-C, 63% were at goal for non-HDL-C, but only 52% were at goal for apoB.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15277429","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15277429","doi":"10.2337/diacare.27.8.1991","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.8.1991","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15277429/","title":"Non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B predict cardiovascular disease events among men with type 2 diabetes.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2004,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Non-HDL cholesterol and apoB are more potent predictors of CVD incidence among diabetic men than LDL cholesterol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21129046","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21129046","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02323.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02323.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129046/","title":"Apolipoprotein B/A-I and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios both predict cardiovascular events in the general population independently of nonlipid risk factors, albuminuria and C-reactive protein.","journal":"J Intern Med","year":2010,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.37 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26-1.48] for the apoB/apoA-I ratio and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.18-1.29) for the TC/HDL-C ratio (both P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16030277","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16030277","doi":"10.1001/jama.294.3.326","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.3.326","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16030277/","title":"Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women.","journal":"JAMA","year":2005,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Non-HDL-C and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C were as good as or better than apolipoprotein fractions in the prediction of future cardiovascular events.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35146010","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35146010","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2022.822626","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.822626","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35146010/","title":"Paradoxical Association Between Baseline Apolipoprotein B and Prognosis in Coronary Artery Disease: A 36,460 Chinese Cohort Study.","journal":"Front Cardiovasc Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Malnutrition and bilirubin mainly mediate the ApoB paradox. Increased ApoB concentration remained linearly associated with an increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40642933","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40642933","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2025.2529565","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2025.2529565","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40642933/","title":"Low apolipoprotein B and LDL-cholesterol are associated with the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a prospective cohort.","journal":"Ann Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low apoB and LDL-cholesterol levels were associated with heightened all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk in the general population. Conversely, high apoB and low LDL-cholesterol levels did not correlate with increased mortality risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38789961","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38789961","doi":"10.1186/s12872-024-03949-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-024-03949-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789961/","title":"Relationship between serum apolipoprotein B and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in individuals with hypertension: a prospective cohort study.","journal":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord","year":2024,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the US hypertensive population, serum Apo B levels were U-shaped and correlated with ACM and CVM risk, with the lowest risk at 100 mg/dL.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21500721","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21500721","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21500721/","title":"Lipoprotein (a) and risk of cardiovascular disease--a systematic review and meta analysis of prospective studies.","journal":"Clin Lab","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta analysis of prospective studies shows a clear association between elevated Lipoprotein (a) levels and increased risk of CHD. This effect is substantially higher in individuals with previous CHD. Our systematic review showed no evidence of an effect on stroke and all cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\" | no-difference-cue: \"showed no\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39492722","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39492722","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069556","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069556","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39492722/","title":"Independence of Lipoprotein(a) and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Mediated Cardiovascular Risk: A Participant-Level Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Circulation","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings demonstrate the independent and additive nature of Lp(a) and LDL-C levels for ASCVD risk, and that LDL-C lowering does not fully offset Lp(a)-mediated risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30293769","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30293769","doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31652-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31652-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30293769/","title":"Baseline and on-statin treatment lipoprotein(a) levels for prediction of cardiovascular events: individual patient-data meta-analysis of statin outcome trials.","journal":"Lancet","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this individual-patient data meta-analysis of statin-treated patients, elevated baseline and on-statin lipoprotein(a) showed an independent approximately linear relation with cardiovascular disease risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36036785","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36036785","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36036785/","title":"Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Epidemiologic and genetic studies involving hundreds of thousands of individuals strongly support a causal and continuous association between Lp(a) concentration and cardiovascular outcomes in different ethnicities; elevated Lp(a) is a risk factor even at very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"elevated lp(a) is a risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38353970","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38353970","doi":"10.1001/jamacardio.2023.5605","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2023.5605","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38353970/","title":"Lipoprotein(a), C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiovascular Risk in Primary and Secondary Prevention Populations.","journal":"JAMA Cardiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this study, higher levels of Lp(a) were associated with MACE, MI, and PAD in both primary and secondary prevention populations regardless of baseline hs-CRP value.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38631771","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38631771","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38631771/","title":"Lipoprotein(a) and Long-Term Cardiovascular Risk in a Multi-Ethnic Pooled Prospective Cohort.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The study shows, in a large U.S. pooled cohort, that higher Lp(a) levels are associated with an increased ASCVD risk, including in patients with diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased ascvd risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29926099","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29926099","doi":"10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1470","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1470","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29926099/","title":"Association of LPA Variants With Risk of Coronary Disease and the Implications for Lipoprotein(a)-Lowering Therapies: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis.","journal":"JAMA Cardiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The clinical benefit of lowering Lp(a) is likely to be proportional to the absolute reduction in Lp(a) concentration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26298741","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26298741","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.021","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.021","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26298741/","title":"Lipoprotein (a) as a risk factor for ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Elevated Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and may be especially relevant for young stroke patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36708412","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36708412","doi":"10.1007/s10654-022-00956-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-022-00956-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708412/","title":"Circulating lipoprotein (a) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.","journal":"Eur J Epidemiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study provides further evidence that higher Lp(a) levels are associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality and CVD-death in the general population and in patients with CVD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36342163","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36342163","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa2211023","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2211023","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36342163/","title":"Small Interfering RNA to Reduce Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Disease.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Olpasiran therapy significantly reduced lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Longer and larger trials will be necessary to determine the effect of olpasiran therapy on cardiovascular disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37506332","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37506332","doi":"10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031023-100609","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031023-100609","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37506332/","title":"LP(a): Structure, Genetics, Associated Cardiovascular Risk, and Emerging Therapeutics.","journal":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Approximately 20% of the world's population has increased Lp(a) levels, determined predominantly by genetics. Current clinical practices for the management of dyslipidemia are ineffective in lowering Lp(a) levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24925971","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24925971","doi":"10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303462","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303462","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24925971/","title":"A common LPA null allele associates with lower lipoprotein(a) levels and coronary artery disease risk.","journal":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The LPA null allele (rs41272114) is associated with decreased circulating lipoprotein(a) levels and decreased CAD risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with decreased\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27074913","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27074913","doi":"10.1194/jlr.R067314","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R067314","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27074913/","title":"Structure, function, and genetics of lipoprotein (a).","journal":"J Lipid Res","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It highlights the role of genetics in establishing Lp(a) as a risk factor for CHD, but also discusses uncertainties, controversies, and lack of knowledge on several aspects of the genetic Lp(a) trait, not least its function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16267501","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16267501","doi":"10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201512","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201512","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16267501/","title":"Genetics of the Lp(a)/apo(a) system in an autochthonous Black African population from the Gabon.","journal":"Eur J Hum Genet","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our data demonstrate that Lp(a) concentrations are highly heritable in a Central African population without admixture and high Lp(a) (median 43 mg/dl). LPA is the major QTL, explaining most or all of the heritability of Lp(a) in this population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27188578","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27188578","doi":"10.1038/nrdp.2016.6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27188578/","title":"Calcific aortic stenosis.","journal":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Metabolic syndrome and an elevated plasma level of lipoprotein(a) have also been associated with increased risk of calcific AS.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18997196","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18997196","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa0807646","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0807646","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18997196/","title":"Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2008,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this trial of apparently healthy persons without hyperlipidemia but with elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, rosuvastatin significantly reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced the incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20031199","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20031199","doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61717-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61717-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20031199/","title":"C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis.","journal":"Lancet","year":2009,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CRP concentration has continuous associations with the risk of coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, vascular mortality, and death from several cancers and lung disease that are each of broadly similar size.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17868801","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17868801","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.012","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.012","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17868801/","title":"C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms, C-reactive protein blood levels, and cardiovascular disease risk.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2007,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"C-reactive protein (CRP), a blood marker of inflammation and a hallmark of the acute-phase response, has been shown to be a powerful and specific predictor of cardiovascular event risk in populations of otherwise healthy persons.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15258556","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15258556","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15258556/","title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: clinical importance.","journal":"Curr Probl Cardiol","year":2004,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"hsCRP levels of less than 1, 1 to 3, and greater than 3 mg/L are associated with lower, moderate, and higher cardiovascular risks, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11814453","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11814453","doi":"10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00797-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00797-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11814453/","title":"C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: a review of risk prediction and interventions.","journal":"Clin Chim Acta","year":2002,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CRP correlates with risk of CVD in patients who have a history of acute coronary disease, stable angina, and in those who have never been diagnosed with CVD. CRP imparts risk that is independent of hyperlipidemia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16250263","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16250263","doi":"10.1002/clc.4960280905","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960280905","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16250263/","title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a risk assessment tool for cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Clin Cardiol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"C-reactive protein is an index of inflammation that is now believed to promote directly all stages of atherosclerosis, including plaque rupture. As measured by high-sensitivity assays, high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) also independently predicts recurrent events in patients with known coronary artery diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16818927","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16818927","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00129","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00129","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16818927/","title":"Narrative review: Assessment of C-reactive protein in risk prediction for cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2006,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"They find no definitive evidence that, for most individuals, CRP adds substantial predictive value above that provided by risk estimation using traditional risk factors for CVD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21325005","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21325005","doi":"10.1136/bmj.d548","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d548","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21325005/","title":"Association between C reactive protein and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data.","journal":"BMJ","year":2011,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Human genetic data indicate that C reactive protein concentration itself is unlikely to be even a modest causal factor in coronary heart disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26017799","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26017799","doi":"10.6061/clinics/2015(04)14","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(04)14","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017799/","title":"Cardiac troponin and C-reactive protein for predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)","year":2015,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Elevated serum levels of cardiac troponin and C-reactive protein are significant associated with higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with higher\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30718369","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30718369","doi":"10.1042/BSR20181135","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20181135","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30718369/","title":"C-reactive protein for predicting all-cause mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Biosci Rep","year":2019,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acute ischemic stroke patients with the highest CRP level were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.60-2.68) compared with the lowest CRP category.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35219904","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35219904","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2022.101596","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101596","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35219904/","title":"The role of nutrition in inflammaging.","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2022,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"healthy diets, including the Mediterranean diet, are associated with lower concentrations of inflammatory mediators, like C-reactive protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), that are hallmarks of inflammaging.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32803650","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32803650","doi":"10.1007/s11357-020-00247-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00247-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32803650/","title":"Association of inflammatory mediators with frailty status in older adults: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Geroscience","year":2020,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This work established strong association between inflammatory biomarkers and frailty, confirming the role of age-related chronic inflammation in frailty development.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38147328","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38147328","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.4929","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.4929","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38147328/","title":"Risk Factors for Young-Onset Dementia in the UK Biobank.","journal":"JAMA Neurol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"15 factors were significantly associated with a higher YOD risk, namely lower formal education, lower socioeconomic status, carrying 2 apolipoprotein ε4 allele, no alcohol use, alcohol use disorder, social isolation, vitamin D deficiency, high C-reactive protein levels","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher yod risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33888689","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33888689","doi":"10.1038/s41467-021-22370-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22370-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888689/","title":"Blood n-3 fatty acid levels and total and cause-specific mortality from 17 prospective studies.","journal":"Nat Commun","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"risk for death from all causes was significantly lower (by 15-18%, at least p < 0.003) in the highest vs the lowest quintile for circulating long chain (20-22 carbon) omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15208005","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15208005","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.030","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.030","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15208005/","title":"The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?","journal":"Prev Med","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Omega-3 Index was inversely associated with risk for CHD mortality. An Omega-3 Index of > or = 8% was associated with the greatest cardioprotection, whereas an index of < or = 4% was associated with the least.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29559306","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29559306","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2018.02.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2018.02.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29559306/","title":"Erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 fatty acid levels are inversely associated with mortality and with incident cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study.","journal":"J Clin Lipidol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Those in the highest (>6.8%) compared to those in the lowest Omega-3 Index quintiles (<4.2%) had a 34% lower risk for death from any cause and 39% lower risk for incident CVD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28391893","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28391893","doi":"10.1016/j.jacl.2016.12.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2016.12.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28391893/","title":"Red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.","journal":"J Clin Lipidol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher RBC levels of marine n-3 PUFAs were associated with reduced risk for all-cause mortality. These findings support the beneficial relationship between the Omega-3 Index and health outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34134132","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34134132","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqab195","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab195","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34134132/","title":"Using an erythrocyte fatty acid fingerprint to predict risk of all-cause mortality: the Framingham Offspring Cohort.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this community-based population in their mid-60s, RBC FA patterns were as predictive of risk for death during the next 11 y as standard risk factors. Replication is needed in other cohorts to validate this FA fingerprint as a predictor of all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22371413","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22371413","doi":"10.1212/WNL.0b013e318249f6a9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318249f6a9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371413/","title":"Red blood cell ω-3 fatty acid levels and markers of accelerated brain aging.","journal":"Neurology","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lower RBC DHA levels are associated with smaller brain volumes and a \"vascular\" pattern of cognitive impairment even in persons free of clinical dementia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\" | favorable-cue: \"associated with smaller\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36253968","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36253968","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqac236","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac236","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36253968/","title":"Associations of erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids with cognition, brain imaging and biomarkers in the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: cross-sectional and longitudinal retrospective analyses.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Longitudinally, low ω-3 index was associated with greater Aβ accumulation and WMS cognitive decline but unexpectedly with lower total ADAS-Cog cognitive decline.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with greater\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26890759","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26890759","doi":"10.3233/JAD-150886","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150886","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26890759/","title":"Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Memory Functions in Healthy Older Adults.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Omega-3 index increased significantly in the LC-n3-FA group compared with the placebo group. Moreover, recall of object locations was significantly better after LC-n3-FA supplementation compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25877495","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25877495","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.114.103283","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.103283","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25877495/","title":"Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In subjects with high baseline ω-3 fatty acids (>590 μmol/L), B vitamin treatment slowed the mean atrophy rate by 40.0% compared with placebo (P = 0.023).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"slowed\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29673104","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29673104","doi":"10.14814/phy2.13674","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13674","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673104/","title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduces blood pressure but not renal vasoconstrictor response to orthostatic stress in healthy older adults.","journal":"Physiol Rep","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, FO supplementation attenuates the mean BP response but does not affect the renal vasoconstrictor response to orthostatic stress in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24566438","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24566438","doi":"10.3390/nu6020799","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6020799","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24566438/","title":"Omega-3 index and cardiovascular health.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"blood levels of EPA + DHA are frequently assessed in erythrocytes, using the HS-Omega-3 Index® methodology. A low Omega-3 Index fulfills the current criteria for a novel cardiovascular risk factor.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32389149","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32389149","doi":"10.1017/S0029665120006989","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665120006989","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32389149/","title":"Omega-3 index in 2018/19.","journal":"Proc Nutr Soc","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Recent epidemiologic data further support the relevance of the omega-3 index in the cardiovascular field, since total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke, or blood pressure all correlate inversely with the omega-3 index.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28768293","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28768293","doi":"10.1097/MCO.0000000000000404","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000404","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28768293/","title":"Ω-3 index as a prognosis tool in cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"EPA and DHA in RBCs were associated with reduced mortality in a prospective study of patients with cardiac disease; the strongest association was with EPA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30837013","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30837013","doi":"10.1017/S0029665118002902","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002902","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30837013/","title":"n-3 Fatty acids and risk for fatal coronary disease.","journal":"Proc Nutr Soc","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"our studies in the Framingham Heart Study and in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study have demonstrated significant inverse relations between erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels (i.e. the Omega-3 Index) and total mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24935800","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24935800","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24935800/","title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease--an uphill battle.","journal":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A standardized way of determining levels is the Omega-3 Index, which is the percentage of EPA+DHA of a total of 26 fatty acids measured in erythrocytes. According to current criteria, a low Omega-3 Index is a cardiovascular risk factor.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36795219","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36795219","doi":"10.1007/s12471-023-01759-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-023-01759-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36795219/","title":"Omega-3 fatty acids in heart disease-why accurately measured levels matter.","journal":"Neth Heart J","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An Omega-3 Index in the target range of 8-11% is associated with lower total mortality, fewer major adverse cardiac and other cardiovascular events.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19852881","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19852881","doi":"10.1007/s11883-009-0062-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-009-0062-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19852881/","title":"The omega-3 index: from biomarker to risk marker to risk factor.","journal":"Curr Atheroscler Rep","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Multiple lines of evidence link reduced tissue and/or blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids, as reflected in the erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid level (ie, the omega-3 index), with increased risk for coronary heart disease, especially sudden cardiac death.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30103927","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30103927","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30103927/","title":"Why docosapentaenoic acid is not included in the Omega-3 Index.","journal":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In epidemiologic studies, erythrocyte DPA did not predict risk for total mortality, sudden cardiac death, or other relevant cardiovascular events, and, more importantly, did not improve prediction of these events when included along with EPA and DHA, the original Omega-3 Index.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm3899825","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"3899825","doi":"10.1007/BF00280883","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3899825/","title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.","journal":"Diabetologia","year":1985,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The estimate of insulin resistance obtained by homeostasis model assessment correlated with estimates obtained by use of the euglycaemic clamp (Rs = 0.88, p less than 0.0001), the fasting insulin concentration (Rs = 0.81, p less than 0.0001), and the hyperglycaemic clamp, (Rs = 0.69, p less than 0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15161807","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15161807","doi":"10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15161807/","title":"Use and abuse of HOMA modeling.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, the HOMA model has become a widely used clinical and epidemiological tool and, when used appropriately, it can yield valuable data. However, as with all models, the primary input data need to be robust, and the data need to be interpreted carefully.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12401760","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12401760","doi":"10.2337/diacare.25.11.2081","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.11.2081","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401760/","title":"Indices of insulin action, disposal, and secretion derived from fasting samples and clamps in normal glucose-tolerant black and white children.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The QUICKI correlated best with SI (Eug clamp) (r = 0.69, P < 0.05) and had greater correlations to SI (Eug clamp) than did either SI (Hyper clamp) (r = 0.45, P < 0.05) or the HOMA-IR (r = -0.51, P < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19466221","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19466221","doi":"10.1590/s0004-27302009000200020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302009000200020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19466221/","title":"HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes in identifying insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study (BRAMS).","journal":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The cut-off values for IR were: HOMA1-IR > 2.7 and HOMA2-IR > 1.8; and, for MS were: HOMA1-IR > 2.3 (sensitivity: 76.8%; specificity: 66.7%) and HOMA2-IR > 1.4 (sensitivity: 79.2%; specificity: 61.2%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24098646","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24098646","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0074410","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074410","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24098646/","title":"New measure of insulin sensitivity predicts cardiovascular disease better than HOMA estimated insulin resistance.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In an independent cohort, ROC areas under the curve were 0.77±0.02 ISI-cal versus 0.76±0.02 HOMA-IR (p>0.05) for incident diabetes, and 0.74±0.03 ISI-cal versus 0.61±0.03 HOMA-IR (p<0.001) for incident CVD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36181637","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36181637","doi":"10.1007/s40292-022-00542-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-022-00542-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36181637/","title":"HOMA-IR as a predictor of Health Outcomes in Patients with Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A higher HOMA-IR value had a significant effect on the risk of developing T2DM (HR 1.87; CI 1.40-2.49), presenting non-fatal MACE (HR 1.46; CI 1.08-1.97) and hypertension (HR 1.35; CI 1.15-1.59).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23300589","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23300589","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0052036","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052036","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23300589/","title":"Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: meta-analysis.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The relative risk of cardiovascular disease was higher for an increase of one standard deviation in HOMA-IR compared to an increase of one standard deviation in fasting glucose or fasting insulin concentration. It may be useful to add HOMA-IR to a cardiovascular risk prediction model.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24974303","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24974303","doi":"10.1007/s00592-014-0615-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-014-0615-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24974303/","title":"Association between HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and fasting glucose with coronary heart disease mortality in nondiabetic men: a 20-year observational study.","journal":"Acta Diabetol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD mortality comparing top versus bottom quartiles were as follows: 1.69 (95 % CI: 1.15-2.48; p = 0.008) for HOMA-IR; 1.59 (1.09-2.32; p = 0.016) for FI; and 1.26 (0.90-1.76; p = 0.173) for FPG.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26169471","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26169471","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26169471/","title":"Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and colorectal adenomas: A meta-analysis.","journal":"Metabolism","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Independent of adiposity, higher levels of insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR were significantly associated with increased risk of CRA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24911052","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24911052","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0099317","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099317","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911052/","title":"Association between insulin resistance and breast carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher levels of fasting insulin or non-fasting/fasting C-peptide are not associated with breast cancer in women. HOMA-IR levels are slightly higher in women with breast cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30177484","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30177484","doi":"10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.017","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.06.017","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30177484/","title":"Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals With CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.","journal":"Am J Kidney Dis","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The adjusted association of HOMA-IR with T2DM was comparable to that of fasting blood glucose level","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31987123","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31987123","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.12.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.12.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987123/","title":"The association between metabolic syndrome components, low-grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Indonesian adolescent male.","journal":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The association of MetS components with the risk of insulin resistance is central obesity and high triacylglycerol with OR of 24.4 (95%CI: 5.19-114.42) and 9.4 (95%CI: 3.09-28.68) consecutively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34028001","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34028001","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD011817.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011817.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34028001/","title":"Serum or plasma ferritin concentration as an index of iron deficiency and overload.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ferritin is an iron storage protein and its concentration in the plasma or serum reflects iron stores; low ferritin indicates iron deficiency, while elevated ferritin reflects risk of iron overload.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"elevated ferritin reflects risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26637694","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26637694","doi":"10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26637694/","title":"Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment.","journal":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Diagnosis of iron deficiency is straightforward, except when it occurs in the context of inflammatory disorders. Oral iron salts correct absolute iron deficiency in most patients, because low hepcidin levels facilitate iron absorption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28622783","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28622783","doi":"10.1016/S0929-693X(17)24003-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-693X(17)24003-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28622783/","title":"[Biological diagnosis of iron deficiency in children].","journal":"Arch Pediatr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Measurement of serum ferritin (SF) is currently the laboratory test recommended for diagnosing iron deficiency. In the absence of an associated disease, a low SF value is an early and highly specific indicator of iron deficiency.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29744352","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29744352","doi":"10.1155/2018/9394060","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9394060","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29744352/","title":"Limitations of Serum Ferritin in Diagnosing Iron Deficiency in Inflammatory Conditions.","journal":"Int J Chronic Dis","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Under normal circumstances, serum ferritin levels are a sensitive marker for iron status but ferritin is an acute-phase reactant that becomes elevated in response to inflammation, complicating the diagnosis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29626044","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29626044","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019240","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019240","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29626044/","title":"Efficacy of iron supplementation on fatigue and physical capacity in non-anaemic iron-deficient adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In IDNA adults, iron supplementation is associated with reduced subjective measures of fatigue but not with objective improvements in physical capacity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27087396","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27087396","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD009747.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009747.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27087396/","title":"Daily iron supplementation for improving anaemia, iron status and health in menstruating women.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Women receiving iron were significantly less likely to be anaemic at the end of intervention compared to women receiving control (risk ratio (RR) 0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.60, 10 studies, 3273 women, moderate quality evidence).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28454902","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28454902","doi":"10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.03.045","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.03.045","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28454902/","title":"Iron Supplementation, Response in Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Analysis of Five Trials.","journal":"Am J Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Iron-replacement therapy improved quality of life and reduced fatigue.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39894014","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39894014","doi":"10.1159/000543888","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000543888","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39894014/","title":"Association between Serum Iron Store Biomarkers and All-Cause Mortality in Japanese Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Nationwide Cohort Study.","journal":"Am J Nephrol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Contour plots demonstrated increased mortality risk in areas with low ferritin and TSAT levels. Additionally, even in regions with high TSAT levels, there was a trend toward increased mortality risk with increasing ferritin levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27758018","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27758018","doi":"10.1002/ejhf.622","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.622","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27758018/","title":"Serum ferritin and risk for new-onset heart failure and cardiovascular events in the community.","journal":"Eur J Heart Fail","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increased serum ferritin levels independently amplify the risk for new-onset HF in women in the community.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20304584","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20304584","doi":"10.1016/j.jvs.2009.12.068","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.12.068","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20304584/","title":"Ferritin levels, inflammatory biomarkers, and mortality in peripheral arterial disease: a substudy of the Iron (Fe) and Atherosclerosis Study (FeAST) Trial.","journal":"J Vasc Surg","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These data demonstrate statistical correlations between levels of ferritin, inflammatory biomarkers, and mortality in this subset of patients with PAD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35410912","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35410912","doi":"10.1136/openhrt-2021-001928","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2021-001928","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35410912/","title":"Body iron stores had no impact on coronary heart disease outcomes: a middle-aged male cohort from the general population with 21-year follow-up.","journal":"Open Heart","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a cohort of middle-aged men from the general population with well validated and prospectively collected data, we did not find any association between serum ferritin or serum transferrin receptor as markers of BIS and CHD events after 21 years of follow-up.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20423745","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20423745","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2010.03.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2010.03.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20423745/","title":"Association of elevated serum ferritin concentration with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism in Korean men and women.","journal":"Metabolism","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increased serum concentrations of ferritin are associated with insulin resistance, type 2 DM, IFG, and metabolic syndrome in men, but only with IFG in women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35297006","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35297006","doi":"10.1007/s12011-022-03198-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03198-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35297006/","title":"Serum Ferritin Levels Are Associated with Adipose Tissue Dysfunction-Related Indices in Obese Adults.","journal":"Biol Trace Elem Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Serum ferritin was associated with elevated adipose-IR, VAI, and LAP, suggesting that ferritin could be an important early indicator for the risk of developing adipose tissue dysfunction in obese individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with elevated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36156678","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36156678","doi":"10.1007/s12603-022-1836-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-022-1836-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156678/","title":"Iron Deficiency and Incident Infections among Community-Dwelling Adults Age 70 Years and Older: Results from the DO-HEALTH Study.","journal":"J Nutr Health Aging","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"baseline iron deficiency was not associated with incident overall infections, but was associated with a 63% greater rate of incident severe infections requiring hospitalization (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.63, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.11-2.41, p=0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not associated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28578301","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28578301","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28578301/","title":"Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results indicated a significant association between flatter diurnal cortisol slopes and poorer health across all studies (average effect size, r=0.147).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21346074","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21346074","doi":"10.1210/jc.2010-2137","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2137","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21346074/","title":"Association of diurnal patterns in salivary cortisol with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: findings from the Whitehall II study.","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Flatter slopes in cortisol decline across the day were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for 1 sd reduction in slope steepness 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.55).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38500477","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38500477","doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgae081","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae081","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38500477/","title":"Long-Term Glucocorticoid Exposure and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases-The Lifelines Cohort.","journal":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this large, prospective cohort study, we found that long-term cortisone levels, measured in scalp hair, represent a relevant and significant predictor for future CVD in younger individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35146006","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35146006","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2021.765000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.765000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35146006/","title":"Standard Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors Mediate the Association Between Elevated Hair Cortisol Concentrations and Coronary Artery Disease.","journal":"Front Cardiovasc Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In path models, 80% of the association between ln(HCC) and CAD were mediated by SMuRFs, while the direct path between ln(HCC) and CAD was not statistically significant.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37016924","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37016924","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0000000000003412","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003412","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37016924/","title":"Associations between hair cortisol and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"HCC was largely, positively associated with hypertension status [odds ratio = 3.23 (95% CI: 2.55-4.09), P < 0.001].","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36868386","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36868386","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.123","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.123","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36868386/","title":"Associations between chronic stress and hair cortisol in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Affect Disord","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis revealed that chronic stress was associated with HCC (pooled-r = 0.09, 95 % CI: 0.03, 0.16).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34548863","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34548863","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34548863/","title":"Physiological biomarkers of chronic stress: A systematic review.","journal":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Potential diagnostic biomarkers of chronic stress included cortisol, ACTH, BDNF, catecholamines, glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, cholesterol, prolactin, oxytocin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), CRP, and interleukin - 6 and 8.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27007274","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27007274","doi":"10.1007/s12160-015-9753-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9753-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27007274/","title":"Use of Salivary Diurnal Cortisol as an Outcome Measure in Randomised Controlled Trials: a Systematic Review.","journal":"Ann Behav Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Salivary diurnal cortisol is measured inconsistently across RCTs, which is limiting the interpretation of findings within and across studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20447770","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20447770","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20447770/","title":"Salivary cortisol in depressed patients versus control persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on the available studies there is not firm evidence for a difference of salivary cortisol in depressed patients and control persons and salivary cortisol is unable to discriminate between persons with and without depression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33862309","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33862309","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105204","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105204","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33862309/","title":"Identifying diurnal cortisol profiles among young adults: Physiological signatures of mental health trajectories.","journal":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Findings suggest that a specific combination of cortisol parameters (i.e., flat slope, high AUC, and high CAR) may predict worse mental health risk over time.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35182737","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35182737","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107600","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107600","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35182737/","title":"The association of basal cortisol levels with episodic memory in older adults is mediated by executive function.","journal":"Neurobiol Learn Mem","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Morning serum cortisol levels were higher in the probable AD as compared to the NI group (p = .031).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36842257","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36842257","doi":"10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106053","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106053","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36842257/","title":"Imagine HEALTH: Changes in diurnal salivary cortisol patterns following a 12-week guided imagery RCT lifestyle intervention in predominantly Latino adolescents.","journal":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"LBGI led to an increase in CAR, and in adherent subjects, a decrease in PSS, suggesting GI may be a mind-body intervention that can affect both objective and subjective measures of the stress response.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35811977","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35811977","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.879256","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.879256","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35811977/","title":"Associations Between Different Cortisol Measures and Adiposity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings further corroborate understanding of chronic stress' physiological contribution to increased pediatric obesity risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased pediatric obesity risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31615412","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31615412","doi":"10.1186/s12872-019-1215-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-1215-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31615412/","title":"Serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies of over a million participants.","journal":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Thirty-two studies containing forty-four arms with 1,134,073 participants reported association between uric acid and risk of CVD mortality were included in our analysis. Pooled results showed a significant positive association between uric acid levels and risk of CVD mortality (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.33-1.58, I = 79%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27755985","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27755985","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27755985/","title":"Elevated serum uric acid and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in people with suspected or definite coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis.","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The highest vs. lowest SUA category was associated with greater risk of cardiovascular mortality (RR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.45-3.02) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.39-2.34) after adjustment for potential confounders in a random effects model.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"greater risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24125412","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24125412","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.023","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.023","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24125412/","title":"Baseline serum uric acid level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease related mortality and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"For the highest SUA, eleven studies with 172,123 participants were identified and analyzed. Elevated SUA increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR 1.24; 95% CI 1.09-1.42) and cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.37; 95% CI 1.19-1.57).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"elevated sua increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25437867","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25437867","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0114259","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114259","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25437867/","title":"Hyperuricemia and risk of incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We included 25 studies with 97,824 participants assessing the association between uric acid and incident hypertension in our meta-analysis. Hyperuricemia may modestly increase the risk of hypertension incidence, consistent with a dose-response relationship.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19565556","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19565556","doi":"10.1002/art.24612","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24612","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565556/","title":"Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Arthritis Rheum","year":2009,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Subgroup analyses of studies adjusting for known risk factors such as age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cholesterol still showed that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with both stroke incidence (4 studies; RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.19, 1.76) and mortality (6 studies; RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.12, 1.39).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27506740","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27506740","doi":"10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27506740/","title":"Serum uric acid and mortality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Metabolism","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"By meta-analysis, patients with the highest serum uric acid level were associated with a significantly higher risk for mortality (14 studies; HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.33-1.73) compared with patients with the lowest serum uric acid level.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24959886","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24959886","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0100801","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100801","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24959886/","title":"Serum uric acid is associated with incident chronic kidney disease in middle-aged populations: a meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Fifteen unique cohorts with a total of 99,205 individuals and 3,492 incident CKD cases were included. The relative risk of CKD was 1.22 (95% CI 1.16-1.28, I2 = 65.9%) per 1 mg/dL serum uric level increment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33765764","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33765764","doi":"10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04357-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04357-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33765764/","title":"The URRAH study.","journal":"Panminerva Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Multivariate Cox regression analyses identified an independent association between serum uric acid concentrations and both total (HR=1.53, 95% CI 1.21-1.93, P<0.001) and cardiovascular deaths (HR=2.08, 95% CI 1.146-2.97; P<0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21272224","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21272224","doi":"10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00200.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00200.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21272224/","title":"Uric acid as a predictor of all-cause mortality in heart failure: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Congest Heart Fail","year":2011,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The RR of all-cause mortality was 2.13 (95% CI, 1.78-2.55) for SUA>6.5 mg/dL compared with <6.5 mg/dL SUA level. Uric acid is an important prognostic marker for all-cause mortality in HF.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26738417","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26738417","doi":"10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.12.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.12.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26738417/","title":"High serum uric acid and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Clin Biochem","year":2015,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In overall risk estimates, the pooled OR of NAFLD occurrence was 1.92 (95% CI: 1.59-2.31) comparing the highest to lowest SUA levels in a random effect model.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22239868","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22239868","doi":"10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.042","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.042","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22239868/","title":"Uric acid is not an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes: a population-based study.","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2011,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In diabetic people, uric acid is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome but it may not be accounted as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29348425","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29348425","doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-19609-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19609-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29348425/","title":"Serum uric acid levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Increased serum UA levels were associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among ALS patients (risk ratio (RR) = 0.70, 95% CI [0.57, 0.87], P = 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30060474","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30060474","doi":"10.3390/nu10080975","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080975","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30060474/","title":"Uric Acid and Cognitive Function in Older Individuals.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Current studies indeed demonstrate that uric acid may exert neuroprotective actions in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's dementia, with hypouricemia representing a risk factor for a quicker disease progression and a possible marker of malnutrition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29393121","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29393121","doi":"10.1159/000484279","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000484279","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29393121/","title":"Time to Target Uric Acid to Retard Chronic Kidney Disease Progression.","journal":"Contrib Nephrol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Hyperuricemic models can lead to systemic hypertension, arteriolosclerosis including afferent arteriolopathy as well as albuminuria probably due to the activation of oxidative stress.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25982160","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25982160","doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62000-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62000-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25982160/","title":"Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.","journal":"Lancet","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Grip strength was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio per 5 kg reduction in grip strength 1.16, 95% CI 1.13-1.20; p<0.0001), cardiovascular mortality (1.17, 1.11-1.24; p<0.0001)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29425700","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29425700","doi":"10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29425700/","title":"Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women.","journal":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher levels of handgrip strength were associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.69; 95% CI, 0.64-0.74) compared with lower muscular strength","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35655218","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35655218","doi":"10.1186/s12916-022-02389-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02389-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35655218/","title":"Associations of handgrip strength with morbidity and all-cause mortality of cardiometabolic multimorbidity.","journal":"BMC Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our study provided novel evidence that HGS could be an independent predictor of morbidity and all-cause mortality of CM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38195493","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38195493","doi":"10.1186/s41043-024-00500-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00500-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38195493/","title":"Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences.","journal":"J Health Popul Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We believe that there is adequate evidence to show that HGS stands as an important biomarker of health.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29528368","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29528368","doi":"10.1093/gerona/gly046","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly046","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29528368/","title":"Associations Between Aging-Related Changes in Grip Strength and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"All studies concluded that cognitive function and grip strength declined, on average, with increasing age, although with little to no evidence for longitudinal associations among rates of change.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39647778","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39647778","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39647778/","title":"International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions.","journal":"J Sport Health Sci","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Muscular strength is a powerful marker of current health status and robust predictor of age-related disease and disability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20392703","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20392703","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afq034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20392703/","title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.","journal":"Age Ageing","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30272097","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30272097","doi":"10.1007/s12603-018-1041-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1041-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30272097/","title":"Depression and Handgrip Strength Among U.S. Adults Aged 60 Years and Older from NHANES 2011-2014.","journal":"J Nutr Health Aging","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings demonstrate handgrip strength has a significant inverse association with depression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31492503","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31492503","doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32008-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32008-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31492503/","title":"Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study.","journal":"Lancet","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In MICs and LICs, household air pollution, poor diet, low education, and low grip strength had stronger effects on cardiovascular disease or mortality than in HICs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15939805","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15939805","doi":"10.1161/01.HYP.0000170138.56903.7a","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000170138.56903.7a","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15939805/","title":"Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2005,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results have 2 important clinical messages: ambulatory measurement of blood pressure is superior to clinic measurement in predicting cardiovascular mortality, and nighttime blood pressure is the most potent predictor of outcome.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33131317","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33131317","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049730","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049730","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33131317/","title":"Nighttime Blood Pressure Phenotype and Cardiovascular Prognosis: Practitioner-Based Nationwide JAMP Study.","journal":"Circulation","year":2020,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Nighttime BP levels and a riser pattern were independently associated with the total cardiovascular event rate, in particular for HF. These findings suggest the importance of antihypertensive strategies targeting nighttime systolic BP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22282885","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22282885","doi":"10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636688","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636688","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22282885/","title":"Ambulatory systolic-diastolic pressure regression index as a predictor of clinical events: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.","journal":"Stroke","year":2012,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ASDPRI is an ambulatory blood pressure-derived biomarker that strongly predicts future CV events, stroke, and all-cause mortality. These findings suggest that this index may be useful for risk stratification purposes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22306850","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22306850","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0b013e328350bb40","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328350bb40","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22306850/","title":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and development of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients included in the Spanish ABPM registry: the CARDIORISC Event study.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2012,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ABPM performed during treatment adds prognostic significance on the development of cardiovascular events in high-risk hypertensive patients. Among different ABPM-derived values, night-time SBP is the most potent predictor of outcome.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24430701","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24430701","doi":"10.1038/jhh.2013.145","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2013.145","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24430701/","title":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for risk stratification in obese and non-obese subjects from 10 populations.","journal":"J Hum Hypertens","year":2014,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across quartiles of the BMI distribution, 24-h and nighttime systolic BP predicted every end point","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18277321","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18277321","doi":"10.1097/MBP.0b013e328244df74","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e328244df74","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18277321/","title":"Data from the Dublin outcome study.","journal":"Blood Press Monit","year":2007,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ABPM is superior to clinic or office blood pressure measurement in predicting cardiovascular mortality AASI, which may be derived simply from ABPM, is a novel index in determining prognosis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26734955","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26734955","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0000000000000832","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000832","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26734955/","title":"White-coat hypertension and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2016,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with WCH may be slightly higher compared with normotension but well below the risks associated with sustained HTN.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28253216","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28253216","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0000000000001226","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001226","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28253216/","title":"White-coat hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and total mortality.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2017,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In untreated cohorts, WCH was associated with a 38 and 20% increased risk of CVD and total mortality compared with normotension, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30827125","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30827125","doi":"10.1161/HYP.0000000000000087","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000087","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30827125/","title":"Measurement of Blood Pressure in Humans: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2019,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ambulatory BP monitoring is considered the reference standard for out-of-office BP assessment, with home BP monitoring being an alternative when ambulatory BP monitoring is not available or tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33390042","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33390042","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14591","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14591","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33390042/","title":"Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring to Diagnose and Manage Hypertension.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2021,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor;Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155;p163","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"155;163","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We are still waiting for evidence from randomized clinical trials to prove that out-of-office BP monitoring is superior to office BP in adjusting antihypertensive drug treatment and in the prevention of cardiovascular complications.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37955827","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37955827","doi":"10.1007/s11906-023-01273-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-023-01273-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37955827/","title":"Non-Dipping Blood Pressure or Nocturnal Hypertension: Does One Matter More?","journal":"Curr Hypertens Rep","year":2023,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Nocturnal hypertension and non-dipping are both associated with increased cardiovascular risk; however, debate remains over which is a better prognosticator of cardiovascular outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased cardiovascular risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20071977","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20071977","doi":"10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283360ed1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283360ed1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20071977/","title":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a review.","journal":"Blood Press Monit","year":2010,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In T2DM, individual studies and meta-analyses indicate that 24-h pulse pressure and reduced night-time BP fall or reverse dipping predict organ damage progression, total cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced night-time bp fall\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33591600","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33591600","doi":"10.1111/jch.14222","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.14222","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33591600/","title":"Reproducibility study of nocturnal blood pressure dipping in patients with high cardiovascular risk.","journal":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We conclude that the reproducibility of nocturnal dipping patterns and concordance of dipper vs non-dipper status in individual patients is modest and therefore that we should be cautious about recommending treatments or interventions based on these patterns.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24684379","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24684379","doi":"10.3109/10715762.2014.902055","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10715762.2014.902055","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24684379/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase predicts increased risk of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.","journal":"Free Radic Res","year":2014,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GGT, even at physiologic high levels, predicted mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality and cancer mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23571185","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23571185","doi":"10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.03.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.03.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23571185/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.","journal":"Prev Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The pooled RR of CV mortality for highest vs. lowest GGT quartile was 1.52 (95% CI 1.36-1.70). The pooled RR of CV mortality for per unit-log (GGT) increment was 1.76 (95% CI 1.60-1.94).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28231268","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28231268","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0172631","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172631","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28231268/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2017,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings indicate that serum GGT activity within the reference interval is positively associated with increased risk of CV mortality in a dose-response manner.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22796154","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22796154","doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22796154/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in people with and without diabetes: pooling of three British Health Surveys.","journal":"J Hepatol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher GGT levels are a risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular disease death in people with and without diabetes. However, knowledge of GGT does not improve cardiovascular predictions beyond traditional risk factors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31122026","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31122026","doi":"10.1177/0003319719850058","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319719850058","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31122026/","title":"Association Between γ-Glutamyltransferase Level and Cardiovascular or All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Angiology","year":2019,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis showed that elevated GGT level was significantly associated with higher risk of CV mortality (RR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.57-2.64) and all-cause mortality (RR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.27-1.74) in patients with CAD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38664890","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38664890","doi":"10.1111/1753-0407.13551","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13551","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38664890/","title":"Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality in patients with diabetes: A nationwide cohort study.","journal":"J Diabetes","year":2024,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The all-cause mortality rate increased as the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels became higher (highest quartile vs lowest quartile: hazard ratio [HR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-1.59; p for trend <.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26485462","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26485462","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0000000000000763","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000763","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26485462/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective evidence.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2015,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Baseline circulating GGT level is associated with an increased risk of hypertension in the general population, consistent with a linear dose-response relationship.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23145005","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23145005","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0048878","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048878","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145005/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase level and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2012,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The pooled RR of hypertension was 1.94(95%CI: 1.55-2.43; P<0.001) when comparing the risk of hypertension between the highest versus lowest category of GGT levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32600956","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32600956","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2020.04.027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.04.027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600956/","title":"Serum γ-glutamyltransferase as an independent predictor for incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults: Findings from the KoGES over 12 years of follow-up.","journal":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis","year":2020,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"HRs (95% CIs) for incident type 2 diabetes for the highest quartile versus referent lowest quartile for serum GGT levels were 2.55 (1.86-3.51) for men and 1.90 (1.40-2.58) for women after adjusting for confounding variables.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28338987","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28338987","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyx006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28338987/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study.","journal":"Int J Epidemiol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MR analyses did not support a causal role of GGT on the risk of prediabetes or diabetes. The association of GGT with diabetes in observational studies is likely to be driven by reverse causation or confounding bias.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not support\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34002481","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34002481","doi":"10.1002/kjm2.12395","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/kjm2.12395","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34002481/","title":"Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase elevation is associated with metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A community-based cross-sectional study.","journal":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci","year":2021,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GGT elevation is associated with MetS, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27861848","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27861848","doi":"10.1002/ijc.30511","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30511","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27861848/","title":"Gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of prostate cancer: Findings from the KIHD prospective cohort study.","journal":"Int J Cancer","year":2016,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GGT is positively and independently associated with future risk of prostate cancer in a middle-aged Finnish male population over long-term follow-up.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11563810","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11563810","doi":"10.1080/20014091084227","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20014091084227","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11563810/","title":"Gamma glutamyl transferase.","journal":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci","year":2001,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"People with high serum GGT have higher mortality, partly because of the association between GGT and other risk factors and partly because GGT is an independent predictor of risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15346644","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15346644","doi":"10.1080/10715760410001694026","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760410001694026","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15346644/","title":"Is serum gamma glutamyltransferase a marker of oxidative stress?","journal":"Free Radic Res","year":2004,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"More importantly, serum GGT level within its normal range positively predicted F2-isoprostanes, an oxidative damage product of arachidonic acid, and fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, markers of inflammation, which were measured 5 or 15 years later, in dose-response manners.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26139450","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26139450","doi":"10.1177/0004563215597010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563215597010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26139450/","title":"What does serum γ-glutamyltransferase tell us as a cardiometabolic risk marker?","journal":"Ann Clin Biochem","year":2015,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is robust evidence that γ-glutamyltransferase even when values are within the reference interval is associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in both sexes, in normal subjects and subjects with coronary artery disease, in the middle-aged and the elderly after adjusting for confounding factors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18416873","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18416873","doi":"10.1017/S1041610208006790","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610208006790","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18416873/","title":"Serum elevated gamma glutamyltransferase levels may be a marker for oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease.","journal":"Int Psychogeriatr","year":2008,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GGT levels were significantly higher in AD patients (p = 0.012). Linear regression analysis revealed AD was an independent correlate of elevated GGT levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19943812","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19943812","doi":"10.1515/CCLM.2010.031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2010.031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19943812/","title":"Elevated serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity is associated with increased risk of mortality, incident type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular events, chronic kidney disease and cancer - a narrative review.","journal":"Clin Chem Lab Med","year":2010,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In clinical practice, increased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity is usually interpreted as a marker of alcohol abuse and liver dysfunction. The knowledge of the GGT's physiological functions has expanded and several important epidemiological associations have been reported.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24004120","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24004120","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1214234","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1214234","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24004120/","title":"Cystatin C versus creatinine in determining risk based on kidney function.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of cystatin C alone or in combination with creatinine strengthens the association between the eGFR and the risks of death and end-stage renal disease across diverse populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34554658","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34554658","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa2102953","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102953","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34554658/","title":"New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"New eGFR equations that incorporate creatinine and cystatin C but omit race are more accurate and led to smaller differences between Black participants and non-Black participants than new equations without race with either creatinine or cystatin C alone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31700174","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31700174","doi":"10.1038/s41591-019-0627-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0627-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31700174/","title":"Glomerular filtration rate by differing measures, albuminuria and prediction of cardiovascular disease, mortality and end-stage kidney disease.","journal":"Nat Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We show that eGFRcys is most strongly associated with CVD and mortality, and, along with albuminuria, adds predictive discrimination to current CVD risk scores, whilst traditional creatinine-based measures are weakly associated with risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15809461","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15809461","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15809461/","title":"Cystatin C concentration as a risk factor for heart failure in older adults.","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The cystatin C concentration is an independent risk factor for heart failure in older adults and appears to provide a better measure of risk assessment than the serum creatinine concentration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26066476","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26066476","doi":"10.1097/MNH.0000000000000115","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000115","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26066476/","title":"Cystatin C as a biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate.","journal":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Use of serum cystatin C avoids the limitations related to both diet and muscle mass that affect serum creatinine. Cystatin C may be more accurate than serum creatinine in estimating GFR, and is more strongly associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32393465","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32393465","doi":"10.2215/CJN.12791019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12791019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32393465/","title":"Kidney Disease, Race, and GFR Estimation.","journal":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We also suggest mindful use of cystatin C as a confirmatory test as well as clearance measurements.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33126378","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33126378","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000022996","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022996","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33126378/","title":"Cystatin C-based CKD-EPI estimated glomerular filtration rate equations as a better strategy for mortality stratification in acute heart failure: A STROBE-compliant prospective observational study.","journal":"Medicine (Baltimore)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients with AHF, our study demonstrates the eGFR calculated by CKD-EPI cystatin C-based equation improved the risk stratification of mortality over both creatinine-based and creatinine/cystatin C-based equations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37187794","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37187794","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1035736","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1035736","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37187794/","title":"Impact of cystatin C-derived glomerular filtration rate in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.","journal":"Front Cardiovasc Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"eGFR (cystatin C) was associated with 3-year all-cause mortality in patients who underwent TAVI, and it was superior to eGFR (creatinine) as a prognostic biomarker.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24024499","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24024499","doi":"10.1111/hiv.12087","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12087","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24024499/","title":"Glomerular filtration rate estimated using creatinine, cystatin C or both markers and the risk of clinical events in HIV-infected individuals.","journal":"HIV Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Of the three CKD-EPI GFR equations, GFR(cys) had the strongest associations with mortality, CVE and OD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32959542","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32959542","doi":"10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e306","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e306","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32959542/","title":"A Meta-Analysis on the Performance of Cystatin C- versus Creatinine-based eGFR Equations in Predicting Vancomycin Clearance.","journal":"J Korean Med Sci","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cystatin C-based eGFR equations are better than creatinine-based eGFR equations in predicting the clearance of vancomycin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30910379","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30910379","doi":"10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.045","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.045","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30910379/","title":"Performance of creatinine- or cystatin C-based equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in sub-Saharan African populations.","journal":"Kidney Int","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The creatinine-based FAS and CKD-EPI equations performed reasonably well and were comparable when GFR was ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m. Cystatin C did not improve performance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38819605","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38819605","doi":"10.1111/jgs.19014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.19014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38819605/","title":"Difference between kidney function by cystatin C versus creatinine and association with muscle mass and frailty.","journal":"J Am Geriatr Soc","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher eGFRDiff is associated with lower odds of frailty among late-life men.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32971533","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32971533","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glaa240","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa240","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971533/","title":"Association Between Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Cystatin C and Grip Strength in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low kidney function as assessed by eGFRcys was associated with muscle weakness in community-dwelling Japanese older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24457184","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24457184","doi":"10.1159/000357594","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357594","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24457184/","title":"Cystatin C enhances glomerular filtration rate estimating equations in kidney transplant recipients.","journal":"Am J Nephrol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"eGFR (CKD-EPI-Creat+CysC) is more precise and reflects GFR change over time reasonably well.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30552258","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30552258","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022879","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022879","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30552258/","title":"Efficacy and safety of the pulsed electromagnetic field in osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis.","journal":"BMJ Open","year":2018,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The PEMF group showed more significant pain alleviation than the sham group in knee OA (standardised mean differences (SMD)=-0.54, 95% CI -1.04 to -0.04, p=0.03) and hand OA (SMD=-2.85, 95% CI -3.65 to -2.04, p<0.00001), but not in cervical OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42075549","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42075549","doi":"10.3390/medicina62040677","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62040677","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42075549/","title":"Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in People with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Medicina (Kaunas)","year":2026,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Though statistically significant, these improvements may not reach thresholds for clinical meaningfulness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42146884","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42146884","doi":"10.3389/fpain.2026.1760721","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2026.1760721","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42146884/","title":"Efficacy and safety of low- and high-intensity magnetic field therapies for orthopedic pain: a systematic review.","journal":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)","year":2026,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Magnetic field therapies appear to be safe and well tolerated, with potential benefits for pain and function for the management of musculoskeletal pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38610722","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38610722","doi":"10.3390/jcm13071959","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071959","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38610722/","title":"Current Evidence Using Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.","journal":"J Clin Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pain reduction, assessed through VAS and WOMAC scores, showed significant improvement (60% decrease in VAS, 42% improvement in WOMAC).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35362792","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35362792","doi":"10.1007/s00508-022-02020-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-022-02020-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35362792/","title":"Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on outcomes associated with osteoarthritis : A systematic review of systematic reviews.","journal":"Wien Klin Wochenschr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The PEMF therapy appears to be effective in the short term to relieve pain and improve function in patients with OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22504115","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22504115","doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/kes063","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kes063","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22504115/","title":"Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field on knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review.","journal":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","year":2012,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"When the efficacy of PEMF was evaluated for function, a significant improvement was observed 8 weeks after the treatment initiation, with a standardized mean difference of 0.30 (95% CI 0.07, 0.53).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32508140","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32508140","doi":"10.1177/1947603520931168","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603520931168","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508140/","title":"Pain and Functional Scores in Patients Affected by Knee OA after Treatment with Pulsed Electromagnetic and Magnetic Fields: A Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Cartilage","year":2020,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy effectively relieves knee OA symptoms at short term, but it is not superior to other conservative therapies such as physiotherapy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"not superior\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17587446","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17587446","doi":"10.1186/1471-2474-8-51","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-8-51","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17587446/","title":"Short-term efficacy of physical interventions in osteoarthritic knee pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials.","journal":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","year":2007,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pulsed electromagnetic fields offered a small reduction in pain of 6.9 mm [95% CI: 2.2 to 11.6] (n = 487).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22870682","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22870682","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22870682/","title":"[Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review].","journal":"Zhongguo Gu Shang","year":2012,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that compared with placebo control treatment, pulsed electromagnetic field therapy had little clinical benefit in relieving the pain of knee osteoarthritis [WMD=0.12, 95%CI (-0.46,0.69)]","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21938735","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21938735","doi":"10.1002/bem.20703","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20703","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21938735/","title":"Therapeutic effects of whole-body devices applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF): a systematic literature review.","journal":"Bioelectromagnetics","year":2011,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We conclude that the scientific evidence for therapeutic effects of whole-body PEMF devices is insufficient.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32495506","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32495506","doi":"10.1002/bem.22271","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22271","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32495506/","title":"Effectiveness of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Bioelectromagnetics","year":2020,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Moderate quality evidence suggested that PEMF increased healing rate and relieved pain of fracture, and very low-quality evidence showed that PEMF accelerated healing time.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39387850","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39387850","doi":"10.23736/S1973-9087.24.08226-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.24.08226-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39387850/","title":"Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on bone fractures: a systematic review update.","journal":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review update does not support the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields for improving the bone healing process in patients with acute fractures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not support\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30836195","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30836195","doi":"10.1016/j.jormas.2019.02.022","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2019.02.022","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30836195/","title":"Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on mandibular fracture healing: A randomized control trial, (RCT).","journal":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg","year":2019,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PEMF therapy postoperatively leads to increased bone density, faster recovery, increased formation of new bone, a further opening of the mouth, and decreased pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39990654","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39990654","doi":"10.7150/ijbs.101597","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.101597","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39990654/","title":"Hexokinase 2 Suppression Alleviates the Catabolic Properties in Osteoarthritis via HMGA2 and Contributes to Pulsed Electromagnetic Field-mediated Cartilage Protection.","journal":"Int J Biol Sci","year":2025,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PEMF dramatically inhibited the increase in glycolytic activity and catabolic metabolism level in OA and could alleviate the OA phenotype by modulating the HK2/HMGA2 signaling axis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38347683","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38347683","doi":"10.1080/15368378.2024.2314108","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2024.2314108","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38347683/","title":"Protective effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy attenuates autophagy and apoptosis in osteoporotic osteoarthritis model rats by activating PPARγ.","journal":"Electromagn Biol Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_compounds":"PEMF Therapy Mat","linked_monograph_ids":"p160","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"160","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The research demonstrates that PEMF can effectively prevent cartilage and subchondral bone destruction in OPOA rats.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36282343","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36282343","doi":"10.1007/s00198-022-06556-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-022-06556-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36282343/","title":"Effectiveness of whole-body vibration on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Osteoporos Int","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present study observed significant effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, with high-quality evidence for high-frequency, low-magnitude, and high-cumulative-dose use.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27907000","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27907000","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0166774","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166774","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27907000/","title":"Whole Body Vibration Treatments in Postmenopausal Women Can Improve Bone Mineral Density: Results of a Stimulus Focussed Meta-Analysis.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Whole body vibration was shown to produce significant BMD improvements on the hip and spine when compared to no intervention. Conversely, treatment associated with exercise training resulted in negligible outcomes when compared to exercise training or to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27145947","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27145947","doi":"10.1007/s00198-016-3618-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3618-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27145947/","title":"Effects of whole body vibration on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Osteoporos Int","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Despite WBV presenting potential to act as a coadjuvant in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis, especially for aBMD of the lumbar spine, the ideal intervention is not yet clear.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27609034","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27609034","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27609034/","title":"Effects of whole body vibration exercises on bone mineral density of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis without medications: novel findings and literature review.","journal":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among the twelve articles analyzed, seven of them have shown an improvement of the BMD of some bone of postmenopausal women exposed to whole body vibration exercises not associated to medications; as well as modifications in biomarkers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30671455","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30671455","doi":"10.1155/2018/4840531","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4840531","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671455/","title":"The Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Bone Density in Osteoporotic Patients.","journal":"Biomed Res Int","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WBV seems to provide good results, especially in improving balance and reducing the risk of falling; in this, WBV appears more efficient than simply walking.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37445502","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37445502","doi":"10.3390/jcm12134467","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134467","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37445502/","title":"Impacts of Whole-Body Vibration on Muscle Strength, Power, and Endurance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Clin Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WBV was effective in increasing lower limb muscle strength. However, no significant results were observed for upper limb strength, lower limb power, and lower and upper limb muscle endurance in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37169245","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37169245","doi":"10.1016/j.apmr.2023.04.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2023.04.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37169245/","title":"Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Lower Limb Muscle Strength and Physical Performance Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WBVT may be an effective intervention to improve lower limb muscle strength and physical performance in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32911822","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32911822","doi":"10.3390/jcm9092902","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092902","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32911822/","title":"Resistance Exercise, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, and Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Clin Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate;Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p161;p174","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"161;174","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that RT and WBV are comparably effective for improving muscle strength, while the effects of EMS remains debated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29471456","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29471456","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afy009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29471456/","title":"Effects of resistance training, endurance training and whole-body vibration on lean body mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"Age Ageing","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Resistance training and whole-body vibration were associated with greater physical performance improvement compared with usual care (2.6 times greater [95% CI: 1.3-3.9] and 2.1 times greater [95% CI: 0.5-3.7], respectively).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with greater\" | favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39593159","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39593159","doi":"10.1186/s13643-024-02681-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02681-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39593159/","title":"Falls prevention interventions for community-dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits, harms, and patient values and preferences.","journal":"Syst Rev","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate;Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p161;p169","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"161;169","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Whole-body vibration or home-hazard assessment (HHA) plus exercise provided to everyone showed moderate certainty for some benefit.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38822020","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38822020","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-63316-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-63316-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38822020/","title":"The effect of whole-body vibration on glucose and lipid profiles in type-2 diabetes: a systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomized trials.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WBV may have potential advantages for glycemic control in type-2 diabetes. However, uncertainties in the findings remain due to the limited number of studies and their heterogeneity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39377072","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39377072","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2024.1398375","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1398375","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39377072/","title":"Whole body vibration therapy and diabetes type 2: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WBV may be an effective therapy to improve glycemic control in DM 2 patients. More studies with more patients and longer follow-up are needed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31104903","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31104903","doi":"10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.03.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.03.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31104903/","title":"Effects of Whole-Body Vibration in Older Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Can J Diabetes","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Whole-body vibration could be a useful strategy in the management of the symptoms and disabilities associated with type 2 diabetes; however, it is necessary to perform further studies to reinforce the reported findings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18462269","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18462269","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01869.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01869.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18462269/","title":"Arterial stiffness acutely decreases after whole-body vibration in humans.","journal":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results suggest that WBV acutely decreases arterial stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreases arterial stiffness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26543713","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26543713","doi":"10.1186/s40064-015-1373-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1373-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26543713/","title":"Whole body vibration therapy: a novel potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus.","journal":"Springerplus","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Collectively, our findings suggest that daily, short duration WBV may improve glycemic control, polydipsia, polyuria, and urine osmolality in T2DM in association with reduced inflammation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28549705","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28549705","doi":"10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28549705/","title":"Association of Grip Strength With Risk of All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancer in Community-Dwelling Populations: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.","journal":"J Am Med Dir Assoc","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For lowest versus highest category of grip strength, the HRs (95% CIs) were 1.41 (1.30-1.52) for all-cause mortality, 1.63 (1.36-1.96) for cardiovascular diseases and 0.89 (0.66-1.20) for cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31810062","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31810062","doi":"10.1123/japa.2018-0348","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2018-0348","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31810062/","title":"Associations Between Handgrip Strength and Disease-Specific Mortality Including Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Diseases in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Aging Phys Act","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Thirty studies with a total of 194,767 older adult participants were included in this meta-analysis. Higher handgrip strength was associated with an 18% decrease in all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decrease in all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26016893","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26016893","doi":"10.1111/ggi.12508","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12508","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016893/","title":"Prognostic value of handgrip strength in people aged 60 years and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Geriatr Gerontol Int","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Handgrip strength has a predictive validity for decline in cognition, mobility, functional status and mortality in older community-dwelling populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37076597","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37076597","doi":"10.1007/s11255-023-03603-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-023-03603-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37076597/","title":"Handgrip strength and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.","journal":"Int Urol Nephrol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients with CKD, better HGS is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. This study supports using HGS as a strong predictor of mortality in this population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31631989","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31631989","doi":"10.2147/CIA.S194543","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S194543","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31631989/","title":"Grip Strength: An Indispensable Biomarker For Older Adults.","journal":"Clin Interv Aging","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consequently, the routine use of grip strength can be recommended as a stand-alone measurement or as a component of a small battery of measurements for identifying older adults at risk of poor health status.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24737557","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24737557","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glu010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24737557/","title":"The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on the analyses presented in this series, the final recommended cutpoints for weakness are grip strength <26kg for men and <16kg for women, and for low lean mass, appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index <0.789 for men and <0.512 for women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11253156","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11253156","doi":"10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11253156/","title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype.","journal":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Frailty was defined as a clinical syndrome in which three or more of the following criteria were present: unintentional weight loss (10 lbs in past year), self-reported exhaustion, weakness (grip strength), slow walking speed, and low physical activity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31187137","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31187137","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbz072","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz072","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31187137/","title":"A Coordinated Multi-study Analysis of the Longitudinal Association Between Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function in Older Adults.","journal":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analytic results from nine longitudinal studies showed consistently positive associations between linear rates of change in grip strength and changes in cognitive functioning.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27325353","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27325353","doi":"10.1111/acel.12468","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12468","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27325353/","title":"GWAS analysis of handgrip and lower body strength in older adults in the CHARGE consortium.","journal":"Aging Cell","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A common genetic variant in a chromosomal region that regulates myotube differentiation and muscle repair may contribute to variability in grip strength in the elderly.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35968662","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35968662","doi":"10.1177/10998004221120945","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10998004221120945","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35968662/","title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training on Quality of Life, Depression, Muscle Strength, and Functional Exercise Capacity in Older Adults Aged 60 Years or More.","journal":"Biol Res Nurs","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Moreover, depression (SMD, -1.13;0.01), upper-limb muscle strength (mean difference (MD), 15.26 kg;0.002), lower-limb muscle strength (MD, 48.46 kg;0.02), and handgrip muscle strength (MD, 1.35 kg;0.003) significantly improved following resistance training.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19129352","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19129352","doi":"10.1177/1753193408096763","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193408096763","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19129352/","title":"Age- and gender-specific normative data of grip and pinch strength in a healthy adult Swiss population.","journal":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Analysis of the data from 1023 tested subjects between 18 and 96 years revealed a curvilinear relationship of grip and pinch strength to age, a correlation to height, weight and significant differences between occupational groups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34145312","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34145312","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-92296-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92296-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34145312/","title":"Reproducibility and agreement between three positions for handgrip assessment.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Reproducibility was nearly perfect in all positions (ICC 0.95-0.97).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28926573","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28926573","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1002389","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002389","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28926573/","title":"Self-monitoring of blood pressure in hypertension: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.","journal":"PLoS Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Self-monitoring alone is not associated with lower BP or better control, but in conjunction with co-interventions (including systematic medication titration by doctors, pharmacists, or patients; education; or lifestyle counselling) leads to clinically significant BP reduction which persists for at least 12 months.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29499873","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29499873","doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30309-X","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30309-X","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29499873/","title":"Efficacy of self-monitored blood pressure, with or without telemonitoring, for titration of antihypertensive medication (TASMINH4): an unmasked randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Lancet","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Self-monitoring, with or without telemonitoring, when used by general practitioners to titrate antihypertensive medication in individuals with poorly controlled blood pressure, leads to significantly lower blood pressure than titration guided by clinic readings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lower blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33468518","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33468518","doi":"10.1136/bmj.m4858","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4858","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33468518/","title":"Home and Online Management and Evaluation of Blood Pressure (HOME BP) using a digital intervention in poorly controlled hypertension: randomised controlled trial.","journal":"BMJ","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mean blood pressure dropped from 151.7/86.4 to 138.4/80.2 mm Hg in the intervention group and from 151.6/85.3 to 141.8/79.8 mm Hg in the usual care group, giving a mean difference in systolic blood pressure of -3.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval -6.1 to -0.8 mm Hg).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35503345","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35503345","doi":"10.1001/jama.2022.4726","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.4726","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35503345/","title":"Effect of Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure on Blood Pressure Control in Pregnant Individuals With Chronic or Gestational Hypertension: The BUMP 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among pregnant individuals with chronic or gestational hypertension, blood pressure self-monitoring with telemonitoring, compared with usual care, did not lead to significantly improved clinic-based blood pressure control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38189139","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38189139","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22109","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22109","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38189139/","title":"Self-Measured Blood Pressure-Guided Pharmacotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of United States-Based Telemedicine Trials.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Differences in systolic and diastolic BP and BP control rate were -7.3 mm Hg (95% CI, -9.4 to -5.2), -2.7 mm Hg (-4.0 to -1.5), and 10.1% (0.4%-19.9%), respectively, favoring telemedicine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30948837","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30948837","doi":"10.1038/s41440-019-0221-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0221-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948837/","title":"Is antihypertensive treatment based on home blood pressure recommended rather than that based on office blood pressure in adults with essential hypertension? (meta-analysis).","journal":"Hypertens Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on nine studies employing a lower target BP for home BP than for office BP, the differences in the averages of the ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP changes between the two groups were 3.62/2.16 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.0001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29146534","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29146534","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146534/","title":"Systematic Review for the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is a modest but significant improvement in systolic BP in randomized controlled trials of self-measured BP versus usual care at 6 but not 12 months, and for selected patients and their providers self-measured BP may be a helpful adjunct to routine office care.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22241136","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22241136","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834e4aed","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834e4aed","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22241136/","title":"Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Home BP remained a significant predictor of cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular events after adjusting for office BP suggesting it is an important prognostic variable over and above that of office BP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12055412","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12055412","doi":"10.1097/00126097-200112000-00013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00126097-200112000-00013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12055412/","title":"Predictive values of automated blood pressure measurement: what can we learn from the Japanese population - the Ohasama study.","journal":"Blood Press Monit","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Ohasama study showed that the level and variability of hypertension as assessed by ABP and HBP are independent predictors of cardiovascular mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18277323","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18277323","doi":"10.1097/MBP.0b013e328244e8a7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e328244e8a7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18277323/","title":"Incorporating self-blood pressure measurements at home in the guideline from the Ohasama study.","journal":"Blood Press Monit","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We demonstrated that home BP more accurately and reliably reflect target organ damage and the prognosis of cardiovascular disease than conventional BP, whereas the predictive value of home BP increased progressively with the number of measurements.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21327567","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21327567","doi":"10.1007/s11906-011-0193-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-011-0193-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21327567/","title":"Home blood pressure monitoring: how good a predictor of long-term risk?","journal":"Curr Hypertens Rep","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Home BP has been shown to significantly predict important end points including all-cause mortality, progression of chronic kidney disease, and functional decline in the elderly.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24553366","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24553366","doi":"10.1038/hr.2014.2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2014.2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24553366/","title":"Blood pressure variability assessed by home measurements: a systematic review.","journal":"Hypertens Res","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, these preliminary data largely based on heterogeneous studies indicate an important and independent role of day-by-day HBPV in the pathogenesis of hypertension-induced cardiovascular damage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31534190","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31534190","doi":"10.1038/s41440-019-0330-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0330-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31534190/","title":"Validation of an automated home blood pressure measurement device in oldest-old populations.","journal":"Hypertens Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Omron HEM-7080IC passed the ISO requirements for oldest-old individuals aged 85 years or older. This device can be recommended for clinical and self/home use in oldest-old populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30631126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30631126","doi":"10.1038/s41371-018-0153-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0153-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30631126/","title":"Accuracy of automated blood pressure measurements in the presence of atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Hum Hypertens","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Due to heterogeneity between devices, they should be evaluated on individual performance. We found no evidence that devices with AF detection measure BP more accurately in AF than other devices.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"found no\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32898351","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32898351","doi":"10.1097/MBP.0000000000000461","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0000000000000461","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32898351/","title":"Validation of the Globalcare GCE603 automated blood pressure monitor for self-measurement according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol revision 2010.","journal":"Blood Press Monit","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"According to the validation results on the basis of the ESH international protocol revision 2010, the Globalcare GCE603 automated upper-arm BP monitor can be recommended for home measurement in general population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36107991","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36107991","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00425.2022","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00425.2022","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36107991/","title":"A multi-trial, retrospective analysis of the antihypertensive effects of high-resistance, low-volume inspiratory muscle strength training.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In young-to-older adult men and women, 6 wk of high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training lowers casual systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 9 mmHg and 4 mmHg, respectively","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowers casual systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37332584","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37332584","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1113509","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1113509","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37332584/","title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with hypertension: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Front Cardiovasc Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the IMT reduced the SBP (MD: -12.55 mmHg, 95% CI: -15.78, -9.33), DBP (MD: -4.77 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.00, -3.54), HR (MD: -5.92 bpm, 95% CI: -8.72, -3.12), and PP (MD: -8.92 mmHg, 95% CI: -12.08, -5.76) in patients with hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37682232","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37682232","doi":"10.1152/ajpheart.00351.2023","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00351.2023","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37682232/","title":"Time-efficient, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training increases cerebrovascular reactivity in midlife and older adults.","journal":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-resistance IMST may be a promising strategy to improve cerebrovascular and cognitive function in midlife/older adults with above-normal SBP, a population at risk for future cognitive decline and dementia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34389471","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34389471","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2021.111515","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111515","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34389471/","title":"Time-efficient, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training for cardiovascular aging.","journal":"Exp Gerontol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is an emerging, time-efficient (5 min/day) lifestyle intervention. Early research suggests high-resistance IMST may promote adherence, lower blood pressure and potentially improve vascular endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29665262","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29665262","doi":"10.1111/crj.12905","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12905","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29665262/","title":"Effects of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Clin Respir J","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"IMT using threshold devices improves inspiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity and quality of life, decreases dyspnea. However, there is no added effect of IMT on dyspnea during PR (compared with PR alone).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no added effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17146997","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17146997","doi":"10.1080/15412550500218072","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15412550500218072","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17146997/","title":"Inspiratory muscle training compared with other rehabilitation interventions in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.","journal":"COPD","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"IMT results in improved inspiratory muscle strength and endurance compared to education.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35843501","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35843501","doi":"10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101691","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101691","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35843501/","title":"Effect of respiratory muscle training in asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review and meta-analysis showed a significant increase in PImax after IMT in adults with asthma and reinforced the relevance of the dose-response principle of training.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22765281","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22765281","doi":"10.1007/BF03262290","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262290","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22765281/","title":"Effect of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Sports Med","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"RMT improves endurance exercise performance in healthy individuals with greater improvements in less fit individuals and in sports of longer durations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25116085","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25116085","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000000474","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000474","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25116085/","title":"The effects of inspiratory muscle training in older adults.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These novel data indicate that in healthy older adults, IMT elicits some positive changes in inspiratory muscle function and structure but neither attenuates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress nor improves exercise performance, PAL, or QoL.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35472660","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35472660","doi":"10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.04.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.04.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35472660/","title":"A comparison of the effects of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance training on exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and quality of life in pacemaker patients with heart failure: A randomized study.","journal":"Heart Lung","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance training similarly improves respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, exercise capacity, QoL, physical activity level, and decreases dyspnea and fatigue and are safe and effective in pacemaker patients with HF.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36523361","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36523361","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2022.999422","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.999422","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36523361/","title":"Effectiveness and safety of inspiratory muscle training in patients with pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Front Cardiovasc Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on currently limited evidence, IMT is an effective physical therapy for increasing respiratory muscle function and exercise capacity, but still a lack of evidence on dyspnea and fatigue levels, pulmonary function, and QoL in PH patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40954632","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40954632","doi":"10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.06.021","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.06.021","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40954632/","title":"Effects of photobiomodulation, intermittent pneumatic compression and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on muscle recovery: Systematic review with meta-analysis.","journal":"J Bodyw Mov Ther","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is moderate-certainty evidence that IPC does not reduce muscle soreness at 24h post-intervention (MD: -2.20 points, 95 % CI -10.08 to 5.68; I= NA).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not reduce\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32148616","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32148616","doi":"10.70252/HSPN3402","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.70252/HSPN3402","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32148616/","title":"Effects of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in Long Distance Runners.","journal":"Int J Exerc Sci","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Subjective pain ratings indicated no significant difference in pain between control and treatment runs. In conclusion, there appear to be no substantial benefits of IPC in promoting recovery.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant difference\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30300043","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30300043","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2017-0124","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0124","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30300043/","title":"Sequential Pulse Compression's Effect on Blood Flow in the Lower-Extremity.","journal":"J Sport Rehabil","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"SPC significantly increased THb (P < .001, d = 0.505) and oxygenated hemoglobin (P < .001, d = 0.745) change scores compared with the control condition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25981709","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25981709","doi":"10.1007/s00421-015-3187-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3187-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25981709/","title":"Peripheral conduit and resistance artery function are improved following a single, 1-h bout of peristaltic pulse external pneumatic compression.","journal":"Eur J Appl Physiol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acutely, whole limb, lower pressure EPC improves conduit artery endothelial function systemically, but only improves RH blood flow locally (i.e., compressed limbs).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15952694","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15952694","doi":"10.1177/153100350501700107","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/153100350501700107","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15952694/","title":"The case for intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower extremity as a novel treatment in arterial claudication.","journal":"Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Implementation of IPC(foot) and IPC(foot + calf) for 3 to 5 months (> or = 2.5 hours/day) has been shown to improve the walking capacity and the ankle pressure indices of patients with intermittent claudication, with a significant beneficial impact on the quality of life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23852609","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23852609","doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002690","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002690","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23852609/","title":"Stratified meta-analysis of intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower limbs to prevent venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients.","journal":"Circulation","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"IPC was more effective than no IPC prophylaxis in reducing deep vein thrombosis (7.3% versus 16.7%; absolute risk reduction, 9.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9-10.9; relative risk, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.36-0.52; P<0.01; I(2)=34%)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34419428","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34419428","doi":"10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.050","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.050","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34419428/","title":"VTE Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.","journal":"Chest","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compressive devices may reduce risk of DVT compared with control treatments; however, this is based on low-certainty evidence (OR, 0.85 [95% CrI, 0.50-1.50]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32006929","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32006929","doi":"10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105694","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.105694","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32006929/","title":"The use of intermittent pneumatic compression to prevent venous thromboembolism in neurosurgical patients-A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Reduction in VTE incidence was demonstrated by the IPC group (OR 0.40 [0.31, 0.52], p < 0.001; I: 44 %). IPC was shown to reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (OR 0.43 [0.32, 0.57], p < 0.001; I: 0 %) compared to the control group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in vte incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32300889","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32300889","doi":"10.1007/s10143-020-01297-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-020-01297-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32300889/","title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis and intermittent pneumatic compression for prevention of venous thromboembolism in adult undergoing neurosurgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"Neurosurg Rev","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both IPC (RR, 0.41; 95% CrI, 0.26-0.60) and chemical prophylaxis (RR, 0.48; 95% CrI, 0.28-0.68) were found to be more efficacious than the placebo in reducing the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"efficacious\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29389425","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29389425","doi":"10.1016/j.jvs.2017.11.044","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2017.11.044","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389425/","title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of high-pressure intermittent limb compression for the treatment of intermittent claudication.","journal":"J Vasc Surg","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On meta-analysis, the mean difference of ACD from baseline to follow-up among subjects receiving compression compared with controls was 125 m (95% confidence interval, 58.38-191.63 m; P < .01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27638628","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27638628","doi":"10.1007/5584_2016_129","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_129","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27638628/","title":"Non-Invasive Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease.","journal":"Adv Exp Med Biol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Over 4.5-6 months IPC increased intermittent claudication distance (ICD) (97-150 %) and absolute walking distance (AWD) (84-112 %), with an associated increase in quality of life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26574751","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26574751","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26574751/","title":"Effect of High-pressure, Intermittent Pneumatic Compression for the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Critical Limb Ischemia in Patients Without a Surgical Option.","journal":"Wounds","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At the 16-week time point the percent change from baseline in PWT was significantly different between treatment arms (35.5% for the standard care group and 54.7% for the group receiving HPIPC [P = 0.043]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35642305","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35642305","doi":"10.1111/ecc.13625","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13625","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35642305/","title":"Intensive complex physical therapy combined with intermittent pneumatic compression versus Kinesio taping for treating breast cancer-related lymphedema of the upper limb: A randomised cross-over clinical trial.","journal":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The RVC reduction was greater with CPT + IPC (-2.2%, SD = 4.7) versus KT (-0.9%, SD = 1.7) (P = 0.002).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33297826","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33297826","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2020.0019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2020.0019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33297826/","title":"The Effects of Complete Decongestive Therapy or Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Therapy or Exercise Only in the Treatment of Severe Lipedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Lymphat Res Biol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, when the difference between treatments was investigated, CDT administered in addition to the exercises has been shown to provide significant improvements in reducing limb volumes, pain, and physical function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42318302","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42318302","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2026.1831667","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1831667","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42318302/","title":"The effect of fascia gun on relaxation of exercise-induced muscle fatigue in athletes: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Front Sports Act Living","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fascia gun percussive massage, by reducing perceived fatigue, alleviating muscle swelling, and accelerating muscle strength recovery, appears to promote recovery from exercise-induced muscle fatigue more effectively than static stretching in this study.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviating\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34360032","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34360032","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18157726","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157726","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34360032/","title":"Acute Effects of a Percussive Massage Treatment on Movement Velocity during Resistance Training.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Percussion therapy is an effective method to delay the loss of movement velocity in the bench press exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40135996","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40135996","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001355","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001355","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40135996/","title":"Percussive Massage Improved Quadriceps Pain Intensity, Fatigue, and Perceived Recovery After Habitual Running but had No Effect on Vertical Jump: Randomized Trial.","journal":"Clin J Sport Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Percussive massage improved pain intensity, fatigue, and perceived recovery after running but had no effect on vertical jump.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42249745","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42249745","doi":"10.1002/pri.70246","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.70246","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42249745/","title":"Acute Effect of Percussive Massage on Cross-Section Area, Muscle Strength, and Late Muscle Pain of the Quadriceps Muscle Following a Fatigue Protocol in Physically Active Men: Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"Physiother Res Int","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings suggest potential preliminary benefits for symptom relief without acute performance deficits.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39376896","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39376896","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2024.1432009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1432009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39376896/","title":"Comparison of the effects of cold water immersion and percussive massage on the recovery after exhausting eccentric exercise: A three-armed randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Front Physiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Neither CWI nor PM showed any significant improvement in performance recovery over the 72-h period following strenuous eccentric exercise compared to PR.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41185700","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41185700","doi":"10.7717/peerj.20304","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20304","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41185700/","title":"Acute effect of percussion and foam roller massage on flexibility, reactive and explosive strength, and muscular endurance in young adult males: a crossover pilot study.","journal":"PeerJ","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PM provides an immediate enhancement in hamstring flexibility superior to FR and no treatment, but none of the interventions acutely improve muscle reactive/explosive strength or endurance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40700185","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40700185","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10030249","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030249","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40700185/","title":"Foam Rolling or Percussive Massage for Muscle Recovery: Insights into Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS).","journal":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Foam rolling and percussive massage accelerate recovery of muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity after DOMS as compared to passive rest but offer no added benefit for pain relief.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no added benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33239942","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33239942","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33239942/","title":"The Acute Effects of a Percussive Massage Treatment with a Hypervolt Device on Plantar Flexor Muscles' Range of Motion and Performance.","journal":"J Sports Sci Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Similar to a conventional massage by a therapist, ROM can be increased by a handheld percussive massage treatment without having an effect on muscle strength.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37711710","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37711710","doi":"10.52082/jssm.2023.496","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2023.496","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37711710/","title":"The Acute Effects of Theragun™ Percussive Therapy on Viscoelastic Tissue Dynamics and Hamstring Group Range of Motion.","journal":"J Sports Sci Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PT therapy can provide an acute increase in hamstring group ROM following a resultant decrease in tissue stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decrease in tissue stiffness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39973652","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39973652","doi":"10.1177/10519815251317309","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10519815251317309","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39973652/","title":"Comparison of the impacts of percussion massage therapy, dynamic stretching, and kinesiology taping techniques on functional performance, muscular strength, and proprioception in the shoulder.","journal":"Work","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PMT and KT were more effective for proprioception, PMT and DS were more effective for functionality, and DS was most efficient in enhancing muscle strength.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41283559","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41283559","doi":"10.3390/jfmk10040452","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040452","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41283559/","title":"Advances in Non-Pharmacological Strategies for DOMS: A Scoping and Critical Review of Recent Evidence.","journal":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Emerging strategies such as cryosauna, vibration therapy, percussive massage, and polyphenol supplementation demonstrated significant benefits in reducing DOMS-related symptoms and enhancing recovery.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37368560","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37368560","doi":"10.3390/sports11060110","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11060110","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37368560/","title":"The Effects of Massage Therapy on Sport and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Sports (Basel)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The data revealed that massages, in general, do not affect motor abilities, except flexibility.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25290104","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25290104","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000000149","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000149","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25290104/","title":"Vibration Therapy Is No More Effective Than the Standard Practice of Massage and Stretching for Promoting Recovery From Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise.","journal":"Clin J Sport Med","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cycloidal vibration therapy is no more effective than the standard practice of stretching and massage to promote muscle recovery after the performance of muscle-damaging exercise.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30703272","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30703272","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30703272/","title":"Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exercise reduces the rate of falls by 23% (rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71 to 0.83; 12,981 participants, 59 studies; high-certainty evidence).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduces the rate of falls\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33239019","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33239019","doi":"10.1186/s12966-020-01041-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01041-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33239019/","title":"Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.","journal":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Interventions with a total weekly dose of 3+ h that included balance and functional exercises were particularly effective with a 42% reduction in rate of falls compared to control (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 0.58, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.76).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27707740","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27707740","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096547","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27707740/","title":"Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exercise as a single intervention can prevent falls in community-dwelling older people. Exercise programmes that challenge balance and are of a higher dose have larger effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22972103","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22972103","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972103/","title":"Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Multiple-component group exercise significantly reduced rate of falls (RaR 0.71, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.82; 16 trials; 3622 participants) and risk of falling (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.96; 22 trials; 5333 participants)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced rate of falls\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34318929","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34318929","doi":"10.1111/jgs.17375","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17375","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34318929/","title":"Interventions for preventing falls and fall-related fractures in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"J Am Geriatr Soc","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The following single interventions, compared with usual care, were associated with reductions in number of fall-related fractures: basic falls risk assessment (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.39-0.94) and exercise (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.42-0.90).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34886293","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34886293","doi":"10.3390/ijerph182312562","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312562","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34886293/","title":"The Effect of Exercise Intervention on Reducing the Fall Risk in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, an integrated intervention with a frequency of more than five times a week and a duration of more than 32 weeks are more effective in reducing the fall risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41122235","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41122235","doi":"10.7717/peerj.20190","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20190","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41122235/","title":"Effects of exercise intervention on falls and balance function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"PeerJ","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exercise intervention can enhance fall efficacy, reduce the number of falls, and improve balance function in older adults, and have a certain preventive effect on falls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26746905","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26746905","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2015-095452","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095452","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26746905/","title":"Step training improves reaction time, gait and balance and reduces falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings indicate that both reactive and volitional stepping interventions reduce falls among older adults by approximately 50%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34819097","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34819097","doi":"10.1186/s12984-021-00917-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-021-00917-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819097/","title":"Comparison between the effects of exergame intervention and traditional physical training on improving balance and fall prevention in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Neuroeng Rehabil","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The exergame intervention, especially the combination of EI and PT, is a promising strategy to improve balance control and reduce falls in healthy older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37097767","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37097767","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afad059","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afad059","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37097767/","title":"Effectiveness of exercise on fall prevention in community-dwelling older adults: a 2-year randomized controlled study of 914 women.","journal":"Age Ageing","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 14.3% fall rate reduction was detected in the exercise group (Incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.86; CI 95% 0.77-0.95) compared with the control group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40241440","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40241440","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.13804","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13804","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40241440/","title":"Heavy Strength Training in Older Adults: Implications for Health, Disease and Physical Performance.","journal":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"strength training can substantially improve maximal strength (1RM), rate of force development (RFD) and power, contributing to improved health, physical performance and fall prevention","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22016147","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22016147","doi":"10.1097/JES.0b013e31823b5f13","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31823b5f13","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22016147/","title":"Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults.","journal":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Muscle power declines earlier and more precipitously with advancing age compared with muscle strength. Peak muscle power also has emerged as an important predictor of functional limitations in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39743381","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39743381","doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39743381/","title":"Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR).","journal":"J Nutr Health Aging","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Multicomponent exercise interventions that include cognitive tasks significantly enhance the hallmarks of frailty (low body mass, strength, mobility, PA level, and energy) and cognitive function, thus preventing falls and optimizing functional capacity during aging.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33358204","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33358204","doi":"10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.10.021","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.10.021","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33358204/","title":"Risk factors for recurrent falls in older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis.","journal":"Maturitas","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Four domains predicted recurrent falls: balance and mobility (RR:1.32;95 % CI:[1.10, 1.59]), medication (RR:1.53;95 % CI:[1.11, 2.10]), psychological (RR:1.35;95 % CI:[1.03, 1.78]), and sensory and neuromuscular (RR:1.51;95 % CI:[1.18, 1.92]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40111452","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40111452","doi":"10.1007/s00264-025-06498-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-025-06498-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40111452/","title":"Nerve stimulation and neuromodulation for painful nerves: a narrative review.","journal":"Int Orthop","year":2025,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"According to this theory, non-painful sensory input carried by low-threshold large-diameter Aβ fibres disrupt the transmission of pain signals in small pain fibers (Aδ and C fibres).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31819603","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31819603","doi":"10.2147/JPR.S226600","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S226600","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31819603/","title":"Remote Analgesic Effects Of Conventional Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: A Scientific And Clinical Review With A Focus On Chronic Pain.","journal":"J Pain Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is scientific and clinical evidence that conventional TENS has remote analgesic effects. This may occur through modulation of pain processing at the level of the dorsal horn, in brainstem centers mediating descending inhibition, and within the pain matrix.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32072323","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32072323","doi":"10.1007/s11916-020-0846-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-020-0846-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32072323/","title":"Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Relieving Neuropathic Pain: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.","journal":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","year":2020,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Most clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of TENS in attenuating neuropathic pain and suggested that appropriate stimulation parameters (e.g., stimulation frequency and intensity) were critical to improving the analgesic effects of TENS.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31738014","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31738014","doi":"10.1002/art.41170","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41170","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31738014/","title":"Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Reduces Movement-Evoked Pain and Fatigue: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.","journal":"Arthritis Rheumatol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After 4 weeks, a greater reduction in movement-evoked pain was reported in the active TENS group versus the placebo TENS group (group mean difference -1.0 [95% confidence interval -1.8, -0.2]; P = 0.008)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in movement-evoked pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30029964","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30029964","doi":"10.1016/j.aprim.2018.03.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2018.03.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30029964/","title":"[Analgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in patients with fibromyalgia: A systematic review].","journal":"Aten Primaria","year":2018,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment with TENS is effective for reducing pain in people with fibromyalgia. In addition, the inclusion of TENS in therapeutic exercise programs seems to have a greater effect than practicing therapeutic exercise in isolation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28906393","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28906393","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000008036","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008036","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28906393/","title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for postoperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Medicine (Baltimore)","year":2017,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"TENS could significantly reduce pain and opioid consumption after total knee arthroplasty. In addition, there were fewer adverse effects in the TENS groups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37819201","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37819201","doi":"10.1515/sjpain-2023-0068","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2023-0068","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37819201/","title":"High-frequency, high-intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation compared with opioids for pain relief after gynecological surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Scand J Pain","year":2023,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was no detectable difference in postoperative pain relief between HFHI TENS and iv opioids after gynecological surgery. Moreover, HFHI TENS decreases recovery time and opioid consumption in PACU.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no detectable difference\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33215794","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33215794","doi":"10.1111/ner.13302","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13302","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33215794/","title":"Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Postoperative Pain, Pulmonary Function, and Opioid Consumption Following Cardiothoracic Procedures: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Neuromodulation","year":2020,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The addition of TENS therapy to multimodal analgesia significantly decreases pain following cardiothoracic surgery, increases the recovery of pulmonary function, and decreases the use of analgesics.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly decreases pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34971318","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34971318","doi":"10.1177/02692155211065636","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155211065636","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34971318/","title":"Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in people with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Clin Rehabil","year":2021,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"TENS could significantly relieve pain, decrease dysfunction and improve walking ability in people with KOA, but it is not effective for stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29394211","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29394211","doi":"10.1097/AAP.0000000000000740","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0000000000000740","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29394211/","title":"Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Treating Chronic Back Pain.","journal":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results suggest that TENS does not improve symptoms of lower back pain, but may offer short-term improvement of functional disability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37991646","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37991646","doi":"10.1007/s10926-023-10121-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-023-10121-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37991646/","title":"Systematic Review to Inform a World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Practice Guideline: Benefits and Harms of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Chronic Primary Low Back Pain in Adults.","journal":"J Occup Rehabil","year":2023,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Based on very low certainty evidence, TENS resulted in brief and marginal reductions in pain (not deemed clinically important) and a short-term reduction in pain catastrophizing in adults with CPLBP, while little to no differences were found for other outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32567333","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32567333","doi":"10.1177/0964528420921193","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0964528420921193","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32567333/","title":"A comparison of the effects of electroacupuncture versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control in knee osteoarthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Acupunct Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among the four treatments, H-TENS was found to be the optimal treatment choice for the management of KOA pain in the short-term, and EA the second best treatment option.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35616852","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35616852","doi":"10.1007/s40279-022-01699-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01699-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35616852/","title":"Foam Rolling Training Effects on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Sports Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our main analysis of 290 participants with a mean age of 23.9 (± 6.3 years) indicated a moderate effect of foam-rolling training on ROM increases in the experimental compared to the control group (ES = 0.823; Z = 3.237; 95% CI 0.325-1.322; p = 0.001; I = 72.76).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31628662","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31628662","doi":"10.1007/s40279-019-01205-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01205-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31628662/","title":"Acute Effects of Foam Rolling on Range of Motion in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Multilevel Meta-analysis.","journal":"Sports Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to NEX, FR had a large positive effect on ROM (SMD: 0.74, 95% CI 0.42-1.01, p = 0.0002), but was not superior to stretching (SMD: - 0.02, 95% CI - 0.73 to 0.69, p = 0.95).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not superior\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32825976","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32825976","doi":"10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.01.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.01.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825976/","title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of foam rolling on range of motion, recovery and markers of athletic performance.","journal":"J Bodyw Mov Ther","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Foam rolling increases range of motion, appears to be useful for recovery from exercise induced muscle damage, and there appear to be no detrimental effect of foam rolling on other athletic performance measures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31024339","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31024339","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2019.00376","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00376","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31024339/","title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Foam Rolling on Performance and Recovery.","journal":"Front Physiol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, it was determined that the effects of foam rolling on performance and recovery are rather minor and partly negligible, but can be relevant in some cases (e.g., to increase sprint performance and flexibility or to reduce muscle pain sensation).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36141907","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36141907","doi":"10.3390/ijerph191811638","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811638","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36141907/","title":"The Effects of Foam Rolling Training on Performance Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis including Controlled and Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, there were no significant performance changes with FR training and no specific circumstances leading to performance changes following FR training exceeding two weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant performance changes\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38244921","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38244921","doi":"10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38244921/","title":"Foam rolling and stretching do not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements compared to any other warm-up intervention: A systematic review with meta-analysis.","journal":"J Sport Health Sci","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results showed no significant differences in ROM (ES = 0.01, p = 0.88), stiffness (ES = 0.09, p = 0.67), or passive peak torque (ES = -0.30, p = 0.14) between stretching or foam rolling and the other identified activities.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant differences\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36227232","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36227232","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004385","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004385","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36227232/","title":"Foam Rolling Acute Effects on Myofascial Tissue Stiffness and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Strength Cond Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Foam rolling increases the knee extensor concentric torque, but it does not acutely change the myofascial tissue stiffness and isometric muscle strength.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34527633","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34527633","doi":"10.12965/jer.2142322.161","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142322.161","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34527633/","title":"Effect of vibration foam rolling on the range of motion in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Exerc Rehabil","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The VFR may be an additional option to improve the ROM in healthy adults and athletes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31803517","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31803517","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31803517/","title":"DURATION OF MYOFASCIAL ROLLING FOR OPTIMAL RECOVERY, RANGE OF MOTION, AND PERFORMANCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.","journal":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The most evidence-based benefit of MR is the alleviation of muscle soreness; seven of eight studies assessing pain/soreness resulted in a short-term reduction, and a minimum dose of 90 seconds per muscle appeared beneficial.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38760635","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38760635","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02041-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02041-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38760635/","title":"Static Stretch Training versus Foam Rolling Training Effects on Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Sports Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Static stretch (ES = - 1.006; p < 0.001), as well as foam rolling training (ES = - 0.729; p = 0.001), can increase joint ROM with a moderate magnitude compared with a control condition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34658909","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34658909","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2021.720531","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.720531","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34658909/","title":"A Comparison of the Effects of Foam Rolling and Stretching on Physical Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Front Physiol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found no significant overall effect, and the analysis revealed only a trend of the performance parameters in favor of foam rolling when compared to stretching (when considering all techniques).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant overall effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23575360","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23575360","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0b013e31829480f5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31829480f5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23575360/","title":"Acute effects of self-myofascial release using a foam roller on arterial function.","journal":"J Strength Cond Res","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results indicate that SMR using a foam roller reduces arterial stiffness and improves vascular endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25415413","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25415413","doi":"10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25415413/","title":"Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures.","journal":"J Athl Train","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Foam rolling effectively reduced DOMS and associated decrements in most dynamic performance measures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30787665","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30787665","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30787665/","title":"Effects of Vibration and Non-Vibration Foam Rolling on Recovery after Exercise with Induced Muscle Damage.","journal":"J Sports Sci Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results suggest that the VFR group achieved greater short-term benefits in pain perception and passive extension hip joint ROM. Both protocols were effective in improving PPT, SmO2, CMJ and knee joint ROM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31684705","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31684705","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.19.10142-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.19.10142-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31684705/","title":"The effectiveness of three different recovery methods on blood lactate, acute muscle performance, and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomized comparative study.","journal":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study showed that AR, NMES, and FR have similar effects on Bla removal, performance recovery, and DOMS reduction in healthy young individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36834155","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36834155","doi":"10.3390/ijerph20043461","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043461","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36834155/","title":"Effects of Different Recovery Modalities on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, Recovery Perceptions, and Performance Following a Bout of High-Intensity Functional Training.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of the FR technique during the cooldown phase of a HIFT session may be helpful in improving an individual's perception of recovery.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21922259","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21922259","doi":"10.1007/s00421-011-2167-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2167-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21922259/","title":"Low intensity blood flow restriction training: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Eur J Appl Physiol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The mean overall effect size (ES) for muscle strength for LI-BFR was 0.58 [95% CI: 0.40, 0.76], and 0.00 [95% CI: -0.18, 0.17] for low intensity training.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36083329","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36083329","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000000991","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000991","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36083329/","title":"Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy for Muscular Strength, Hypertrophy, and Endurance in Healthy and Special Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Clin J Sport Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Blood flow restriction training produced increases in muscular strength, hypertrophy, and endurance. Comparing LI-BFR training with HIRT, HIRT was a significantly better training modality for increasing muscle hypertrophy and strength.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increases in muscular strength\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38773002","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38773002","doi":"10.1186/s40798-024-00719-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00719-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38773002/","title":"Potential Moderators of the Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis Based on a Comparison with High-Load Resistance Training.","journal":"Sports Med Open","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to HL-RT, training status is an important factor influencing the effects of the BFR-RT, in which trained can obtain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy gains in BFR-RT, while untrained individuals can obtain greater strength gains and similar hypertrophy in HL-RT.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38900180","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38900180","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000004800","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004800","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38900180/","title":"Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"J Strength Cond Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results indicated that AT + BFR was more beneficial for inducing muscle hypertrophy than aerobic training without BFR (SMD [95% CI] = 0.86 [0.37-1.35]; I2 = 42%). Furthermore, AT + BFR was associated with greater improvements in muscle strength (SMD [95% CI] = 0.41 [0.10-0.72]; I2 = 0%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with greater\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39558011","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39558011","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-79506-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79506-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39558011/","title":"Effectiveness of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction vs. conventional high-intensity resistance training in older people diagnosed with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"By comparison, CRT seems more effective in improving muscle mass, while LRT-BFR may be more beneficial for improving cardiovascular health in this population. Therefore, LRT-BFR is a potential alternative to CRT for aging sarcopenia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31033228","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31033228","doi":"10.1002/acr.23911","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23911","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31033228/","title":"Low-Load Resistance Training With Blood-Flow Restriction in Relation to Muscle Function, Mass, and Functionality in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis.","journal":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"BFRT and HL-RT were similarly effective in increasing maximum dynamic strength in both leg press (22.8% and 24.2%, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all) and knee extension (19.7% and 23.8%, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33837592","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33837592","doi":"10.1111/sms.13968","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13968","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33837592/","title":"Functional and molecular adaptations of quadriceps and hamstring muscles to blood flow restricted training in patients with ACL rupture.","journal":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Similarly, change in peak torque of knee extensors was significantly (p < 0.05) larger in BFR (14%) compared with SHAM-BFR (-1%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28259850","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28259850","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-097071","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097071","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28259850/","title":"Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Analysis of pooled data indicated low-load BFR training had a moderate effect on increasing strength (Hedges' g=0.523, 95% CI 0.263 to 0.784, p<0.001), but was less effective than heavy-load training (Hedges' g=0.674, 95% CI 0.296 to 1.052, p<0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35563694","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35563694","doi":"10.3390/cells11091389","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11091389","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35563694/","title":"Selected Methods of Resistance Training for Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia.","journal":"Cells","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At present, there is much research evidence that blood-flow-restricted low-load resistance training (20-30% of one repetition maximum (1RM)) has been reported as a sarcopenia countermeasure in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38541735","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38541735","doi":"10.3390/life14030411","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life14030411","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38541735/","title":"Effects of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Anabolism Biomarkers and Thrombotic Biomarkers Compared with Traditional Training in Healthy Adults Older Than 60 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Life (Basel)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"LL-BFRT is a safe training methodology for older adults, showing moderate-quality evidence of no increase in thrombotic biomarkers compared with traditional LL training.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36604156","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36604156","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2022-106069","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106069","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36604156/","title":"Investigating the autoregulation of applied blood flow restriction training pressures in healthy, physically active adults: an intervention study evaluating acute training responses and safety.","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Autoregulation appears to enhance safety and performance in both fixed and failure BFR-training protocols. AUTO BFR training did not seem to affect cardiovascular stress differently, but was associated with lower DOMS, perceived effort and discomfort compared with NAUTO.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40822736","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40822736","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1587615","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1587615","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40822736/","title":"Acute safety, cardiovascular, perceptual and neuromuscular responses to autoregulated and non-autoregulated blood flow restriction training during elbow rehabilitation in people with hemophilia.","journal":"Front Sports Act Living","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"BFR at 50%LOP during arm exercise with either AUTO or NAUTO appears to be equally safe in PWH, but AUTO showed trends for improved cardiovascular and neuromuscular responses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33647529","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33647529","doi":"10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.02.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.02.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33647529/","title":"Comparison of blood flow restriction devices and their effect on quadriceps muscle activation.","journal":"Phys Ther Sport","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Quadriceps EMG amplitude was greater during high-load resistance exercise versus low-load BFR exercise and there were no differences in EMG findings between BFRT devices.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40362811","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40362811","doi":"10.3390/nu17091504","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091504","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40362811/","title":"Exercise, Nutrition, and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Sarcopenic Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Management in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMES serves as an effective adjunct for accelerating fat loss, while nutritional strategies require integration with exercise or prolonged implementation to yield clinically meaningful outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34106246","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34106246","doi":"10.1093/ptj/pzab144","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzab144","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34106246/","title":"Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Mass in Healthy Young and Older Adults: A Scoping Review.","journal":"Phys Ther","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The very limited available evidence from 5 RCTs in older adults suggests that NMES might be beneficial for increasing quadriceps muscle strength and mass.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32291224","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32291224","doi":"10.1016/j.jphys.2020.03.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2020.03.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32291224/","title":"Intradialytic neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves functional capacity and muscle strength in people receiving haemodialysis: a systematic review.","journal":"J Physiother","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMES increased knee extensor muscle strength (MD 3.5 kg, 95% CI 2.3 to 4.7) and handgrip strength (MD 2.4 kg, 95% CI 0.4 to 4.4). Muscle mass/architecture was not substantially affected.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increased knee extensor muscle\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33098419","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33098419","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afaa209","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa209","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33098419/","title":"Interventions to ameliorate reductions in muscle quantity and function in hospitalised older adults: a systematic review towards acute sarcopenia treatment.","journal":"Age Ageing","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is currently insufficient evidence for effective interventions to ameliorate changes in muscle function/quantity in hospitalised older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23949160","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23949160","doi":"10.1007/s11357-013-9575-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9575-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23949160/","title":"Impact of whole-body electromyostimulation on body composition in elderly women at risk for sarcopenia: the Training and ElectroStimulation Trial (TEST-III).","journal":"Age (Dordr)","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"we conclude that for elderly subjects unable or unwilling to perform dynamic strength exercises, electromyostimulation may be a less off-putting alternative to maintain lean body mass and strength.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27289534","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27289534","doi":"10.1007/s00198-016-3662-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3662-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27289534/","title":"Whole-body electromyostimulation to fight sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older women at risk. Resultsof the randomized controlled FORMOsA-sarcopenic obesity study.","journal":"Osteoporos Int","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WB-EMS is a safe and attractive method for increasing muscle mass and functional capacity in this cohort of women 70+ with SO; however, the effect on body fat is minor. Protein-enriched supplements did not increase effects of WB-EMS alone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not increase\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29675640","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29675640","doi":"10.1007/s00223-018-0424-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-018-0424-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29675640/","title":"Effects of Combined Whole-Body Electromyostimulation and Protein Supplementation on Local and Overall Muscle/Fat Distribution in Older Men with Sarcopenic Obesity: The Randomized Controlled Franconia Sarcopenic Obesity (FranSO) Study.","journal":"Calcif Tissue Int","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WB-EMS combined with whey protein supplements favorably affects local and overall muscle/fat distribution and lower limb functioning in cdw men 70+ with SO.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33323715","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33323715","doi":"10.1097/MCO.0000000000000714","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000714","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33323715/","title":"Therapeutic strategies for sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review.","journal":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Electrical acupuncture and whole-body electromyostimulation associated with nutritional supplementation resulted to be novel effective strategies in inducing body composition changes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22095207","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22095207","doi":"10.2522/ptj.20110124","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110124","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22095207/","title":"Early neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve quadriceps muscle strength after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Phys Ther","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The early addition of NMES effectively attenuated loss of quadriceps muscle strength and improved functional performance following TKA. The effects were most pronounced and clinically meaningful within the first month after surgery, but persisted through 1 year after surgery.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32610358","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32610358","doi":"10.1055/s-0040-1713420","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713420","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32610358/","title":"Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Use after Total Knee Arthroplasty Improves Early Return to Function: A Randomized Trial.","journal":"J Knee Surg","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Use of a home-based application-controlled NMES therapy system added to standard of care treatment showed statistically significant improvements in quadriceps strength and TUG following TKA, supporting a quicker return to function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35856287","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35856287","doi":"10.1002/jor.25418","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.25418","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35856287/","title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation preserves muscle strength early after total knee arthroplasty: Effects on muscle fiber size.","journal":"J Orthop Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results suggest that NMES mitigates early muscle weakness following TKA, in part, via effects on fast-twitch, type II muscle fiber size.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32631074","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32631074","doi":"10.1177/0363546520933622","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520933622","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32631074/","title":"Utility of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Preserve Quadriceps Muscle Fiber Size and Contractility After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries and Reconstruction: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Blinded Trial.","journal":"Am J Sports Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Early NMES use reduced skeletal muscle fiber atrophy in MHC II fibers and preserved contractility in MHC I fibers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24251881","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24251881","doi":"10.1111/apha.12200","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12200","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24251881/","title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prevents muscle disuse atrophy during leg immobilization in humans.","journal":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In CON, immobilization reduced quadriceps CSA by 3.5 ± 0.5% (P < 0.0001) and muscle strength by 9 ± 2% (P < 0.05). In contrast, no significant muscle loss was detected following immobilization in NMES although strength declined by 7 ± 3% (P < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28970205","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28970205","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28970205/","title":"Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Reintroduction of some level of muscle contraction by the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can augment both postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates and, as such, prevent or attenuate muscle loss during short-term disuse in various clinical populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31456697","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31456697","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2019.01031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31456697/","title":"Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Potential Countermeasure for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Weakness During Human Spaceflight.","journal":"Front Physiol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) evokes involuntary muscle contractions, which have the potential to preserve or restore skeletal muscle mass and neuromuscular function during and/or post spaceflight.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30549053","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30549053","doi":"10.1002/mus.26396","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26396","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30549053/","title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in early rehabilitation of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A pilot study.","journal":"Muscle Nerve","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NMES seems safe and feasible in the early phase of GBS. Further studies are needed to explore effect on muscle function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37531573","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37531573","doi":"10.1513/AnnalsATS.202303-248OC","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202303-248OC","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37531573/","title":"Hypoxic Burden Based on Automatically Identified Desaturations Is Associated with Adverse Health Outcomes.","journal":"Ann Am Thorac Soc","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Recent studies have shown that sleep apnea-specific intermittent hypoxemia quantified by the hypoxic burden (HB) predicted cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality in community-based and clinical cohorts.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34648724","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34648724","doi":"10.1164/rccm.202105-1274OC","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202105-1274OC","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34648724/","title":"Sleep Apnea-Specific Hypoxic Burden, Symptom Subtypes, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality.","journal":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a fully adjusted model, HB and overall nocturnal hypoxemia assessed by sleep time with oxygen saturation <90% were the only predictors of MACE (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.38; and hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.55, respectively).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36115739","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36115739","doi":"10.1016/j.arbres.2022.08.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2022.08.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36115739/","title":"Hypoxic Burden in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Present and Future.","journal":"Arch Bronconeumol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"According to recent studies, the sleep apnea-specific \"hypoxic burden (HB)\", defined as the sum of individual areas under the oxygen desaturation curve, has shown some promise in identifying high risk individuals with OSA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39229876","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39229876","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001122","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000001122","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39229876/","title":"Hypoxic burden - definitions, pathophysiological concepts, methods of evaluation, and clinical relevance.","journal":"Curr Opin Pulm Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"More recently, area-based measures that attempt to characterize the depth and duration of oxygen desaturations, i.e., nocturnal hypoxia in OSA, have been shown to better relate to incident cardiovascular disease than AHI.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36045914","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36045914","doi":"10.2147/NSS.S374572","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S374572","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36045914/","title":"Impact of Desaturation Patterns versus Apnea-Hypopnea Index in the Development of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients.","journal":"Nat Sci Sleep","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Nocturnal hypoxemia is the hallmark of OSA and new quantitative markers, as hypoxic burden or desaturation severity, have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular (CV) mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39786443","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39786443","doi":"10.1093/sleep/zsae307","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae307","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39786443/","title":"Central sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease state-of-the-art.","journal":"Sleep","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among cardiovascular diseases, central sleep apnea is most prevalent in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction; a large study of more than 900 treated patients has shown a dose-dependent relationship between nocturnal desaturation and mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35246797","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35246797","doi":"10.1007/s11906-022-01181-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-022-01181-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35246797/","title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension: Updates to a Critical Relationship.","journal":"Curr Hypertens Rep","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Home sleep studies are noninferior to formal polysomnography for OSA diagnosis. Nocturnal oxygen desaturation rate is positively correlated with HTN severity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36796834","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36796834","doi":"10.1183/13993003.01621-2022","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01621-2022","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36796834/","title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and 5-year cognitive decline in the elderly.","journal":"Eur Respir J","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our results provide evidence of the contribution of OSA and nocturnal hypoxaemia to cognitive decline in the elderly population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39302096","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39302096","doi":"10.1111/ene.16491","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.16491","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39302096/","title":"Hypoxemia during rapid eye movement sleep mediates memory impairment in older adults at risk for dementia via CA1 hippocampal volume loss.","journal":"Eur J Neurol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hypoxemia during REM sleep may impair memory in people at risk for dementia by reducing CA1 hippocampal volume.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40982115","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40982115","doi":"10.1007/s10877-025-01358-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-025-01358-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40982115/","title":"Accuracy of vital sign monitoring using a photoplethysmography upper arm wearable device in postoperative non-cardiac surgery patients: a prospective observational clinical validation study.","journal":"J Clin Monit Comput","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The viQtor® device demonstrated high accuracy for RR, HR, and SpO₂ in postoperative patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40346945","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40346945","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70093","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70093","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40346945/","title":"Clinical Validation of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sleep Staging From Oximetry and Photoplethysmography-SleepAI.","journal":"J Sleep Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For OSA severity classification (non-OSA, mild, moderate, severe), SleepAI achieved an overall accuracy of 89%, with F1-scores of 1.0, 1.0, 0.9, and 0.88, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32049066","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32049066","doi":"10.2196/16811","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/16811","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32049066/","title":"Accuracy of Vital Signs Measurements by a Smartwatch and a Portable Health Device: Validation Study.","journal":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both devices we investigated met accuracy guidelines for HR measurements, but they failed to meet the predefined accuracy guidelines for other vital sign measurements. Continued sale of consumer physiological monitors without prior validation and approval procedures is a public health concern.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"failed to meet\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25880649","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25880649","doi":"10.1186/s12890-015-0017-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-015-0017-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25880649/","title":"Validation of overnight oximetry to diagnose patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.","journal":"BMC Pulm Med","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overnight pulse oximetry provides satisfactory diagnostic performance in detecting severe OSA patients. Home-styled oximetry may be a tool for severe OSA diagnosis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30057161","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30057161","doi":"10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.07.124","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.07.124","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30057161/","title":"Diagnostic accuracy of overnight oximetry for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in atrial fibrillation patients.","journal":"Int J Cardiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The ODI was able to detect moderate-to-severe SDB (AHI ≥ 15/h; area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC): 0.951, 95% CI: 0.929-0.972) and severe SDB (AHI ≥ 30/h; 0.932, 95% CI: 0.895-0.968) with high diagnostic accuracy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29064874","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29064874","doi":"10.1213/ANE.0000000000002557","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002557","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29064874/","title":"Continuous Pulse Oximetry and Capnography Monitoring for Postoperative Respiratory Depression and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Anesth Analg","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of CPOX on the surgical ward is associated with significant improvement in the detection of oxygen desaturation versus intermittent nursing spot-checks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35679133","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35679133","doi":"10.4187/respcare.09769","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.09769","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35679133/","title":"Racial Disparities in Occult Hypoxemia and Clinically Based Mitigation Strategies to Apply in Advance of Technological Advancements.","journal":"Respir Care","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The frequency of occult hypoxemia was 7.9% versus 2.9% between Black and white subjects, respectively, (< .001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39860931","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39860931","doi":"10.3390/s25020559","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020559","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39860931/","title":"Monte Carlo Simulation of the Effect of Melanin Concentration on Light-Tissue Interactions in Reflectance Pulse Oximetry.","journal":"Sensors (Basel)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results indicate that a one-algorithm-fits-all calibration approach may be insufficient, and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of at least 0.3956%, 0.9132%, and 8.4111% for light, moderate, and dark skin are observed when compared to transmittance calibration algorithms.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39501163","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39501163","doi":"10.1186/s12888-024-06218-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06218-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39501163/","title":"Effect of weighted blankets on sleep quality among adults with insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial.","journal":"BMC Psychiatry","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The weighted blanket group had significant improvements in sleep quality compared to the normal blanket group after 1 month of intervention (changes in the mean [SD] of PSQI score: -4.1 [4.1] vs. -2.0 [3.2], P = 0.006).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39341068","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39341068","doi":"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.09.027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.09.027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39341068/","title":"The effect of weighted blankets on sleep quality and mental health symptoms in people with psychiatric disorders in inpatient and outpatient settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Psychiatr Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"When compared to placebo, those using weighted blankets had improvements to anxiety symptoms (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.25, p < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38740439","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38740439","doi":"10.1111/jsr.14238","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14238","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38740439/","title":"The efficacy of ball blankets on insomnia in depression in outpatient clinics: A randomised crossover multicentre trial.","journal":"J Sleep Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Protac Ball Blanket® increased total night-time sleep by 12.9 min (95% confidence interval: 1.21-24.63, p = 0.031).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34425251","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34425251","doi":"10.1016/j.jpain.2021.07.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2021.07.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425251/","title":"Widespread Pressure Delivered by a Weighted Blanket Reduces Chronic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Pain","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After controlling for expectations and trait anxiety, the heavy weighted blanket produced significantly greater reductions in broad perceptions of chronic pain than the light weighted blanket (Cohen's f = .19, CI [-1.97, -.91]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42067993","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42067993","doi":"10.1111/ipd.70085","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.70085","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42067993/","title":"Weighted Blankets for Special Children: A Randomized Crossover Trial Investigating Effects on Dental Anxiety and Physiological Responses.","journal":"Int J Paediatr Dent","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Use of weighted blankets significantly reduced anxiety and physiological markers across both groups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced anxiety\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25022743","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25022743","doi":"10.1542/peds.2013-4285","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-4285","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25022743/","title":"Weighted blankets and sleep in autistic children--a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Pediatrics","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of a weighted blanket did not help children with ASD sleep for a longer period of time, fall asleep significantly faster, or wake less often. However, the weighted blanket was favored by children and parents, and blankets were well tolerated over this period.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32204779","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32204779","doi":"10.5014/ajot.2020.037358","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.037358","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32204779/","title":"Weighted Blanket Use: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Am J Occup Ther","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Weighted blankets may be an appropriate therapeutic tool in reducing anxiety; however, there is not enough evidence to suggest they are helpful with insomnia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39163284","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39163284","doi":"10.5014/ajot.2024.050676","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2024.050676","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39163284/","title":"Weighted Blankets as a Sleep Intervention: A Scoping Review.","journal":"Am J Occup Ther","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Positive outcomes were reported for adults, including improved sleep, reduction in medication use, and improved mood. Sleep outcomes were mixed for children and adolescents but included improved occupational performance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40792489","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40792489","doi":"10.1177/13623613251362273","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613251362273","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40792489/","title":"Pharmacological or non-pharmacological therapies? The impact of different therapies on sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"Autism","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Behavioral strategies, like structured bedtime routines, showed moderate benefits, while therapies like weighted blankets or iron supplements had little impact.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32051244","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32051244","doi":"10.1212/WNL.0000000000009033","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009033","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32051244/","title":"Practice guideline: Treatment for insomnia and disrupted sleep behavior in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.","journal":"Neurology","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Clinicians should counsel that there is currently no evidence to support the routine use of weighted blankets or specialized mattress technology for improving disrupted sleep.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36184925","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36184925","doi":"10.1111/jsr.13743","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13743","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36184925/","title":"A weighted blanket increases pre-sleep salivary concentrations of melatonin in young, healthy adults.","journal":"J Sleep Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"When using a weighted blanket, the 1 hour increase of salivary melatonin from baseline (i.e., 22:00) to lights off (i.e., 23:00) was about 32% higher (p = 0.011).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34106812","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34106812","doi":"10.1080/08039488.2021.1931713","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2021.1931713","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34106812/","title":"Weighted blanket and sleep medication use among adults with psychiatric diagnosis - a population-based register study.","journal":"Nord J Psychiatry","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This observational register study found a statistically significant association between WB use and decreased use of common sleep medication except melatonin that increased slightly.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38656790","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38656790","doi":"10.5664/jcsm.11186","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.11186","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38656790/","title":"Changed sleep according to weighted blanket adherence in a 16-week sleep intervention among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.","journal":"J Clin Sleep Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Improvements in sleep were more likely among WB adherents vs nonadherents. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may thus benefit from using WBs to handle their sleep problems.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24419314","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24419314","doi":"10.1097/01.pra.0000442942.01479.ce","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000442942.01479.ce","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24419314/","title":"Adjunctive deep touch pressure for comorbid anxiety in bipolar disorder: mediated by control of sensory input?","journal":"J Psychiatr Pract","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_compounds":"Weighted Sleep Blanket Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p177","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"177","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Deep touch pressure, a technique in which firm touch is applied to the body either by the self or by a machine, has been shown to improve functioning and reduce symptoms of anxiety in these populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10473955","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10473955","doi":"10.1159/000051373","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000051373","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10473955/","title":"Biological activities of topical retinaldehyde.","journal":"Dermatology","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These studies indicate that topical RAL has biological activity and is well tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10473963","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10473963","doi":"10.1159/000051381","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000051381","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10473963/","title":"Tolerance profile of retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid under maximized and long-term clinical conditions.","journal":"Dermatology","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The natural retinoids ROL and RAL do have a good tolerance profile, in contrast with the irritating potential of RA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20442078","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20442078","doi":"10.1177/1090820X09360704","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X09360704","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20442078/","title":"Cosmeceuticals: the evidence behind the retinoids.","journal":"Aesthet Surg J","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"cosmeceuticals containing retinaldehyde have been shown in large randomized, controlled trials to have the most beneficial effect on aging skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31309627","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31309627","doi":"10.1111/exd.14005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31309627/","title":"In situ antioxidant activity of a dermo-cosmetic product: A randomized controlled clinical study.","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The tested product significantly improved the skin antioxidant capacity after 15 and 30 days and significantly decreased the basal level of the skin LPO.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36220974","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36220974","doi":"10.1007/s12325-022-02319-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-022-02319-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36220974/","title":"Use of Retinoids in Topical Antiaging Treatments: A Focused Review of Clinical Evidence for Conventional and Nanoformulations.","journal":"Adv Ther","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In general, there is a lack of evidence from properly designed clinical trials to support the claimed efficacy of the most commonly used retinoids as antiaging agents in cosmeceuticals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11696066","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11696066","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00892.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00892.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11696066/","title":"The role of retinoids in the prevention and repair of aged and photoaged skin.","journal":"Clin Exp Dermatol","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical retinoids, namely tretinoin, have been proven to prevent and repair clinical features of photoageing; these processes are facilitated by an ability to prevent loss of collagen from, and stimulate new collagen formation in, the papillary dermis of sun-exposed skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15773538","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15773538","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15773538/","title":"The mechanism of action of topical retinoids.","journal":"Cutis","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"When topical tretinoin is applied to human skin, any collagen deficiency existing in photoaged skin is remedied at least partially, and the skin is primed to prevent further matrix degradation induced by solar UV.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10692106","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10692106","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00902.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00902.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10692106/","title":"Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin.","journal":"J Invest Dermatol","year":2000,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"topical application of 1% vitamin A for 7 d increased fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis, and concomitantly reduced the levels of matrix-degrading matrix metalloproteinases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21488975","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21488975","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01278.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01278.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21488975/","title":"Retinoids suppress cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1), a negative regulator of collagen homeostasis, in skin equivalent cultures and aged human skin in vivo.","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical treatment with retinol (vitamin A, 0.4%) for 7days significantly reduced CCN1 mRNA and protein expression in both chronologically aged (80+years) and photoaged human skin in vivo, compared to vehicle-treated skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11348454","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11348454","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01322.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01322.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348454/","title":"A short-term screening protocol, using fibrillin-1 as a reporter molecule, for photoaging repair agents.","journal":"J Invest Dermatol","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After application of 0.025% all-trans retinoic acid, there was increased deposition of both these dermal matrix components, with the aberrant elastic fibers no longer apparent.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17014483","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17014483","doi":"10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006.00085.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006.00085.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17014483/","title":"Retinoid therapy of pigmentary disorders.","journal":"Dermatol Ther","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical retinoids such as all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin), retinol, retinaldehyde, tazarotene, and adapalene have been shown to improve dyspigmentation of photodamaged skin including mottling and actinic lentigines.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8919045","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8919045","doi":"10.1007/BF02505265","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02505265","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8919045/","title":"Peeling agents and irritants, unlike tretinoin, do not stimulate collagen synthesis in the photoaged hairless mouse.","journal":"Arch Dermatol Res","year":1996,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Microscopic measurements showed that the tretinoin-induced zone of new collagen was twice the depth of that induced by irritants or vehicle.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11896774","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11896774","doi":"10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.01129.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.01129.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11896774/","title":"Double-blind, half-face study comparing topical vitamin C and vehicle for rejuvenation of photodamage.","journal":"Dermatol Surg","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This formulation of vitamin C results in clinically visible and statistically significant improvement in wrinkling when used topically for 12 weeks. This clinical improvement correlates with biopsy evidence of new collagen formation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34910367","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34910367","doi":"10.1111/jocd.14604","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14604","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34910367/","title":"Evaluation of the anti-wrinkle effect of a lipophilic pro-vitamin C derivative, tetra-isopalmitoyl ascorbic acid.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results indicate that topical application of VC-IP cream reduces periorbital wrinkles caused by skin aging.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28833652","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28833652","doi":"10.1111/jdv.14525","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14525","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28833652/","title":"Bateman purpura (dermatoporosis): a localized scurvy treated by topical vitamin C - double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Twice-daily application of 5% topical vitamin C led to a clinically apparent improvement of the skin symptoms and allows beneficial effects on skin elasticity and thickness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18503551","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18503551","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00732.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00732.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18503551/","title":"Clinical, biometric and structural evaluation of the long-term effects of a topical treatment with ascorbic acid and madecassoside in photoaged human skin.","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After 6 months of treatment, we observed a significant improvement of the clinical score for deep and superficial wrinkles, suppleness, firmness, roughness and skin hydration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15258452","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15258452","doi":"10.1159/000078824","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000078824","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15258452/","title":"Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo efficacy.","journal":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Application of 3% ascorbic acid in a 12-week placebo-controlled usage study indicated a significant reduction of facial wrinkles.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18603326","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18603326","doi":"10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18603326/","title":"A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation.","journal":"J Am Acad Dermatol","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CEFer provided substantial UV photoprotection for skin. It is particularly effective for reducing thymine dimer mutations known to be associated with skin cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38525606","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38525606","doi":"10.1111/jocd.16292","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.16292","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38525606/","title":"Prospective randomized double-blind comparative study of topical acetyl zingerone with tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate versus tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate alone on facial photoaging.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Daily use of combined THDA and AZ may improve facial wrinkle severity, pigment intensity, and erythema to a greater extent than THDA. While THDA alone increases facial wrinkle severity and erythema, the addition of AZ reduces both.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38758222","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38758222","doi":"10.1007/s00403-024-02908-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-024-02908-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38758222/","title":"Cosmeceuticals for antiaging: a systematic review of safety and efficacy.","journal":"Arch Dermatol Res","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum;Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p179;p181","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"179;181","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Retinol and vitamin C for antiaging received a Grade A for recommendation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37128827","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37128827","doi":"10.1111/jocd.15748","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15748","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37128827/","title":"Efficacy of topical vitamin C in melasma and photoaging: A systematic review.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study revealed that vitamin C is effective in treating uneven, wrinkled skin and has depigmenting properties, but long-term use may be needed to achieve noticeable changes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28805671","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28805671","doi":"10.3390/nu9080866","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28805671/","title":"The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Normal skin contains high concentrations of vitamin C, which supports important and well-known functions, stimulating collagen synthesis and assisting in antioxidant protection against UV-induced photodamage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29104718","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29104718","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29104718/","title":"Topical Vitamin C and the Skin: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications.","journal":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It also has an antiaging effect by increasing collagen synthesis, stabilizing collagen fibers, and decreasing collagen degradation. It decreases melanin formation, thereby reducing pigmentation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16185284","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16185284","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23768.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23768.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16185284/","title":"Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin.","journal":"J Invest Dermatol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Its incorporation into a topical solution of 15%l-ascorbic acid and 1%alpha-tocopherol improved chemical stability of the vitamins (C+E) and doubled photoprotection to solar-simulated irradiation of skin from 4-fold to approximately 8-fold as measured by both erythema and sunburn cell formation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19146606","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19146606","doi":"10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00408.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00408.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19146606/","title":"Protective effects of a topical antioxidant mixture containing vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin against ultraviolet-induced photodamage in human skin.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study confirms the protective role of a unique mixture of antioxidants containing vitamin C, ferulic acid, and phloretin on human skin from the harmful effects of UV irradiation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"harmful\" | favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35238148","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35238148","doi":"10.1111/jocd.14892","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14892","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35238148/","title":"In vivo evaluation of topical ascorbic acid application on skin aging by 50 MHz ultrasound.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that collagen synthesis significantly increased after topical therapy with AA, which was responsible for the increment in dermal echogenicity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15674885","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15674885","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD001782.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001782.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15674885/","title":"Interventions for photodamaged skin.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"One small within-patient study showed benefit from topical ascorbic acid compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18492135","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18492135","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00228.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00228.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18492135/","title":"Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin.","journal":"Int J Cosmet Sci","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Niacinamide was well tolerated by the skin and provided significant improvements versus control in end points evaluated previously: fine lines/wrinkles, hyperpigmentation spots, texture, and red blotchiness. In addition, skin yellowing (sallowness) versus control was significantly improved.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19017042","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19017042","doi":"10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00537.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00537.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19017042/","title":"Evaluation of anti-wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide.","journal":"J Dermatol","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This cosmetic showed marked and moderate improvement in 64% of the subjects with a significant difference as compared with the control site (P < 0.001). Wrinkle grades in the tested area significantly reduced more than pre-application (P < 0.001) and the control (P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10971324","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10971324","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2133.2000.03705.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2000.03705.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10971324/","title":"Nicotinamide increases biosynthesis of ceramides as well as other stratum corneum lipids to improve the epidermal permeability barrier.","journal":"Br J Dermatol","year":2000,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical application of nicotinamide increased ceramide and free fatty acid levels in the stratum corneum, and decreased transepidermal water loss in dry skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15807725","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15807725","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02375.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02375.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15807725/","title":"Moisturizing effects of topical nicotinamide on atopic dry skin.","journal":"Int J Dermatol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Nicotinamide significantly decreased transepidermal water loss, but white petrolatum did not show any significant effect. Both nicotinamide and white petrolatum increased stratum corneum hydration, but nicotinamide was significantly more effective than white petrolatum.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not show\" | favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22206073","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22206073","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22206073/","title":"Two randomized, controlled, comparative studies of the stratum corneum integrity benefits of two cosmetic niacinamide/glycerin body moisturizers vs. conventional body moisturizers.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These studies establish the benefit of including niacinamide in a body moisturizer to improve the integrity of the stratum corneum and thus reduce cosmetic xerosis over time.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16766489","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16766489","doi":"10.1080/14764170600717704","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14764170600717704","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16766489/","title":"The effect of 2% niacinamide on facial sebum production.","journal":"J Cosmet Laser Ther","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of the Japanese study demonstrated that the SER of the two groups was not significantly different at baseline, but the 2% niacinamide treated group demonstrated significantly lowered SER after 2 and 4 weeks of application.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not significantly different\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26488693","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26488693","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1506197","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506197","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26488693/","title":"A Phase 3 Randomized Trial of Nicotinamide for Skin-Cancer Chemoprevention.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 12 months, the rate of new nonmelanoma skin cancers was lower by 23% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4 to 38) in the nicotinamide group than in the placebo group (P=0.02).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19958429","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19958429","doi":"10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00470.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00470.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19958429/","title":"Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N-undecyl-10-enoyl-L-phenylalanine and its combination with niacinamide.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In both studies, the combination formulation was significantly more effective than the vehicle and the 5% niacinamide formulation in reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation after 8 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20374604","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20374604","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09436.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09436.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20374604/","title":"A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen.","journal":"Br J Dermatol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The cosmetic regimen significantly improved wrinkle appearance after 8 weeks relative to tretinoin, with comparable benefits after 24 weeks. The cosmetic regimen was significantly better tolerated than tretinoin through 8 weeks by all measures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31741361","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31741361","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31741361/","title":"Topical Treatments for Melasma: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum;Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180;p195","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"180;195","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cysteamine, triple combination therapy, and tranexamic acid received strong clinical recommendations for the treatment of melasma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37753690","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37753690","doi":"10.1111/srt.13475","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13475","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37753690/","title":"A single-center, randomized, controlled study on the efficacy of niacinamide-containing body emollients combined with cleansing gel in the treatment of mild atopic dermatitis.","journal":"Skin Res Technol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The use of niacinamide-containing body emollients can significantly improve the clinical symptoms, quality of life, and skin barrier function in patients with mild AD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42108609","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42108609","doi":"10.1111/jocd.70898","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70898","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42108609/","title":"Efficacy of a Topical Formulation on Skin Hydration and Barrier Function in Individuals With Xerosis: A 28-Day Randomized, Split-Leg, Untreated-Controlled Trial.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The topical formulation appeared to be an effective and well-tolerated emollient; however, the absence of a vehicle control precludes attribution of effects specifically to the active ingredients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25940759","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25940759","doi":"10.1111/ics.12237","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12237","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25940759/","title":"Randomized, double-blinded, vehicle-controlled, split-face study to evaluate the effects of topical application of a Gold Silk Sericin/Niacinamide/Signaline complex on biophysical parameters related to skin ageing.","journal":"Int J Cosmet Sci","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The GSS complex produced significant single-variable (P < 0.05) improvements in SC hydration, barrier function, elasticity and surface topography compared with the Vehicle control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17121065","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17121065","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17121065/","title":"Facilitating facial retinization through barrier improvement.","journal":"Cutis","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results show that improving stratum corneum barrier function before beginning topical tretinoin therapy and continuing use of a barrier-enhancing cosmetic moisturizer during therapy facilitates the early phase of facial retinization and augments the treatment response.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34087055","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34087055","doi":"10.1111/jocd.14271","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14271","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34087055/","title":"An open-label, investigator-initiated, single-center, prospective, pilot clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of a skin whitening serum applied twice daily combined with a spot-preventing SPF50+ sunscreen in healthy female subjects with melasma hyperpigmentation.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"All endpoints for melasma hyperpigmentation showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline to the end of the study.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24471735","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24471735","doi":"10.1111/ics.12117","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12117","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24471735/","title":"Bakuchiol: a retinol-like functional compound revealed by gene expression profiling and clinically proven to have anti-aging effects.","journal":"Int J Cosmet Sci","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that, after 12 weeks treatment, significant improvement in lines and wrinkles, pigmentation, elasticity, firmness and overall reduction in photo-damage was observed, without usual retinol therapy-associated undesirable effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35514037","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35514037","doi":"10.1111/ics.12784","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12784","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35514037/","title":"Multidirectional activity of bakuchiol against cellular mechanisms of facial ageing - Experimental evidence for a holistic treatment approach.","journal":"Int J Cosmet Sci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In contrast to retinol, bakuchiol demonstrated high antioxidative efficacy. Levels of PGE2 and MIF were significantly decreased by both bakuchiol and retinol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36176207","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36176207","doi":"10.1111/jocd.15420","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15420","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36176207/","title":"Applications of bakuchiol in dermatology: Systematic review of the literature.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In in vivo studies, BAK was used alone or in combination with other products resulting in a significant reduction in photodamage, hyperpigmentation, wrinkle scores, and acne severity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38564402","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38564402","doi":"10.36849/JDD.7763","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.7763","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38564402/","title":"Human Clinical Trials Using Topical Bakuchiol Formulations for the Treatment of Skin Disorders: A Systematic Review.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Trials lack methodologic rigor, which introduces a high risk of bias in reported outcomes. The use of combination topical formulations containing bakuchiol limits the comparison of bakuchiol's efficacy with retinoids.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35674758","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35674758","doi":"10.36849/JDD.6740","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.6740","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35674758/","title":"The Use of Bakuchiol in Dermatology: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Notably, bakuchiol does not cause common adverse effects seen with topical retinoids such as burning and scaling, permitting wider use in patients with sensitive skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33185126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33185126","doi":"10.1080/14786419.2020.1837813","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1837813","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33185126/","title":"Characteristics of bakuchiol - the compound with high biological activity and the main source of its acquisition -(L.) Medik.","journal":"Nat Prod Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Clinical studies confirm valuable cosmetological properties of bakuchiol, such as anti-ageing, anti-pigmentation and anti-acne effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38021404","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38021404","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.129072.2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129072.2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021404/","title":"Bakuchiol, a natural constituent and its pharmacological benefits.","journal":"F1000Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It plays a strong potential role as an antioxidant with impressive abilities to remove Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30610961","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30610961","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30610961/","title":"Bakuchiol: A newly discovered warrior against organ damage.","journal":"Pharmacol Res","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Further, BAK effectively slows skin aging by preserving skin collagen.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33683079","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33683079","doi":"10.36849/JDD.5655","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.5655","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33683079/","title":"A Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Topical Bakuchiol (UP256) Cream on Facial Acne.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"UP256 significantly reduced the number of inflammatory lesions and improved existing PIH. UP256 was also cosmetically acceptable and well tolerated by all study subjects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25914553","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25914553","doi":"10.2147/CCID.S81691","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S81691","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25914553/","title":"A dermocosmetic containing bakuchiol, Ginkgo biloba extract and mannitol improves the efficacy of adapalene in patients with acne vulgaris: result from a controlled randomized trial.","journal":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) in favor of BGM complex for inflammatory lesions as well as IGA and seborrhea intensity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32253506","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32253506","doi":"10.1007/s00403-020-02071-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-020-02071-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32253506/","title":"Trichloroacetic acid model to accurately capture the efficacy of treatments for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.","journal":"Arch Dermatol Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results suggest that topical bakuchiol may decrease the severity of PIH.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27621660","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27621660","doi":"10.2147/CCID.S110655","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S110655","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27621660/","title":"Assessment of a new biological complex efficacy on dysseborrhea, inflammation, and Propionibacterium acnes proliferation.","journal":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At similar concentrations, bakuchiol has up to twice the antioxidative potential than vitamin E.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31900804","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31900804","doi":"10.1007/s13555-019-00349-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-019-00349-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31900804/","title":"Epidermal and Dermal Hallmarks of Photoaging are Prevented by Treatment with Night Serum Containing Melatonin, Bakuchiol, and Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies.","journal":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We demonstrate that 3-in-1 NFS increases levels of filaggrin and aquaporin 3 in HEKs, and levels of collagen I and collagen III in HDFs in vitro.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37857572","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37857572","doi":"10.1080/14786419.2023.2265040","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2023.2265040","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857572/","title":"Bakuchiol modulates acetylcholine synthesis and alleviates Aβ proteotoxicity.","journal":"Nat Prod Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_compounds":"Bakuchiol Retinol-Alternative Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p181","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"181","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Bakuchiol demonstrated significant elevation of ACh transmission, reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and extension of lifespan.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25919144","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25919144","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25919144/","title":"Interventions for rosacea.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was high quality evidence to support the effectiveness of topical azelaic acid, topical ivermectin, brimonidine, doxycycline and isotretinoin for rosacea.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40213532","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40213532","doi":"10.1016/j.jdin.2023.12.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdin.2023.12.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213532/","title":"The efficacy and safety of minocycline, metronidazole, ivermectin, and azelaic acid in moderate-to-severe papulopustular rosacea: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"JAAD Int","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Azelaic acid 20% yielded the highest effect size (OR = 8.54, 95% CI: 2.48-29.45) and highest P-score (P score = 0.97) with respect to improvement in investigator global assessment (IGA) score.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40246142","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40246142","doi":"10.1016/j.ad.2024.12.026","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2024.12.026","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40246142/","title":"Efficacy of Widely Used Topical Drugs for Rosacea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Actas Dermosifiliogr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ivermectin is more effective than azelaic acid and metronidazole. Azelaic acid has a better efficacy profile than metronidazole according to included studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16034895","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16034895","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16034895/","title":"Interventions for rosacea.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Data pooled from three between-patient trials showed a clear improvement in the azelaic acid group; the rates of treatment success were approximately 70 to 80% versus 50% to 55% (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.82 to 3.28).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21412882","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21412882","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21412882/","title":"Interventions for rosacea.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Three trials provided data, based on participants' assessments, illustrating azelaic acid was more effective than placebo (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.76).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21692773","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21692773","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10473.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10473.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21692773/","title":"Effective and evidence-based management strategies for rosacea: summary of a Cochrane systematic review.","journal":"Br J Dermatol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was some evidence that topical metronidazole and azelaic acid were more effective than placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37550898","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37550898","doi":"10.1111/jocd.15923","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15923","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37550898/","title":"A systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of azelaic acid in the management of acne, rosacea, melasma and skin aging.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analyses within 20 rosacea studies demonstrated that erythema severity, inflammatory lesion counts, overall improvement, and treatment success (achieving skin clarity) were significantly improved with AA compared with vehicle after 12 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17472690","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17472690","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02769.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02769.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17472690/","title":"Azelaic acid (15% gel) in the treatment of acne rosacea.","journal":"Int J Dermatol","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Azelaic acid 15% gel is considered effective and safe as a therapy for inflammatory papulo-pustular rosacea and is suitable for use on all skin types.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24416747","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24416747","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24416747/","title":"Azelaic acid foam 15% in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study.","journal":"Cutis","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results indicated that the new foam formulation of AzA is effective and well-tolerated in a population of patients with PPR.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26244354","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26244354","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26244354/","title":"A phase 3 randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of azelaic acid foam 15% in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea.","journal":"Cutis","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The IGA success rate at EoT was significantly greater in the AzA foam group versus vehicle (P<.001; Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). Likewise, nominal ILC change at EoT in the AzA foam group showed a significantly greater decrease versus vehicle (P<.001; F test).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27814413","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27814413","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27814413/","title":"Investigator-reported efficacy of azelaic acid foam 15% in patients with papulopustular rosacea: secondary efficacy outcomes from a randomized, controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial.","journal":"Cutis","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study was comprised of 961 participants with PPR. The results support the therapeutic superiority of AzA foam over vehicle foam.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27874885","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27874885","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27874885/","title":"Patient-reported outcomes of azelaic acid foam 15% for patients with papulopustular rosacea: secondary efficacy results from a randomized, controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial.","journal":"Cutis","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Self-reported global assessment of treatment response favored AzA foam over vehicle foam (P<.001), with 57.2% of the AzA foam group reporting excellent or good improvement versus 44.7% in the vehicle foam group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40304282","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40304282","doi":"10.1111/jocd.70212","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70212","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40304282/","title":"Comparison of Topical 20% Azelaic Acid and 7.5% Dapsone in the Treatment of Mild-To-Moderate Papulopustular Rosacea.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Within each group, comparisons of pre- and posttreatment IGA values, lesion counts, and erythema scores revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001 for all), indicating that both treatments were effective.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31863543","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31863543","doi":"10.1111/dth.13203","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13203","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31863543/","title":"Efficacy of topical ivermectin and impact on quality of life in patients with papulopustular rosacea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Dermatol Ther","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this meta-analysis, ivermectin showed higher efficacy than metronidazol, azelaic acid, and placebo measured by Investigator Global Assessment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38282869","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38282869","doi":"10.5114/ada.2023.133955","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2023.133955","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38282869/","title":"The multiple uses of azelaic acid in dermatology: mechanism of action, preparations, and potential therapeutic applications.","journal":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"AZA is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and DNA synthesis, and is a scavenger of harmful free radicals and inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"harmful\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23278893","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23278893","doi":"10.1111/exd.12066","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12066","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23278893/","title":"Azelaic acid reduced senescence-like phenotype in photo-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts: possible implication of PPARγ.","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"All together these data showed that AzA interferes with PUVA-induced senescence-like phenotype and its ability to activate PPAR-γ provides relevant insights into the anti-senescence mechanism.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17354468","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17354468","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17354468/","title":"Azelaic acid gel 15%: clinical versatility in the treatment of rosacea.","journal":"Cutis","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Azelaic acid (AzA), a naturally occurring substance, has many proposed mechanisms of action--antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory/antioxidant, and keratinolytic--that address the proposed components of rosacea pathophysiology and has demonstrated efficacy in subtype 2 rosacea.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8642081","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8642081","doi":"10.1016/s0190-9622(96)80110-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(96)80110-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8642081/","title":"Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study.","journal":"J Am Acad Dermatol","year":1996,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment with AHAs caused an approximate 25% increase in skin thickness. The epidermis was thicker and papillary dermal changes included increased thickness, increased acid mucopolysaccharides, improved quality of elastic fibers, and increased density of collagen.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9598014","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9598014","doi":"10.1111/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04209.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04209.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9598014/","title":"A double-blind randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of a daily glycolic acid 5% formulation in the treatment of photoaging.","journal":"Dermatol Surg","year":1998,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was statistically significant improvement favoring the active-cream in general skin texture and discoloration. There was a trend favoring glycolic acid in reduction of wrinkles, but this did not achieve statistical significance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8794420","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8794420","doi":"10.1016/0378-5122(95)00983-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5122(95)00983-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8794420/","title":"Comparative effect of short-term topical tretinoin and glycolic acid on mechanical properties of photodamaged facial skin in HRT-treated menopausal women.","journal":"Maturitas","year":1996,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Skin elasticity proved to be significantly higher at the tretinoin-treated site than at the glycolic acid-treated site.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15793459","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15793459","doi":"10.1097/01.prs.0000156142.12128.81","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000156142.12128.81","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15793459/","title":"A prospective study of anti-aging topical therapies using a quantitative method of assessment.","journal":"Plast Reconstr Surg","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In particular, it confirmed the efficacy of glycolic acid in skin rejuvenation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm14756525","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"14756525","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0625.12.s2.9.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.12.s2.9.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14756525/","title":"Biological effects of glycolic acid on dermal matrix metabolism mediated by dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes.","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our study shows that GA not only directly accelerates collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, but it also modulates matrix degradation and collagen synthesis through keratinocyte-released cytokines.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16469079","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16469079","doi":"10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00003.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00003.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469079/","title":"Effects of alpha-hydroxy acids on the human skin of Japanese subjects: the rationale for chemical peeling.","journal":"J Dermatol","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Collagen I and procollagen I were increased after treatment with glycolic, lactic and citric acid in the upper dermis, but were not increased with acetic acid treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16574202","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16574202","doi":"10.1016/j.acthis.2006.01.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.01.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16574202/","title":"Histopathological and ultrastructural effects of glycolic acid on rat skin.","journal":"Acta Histochem","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Histochemical and immunohistochemical observations demonstrated that AHA treatment resulted in statistically significant increased thickness of the epidermis and an increase in numbers of active fibroblasts and in the amount of dense collagen, especially at higher dosages of AHA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20024875","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20024875","doi":"10.1055/s-0029-1243082","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1243082","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20024875/","title":"Chemical peels: what's new and what isn't new but still works well.","journal":"Facial Plast Surg","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This results in epidermal regeneration and postinflammatory collagen neoformation with remodeling of collagen and elastic fibers and deposition of glycosaminoglycans in the dermis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18452434","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18452434","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00441.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00441.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18452434/","title":"Combined retinol-lactose-glycolic acid effects on photoaged skin: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Int J Cosmet Sci","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, our results demonstrate that topical application of a combination of retinol, lactose and glycolic acid has significantly improved the appearance of photodamaged skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30027612","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30027612","doi":"10.1111/jocd.12511","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12511","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30027612/","title":"Antiaging efficacy of a retinaldehyde-based cream compared with glycolic acid peel sessions: A randomized controlled study.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Efficacy of both treatments was similar in reducing crow's feet wrinkles depth (STm -7.61%, P = .0007 vs -4.34%, P = .0348; P = .3049 intergroup) and volume, crow's feet and periorbital wrinkle length, and number of fine lines and wrinkles at end of treatments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm31322804","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31322804","doi":"10.1111/jocd.13074","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13074","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31322804/","title":"Cosmetic use of three topical moisturizers following glycolic acid facial peels.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These studies have demonstrated the local tolerance and cosmetic efficacy of three moisturizing skin care products, when used for skin recovery after superficial chemical peeling on the face.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26580881","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26580881","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26580881/","title":"An Evaluation of Efficacy and Tolerability of Novel Enzyme Exfoliation Versus Glycolic Acid in Photodamage Treatment.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Group 2 improved in superficial fine lines at week 8 (-5.9, P=0.0428) and week 12 (-9.1, P=0.0019). Group 3 improved at week 12 in skin clarity (11.5, P = 0.0469) and skin roughness (-13.3, P = 0.0426), and in hyperpigmentation at week 8 (-9.4, P = 0.0462) and week 12 (-14.6, P= 0.0019).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21649815","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21649815","doi":"10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00551.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00551.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21649815/","title":"Analytic assessment under ultraviolet light of actinic lentigines under bleaching treatment.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Data indicated a rapid bleaching effect arising as early as after 1 month of daily applications. The effect progressively increased over 3 months of therapy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20187899","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20187899","doi":"10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01481.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2010.01481.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20187899/","title":"Glycolic acid peels versus amino fruit acid peels in the treatment of melasma.","journal":"Dermatol Surg","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The modified MASI scores at 3 and 6 months in both application areas decreased significantly from baseline (p<.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24085051","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24085051","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24085051/","title":"Efficacy of combination of glycolic acid peeling with topical regimen in treatment of melasma.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The group receiving the glycolic acid peel with topical regimen showed early and greater improvement than the group which was receiving topical regimen only.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12269877","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12269877","doi":"10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.02034.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.02034.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12269877/","title":"The combination of glycolic acid peels with a topical regimen in the treatment of melasma in dark-skinned patients: a comparative study.","journal":"Dermatol Surg","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant decrease in the MASI score from baseline to 21 weeks was observed in both groups (P <.001). The group receiving the glycolic acid peels showed a trend toward more rapid and greater improvement, with statistically significant results (P <.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22052267","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22052267","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22052267/","title":"Efficacy of cream-based novel formulations of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights in anti-wrinkle treatment.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical application of all 0.1% HA formulations used in this study led to significant improvement in skin hydration and elasticity. Application of low-molecular-weight (LMW) HA was associated with significant reduction of wrinkle depth, which may be due to better penetration abilities of LMW HA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29601621","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29601621","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29601621/","title":"Prospective, Randomized, Investigator-Blinded, Split-Face Evaluation of a Topical Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Serum for Post-Procedural Improvement of Skin Quality and Biomechanical Attributes.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Areas treated with RHA serum showed statistically significant improvements in skin surface topography and hydration compared to untreated areas.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28915283","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28915283","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28915283/","title":"Clinical Evaluation of a Multi-Modal Facial Serum That Addresses Hyaluronic Acid Levels in Skin.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Statistically-significant improvements in all facial skin attributes (weeks 4, 8, and 12), stratum corneum hydration (week 12), and transepidermal water loss (week 12) were observed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30040516","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30040516","doi":"10.1080/14764172.2018.1502454","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14764172.2018.1502454","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30040516/","title":"Instrumental, clinical and subjective evaluation of the efficacy of a cosmetic treatment for home use.","journal":"J Cosmet Laser Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The efficacy of the topical products is confirmed by subjective, clinical and instrumental assessment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29356277","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29356277","doi":"10.1111/jocd.12486","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12486","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29356277/","title":"Assessment of the efficacy of a new complex antisensitive skin cream.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In addition, statistically significant improvement of skin hydration and texture parameters (eg, smoothness and roughness) was demonstrated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34455631","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34455631","doi":"10.1111/srt.13090","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13090","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34455631/","title":"Antiwrinkle efficacy of 1-ethyl-β-N-acetylglucosaminide, an inducer of epidermal hyaluronan production.","journal":"Skin Res Technol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment with β-NAG2-formulated lotion significantly improved skin hydration and elasticity and reduced skin wrinkling in crow's foot areas when compared to the placebo formulation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30485450","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30485450","doi":"10.1111/ics.12505","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12505","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30485450/","title":"Inhibitory effects of Sanguisorba officinalis root extract on HYBID (KIAA1199)-mediated hyaluronan degradation and skin wrinkling.","journal":"Int J Cosmet Sci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment with Sanguisorba officinalis root extract-formulated lotion significantly improved skin elasticity, and reduced skin wrinkling scores at the outer eye corner compared with the placebo formulation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38495545","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38495545","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38495545/","title":"Evaluation of Antioxidants' Ability to Enhance Hyaluronic-acid Based Topical Moisturizers.","journal":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In skin, HA plays an essential role as a humectant, capable of binding up to 1,000 times its mass with water, providing skin with moisture and viscoelastic properties.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30287361","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30287361","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.188","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.188","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30287361/","title":"Hyaluronic acid, a promising skin rejuvenating biomedicine: A review of recent updates and pre-clinical and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic effects.","journal":"Int J Biol Macromol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This has been achieved via soft tissue augmentation, improved skin hydration, collagen and elastin stimulation, and face volume restoration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23467280","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23467280","doi":"10.4161/derm.21923","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.21923","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467280/","title":"Hyaluronic acid: A key molecule in skin aging.","journal":"Dermatoendocrinol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The key molecule involved in skin moisture is hyaluronic acid (HA) that has unique capacity in retaining water.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38051835","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38051835","doi":"10.36849/JDD.6835","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.6835","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38051835/","title":"A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of a Topical Combination Serum for the Improvement of Aged Skin.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Skin radiance, tone, smoothness, texture, and overall appearance improved significantly with continued use of the Test Product up to week 12.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34933842","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34933842","doi":"10.1684/ejd.2021.4176","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2021.4176","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34933842/","title":"Oral intake of a new full-spectrum hyaluronan improves skin profilometry and ageing: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Eur J Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Skin became more hydrated (+10.6%) and protected from dehydration, with a decrease in both wrinkle depth (-18.8%) and volume (-17.6%) and increase in elasticity and firmness (+5.1%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increase in elasticity\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21135266","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21135266","doi":"10.1200/JCO.2010.28.7078","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.28.7078","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21135266/","title":"Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up.","journal":"J Clin Oncol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The reduction in invasive melanomas was substantial (n = 3 in active v 11 in control group; HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.97) compared with that for preinvasive melanomas (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.81).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8377777","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8377777","doi":"10.1056/NEJM199310143291602","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199310143291602","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377777/","title":"Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":1993,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The sunscreen group had fewer new lesions (rate ratio, 0.62; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.71) and more remissions (odds ratio, 1.53; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.29 to 1.80) than the base-cream group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27455163","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27455163","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD011161.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011161.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27455163/","title":"Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We were unable to demonstrate from the available evidence whether sunscreen was effective for the prevention of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21282699","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21282699","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21282699/","title":"Behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On the basis of 1 fair-quality trial, regular sunscreen use can prevent squamous cell carcinoma, but it is yet unclear if it can prevent basal cell carcinoma or melanoma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27749441","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27749441","doi":"10.1097/DSS.0000000000000879","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000000879","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27749441/","title":"Daily Use of a Facial Broad Spectrum Sunscreen Over One-Year Significantly Improves Clinical Evaluation of Photoaging.","journal":"Dermatol Surg","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Clinical evaluations showed that all photoaging parameters improved significantly from baseline as early as Week 12 and the amelioration continued until Week 52.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18410803","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18410803","doi":"10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.036","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.036","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18410803/","title":"The benefit of daily photoprotection.","journal":"J Am Acad Dermatol","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our in vivo results demonstrate the benefits of daily photoprotection using a day cream containing appropriate broad-spectrum sunscreens, which prevent solar UV-induced skin damages.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12955261","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12955261","doi":"10.1007/s00105-003-0590-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-003-0590-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12955261/","title":"[Sunscreens. Protection against skin cancers and photoaging].","journal":"Hautarzt","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Experimental animal studies have unambiguously demonstrated that topical sunscreens can prevent squamous cell carcinoma and photoaging (damage of collagen and elastic fibers of the skin).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30444533","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30444533","doi":"10.1111/phpp.12439","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12439","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30444533/","title":"A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide.","journal":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Photoprotection has become integral in the prevention of keratinocyte cancer and photoaging.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32335182","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32335182","doi":"10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.079","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.079","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32335182/","title":"Photoprotection beyond ultraviolet radiation: A review of tinted sunscreens.","journal":"J Am Acad Dermatol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Broad-spectrum sunscreens protect against ultraviolet radiation but do not adequately protect against visible light.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16113595","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16113595","doi":"10.1159/000087606","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000087606","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16113595/","title":"Sunscreens - which and what for?","journal":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inorganic sunscreens such as zinc oxide and titanium oxide have a wide spectral range of activity compared to most of the organic sunscreen products.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21261751","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21261751","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03963.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03963.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21261751/","title":"Skin ageing.","journal":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen;Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p185;p187","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"185;187","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Ultraviolet radiation in particular results in premature skin ageing, also referred to as extrinsic skin ageing or photoageing, which is the main cause of the changes associated with the ageing process in sun-exposed areas.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17415716","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17415716","doi":"10.1002/ijc.22745","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22745","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17415716/","title":"Sunscreen use and increased duration of intentional sun exposure: still a burning issue.","journal":"Int J Cancer","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, sunscreen use leads to longer duration of sun exposure when sun exposure is intentional, but not when sun exposure is non intentional.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26355618","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26355618","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26355618/","title":"Comparative Effects of Sunscreens Alone vs Sunscreens Plus DNA Repair Enzymes in Patients With Actinic Keratosis: Clinical and Molecular Findings from a 6-Month, Randomized, Clinical Study.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 6 months, CPDs decreased by 61% in the enzyme group and by 35% in the sunscreen group compared with baseline values (P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19657604","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19657604","doi":"10.1007/s00508-009-1204-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1204-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19657604/","title":"[Evidence-based cosmetics: concepts and applications in photoaging of the skin and xerosis].","journal":"Wien Klin Wochenschr","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the preventive effect of regularly applied dermocosmetic sun screens on the development of actinic keratosis could also be shown.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33529350","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33529350","doi":"10.1111/php.13390","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13390","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33529350/","title":"Sunscreens and Cosmetic Formulations Containing Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate and Rice Peptides for the Improvement of Skin Photoaging: A Double-blind, Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Study.","journal":"Photochem Photobiol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that the daily use of the formulations under study improved the skin conditions by increasing skin hydration and dermis echogenicity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33852258","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33852258","doi":"10.36849/JDD.2021.589E","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.36849/JDD.2021.589E","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33852258/","title":"ARTICLE: Efficacy of Ceramide-Containing Formulations on UV-Induced Skin Surface Barrier Alterations.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment with a ceramide-containing sunscreen and moisturizing cream routine reduced erythema and hyperpigmentation, improved skin hydration, and maintained normal superficial skin cells morphology and turnover after UVR.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26236730","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26236730","doi":"10.1155/2015/648108","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/648108","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26236730/","title":"GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration.","journal":"Biomed Res Int","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In cosmetic products, it has been found to tighten loose skin and improve elasticity, skin density, and firmness, reduce fine lines and wrinkles, reduce photodamage, and hyperpigmentation, and increase keratinocyte proliferation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35083444","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35083444","doi":"10.31491/apt.2020.03.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.31491/apt.2020.03.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35083444/","title":"The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide.","journal":"Aging Pathobiol Ther","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GHK-Cu has been shown to promote skin remodeling, wound healing and regeneration, and has prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28212278","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28212278","doi":"10.3390/brainsci7020020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7020020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212278/","title":"The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline.","journal":"Brain Sci","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Studies using the Broad Institute Connectivity Map show that GHK peptide modulates expression of multiple genes, resetting pathological gene expression patterns back to health.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22666519","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22666519","doi":"10.1155/2012/324832","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/324832","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666519/","title":"The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive health.","journal":"Oxid Med Cell Longev","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The human tripeptide GHK was discovered in 1973 as an activity in human albumin that caused old human liver tissue to synthesize proteins like younger tissue.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8836453","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8836453","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8836453/","title":"Effect of tripeptide-copper complexes on the process of skin wound healing and on cultured fibroblasts.","journal":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther","year":1995,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The products studied at a concentration of 10(-7) M, decreased cell reproduction and increased collagen expression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15803494","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15803494","doi":"10.1002/jbm.b.30246","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30246","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15803494/","title":"Biotinylated GHK peptide incorporated collagenous matrix: A novel biomaterial for dermal wound healing in rats.","journal":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Wound contraction, increased cell proliferation, and high expression of antioxidant enzymes in PIC treated group indicate enhanced wound healing activity when compared to CF and CR groups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37832839","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37832839","doi":"10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37832839/","title":"In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing.","journal":"Acta Biomater","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The hydrogels provided a microenvironment that promoted the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and the activation of cytokines, leading to reduced inflammation and increased collagen expression during wound healing.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced inflammation\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39902373","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39902373","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0139","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.34133/bmr.0139","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39902373/","title":"Food-Derived Tripeptide-Copper Self-Healing Hydrogel for Infected Wound Healing.","journal":"Biomater Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The GEK hydrogel, exhibiting both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, plays a hemostatic role by adhering to tissues and promoting neovascularization and serves as an optimal dressing for skin regeneration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35598070","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35598070","doi":"10.1002/mabi.202200019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.202200019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35598070/","title":"Biomimetic Hydrogel Scaffolds with Copper Peptide-Functionalized RADA16 Nanofiber Improve Wound Healing in Diabetes.","journal":"Macromol Biosci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It shows that the functionalized nanofiber scaffolds significantly accelerated wound closure, collagen deposition, and tissue remodeling both in healthy and diabetic mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25731775","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25731775","doi":"10.1002/jor.22831","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.22831","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731775/","title":"Tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu (II) transiently improved healing outcome in a rat model of ACL reconstruction.","journal":"J Orthop Res","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intra-articular supplementation with a bioactive small molecule GHK-Cu improved graft healing following ACLR in rat, but the beneficial effects could not last as treatment discontinued.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23744835","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23744835","doi":"10.1177/0194599813492644","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599813492644","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23744835/","title":"Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on wound healing in an irradiated rat model.","journal":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Irradiated dorsal rat flaps treated with topical GHK-Cu gel demonstrated no difference in flap ischemia, blood vessel number or area, or VEGF expression compared to controls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no difference\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31809714","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31809714","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117139","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117139","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809714/","title":"Protective effects of GHK-Cu in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation pathways.","journal":"Life Sci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GHK-Cu presented a protective effect in BLM-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by inhibiting EMT progression and suppressing TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signalling in pulmonary fibrosis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38879894","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38879894","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2024.103237","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103237","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38879894/","title":"The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cutripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6.","journal":"Redox Biol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GHK-Cu can bind to PRDX6, thus attenuating lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis mice without significant systemic toxicity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"without significant\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40123442","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40123442","doi":"10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00545","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00545","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40123442/","title":"Copper Complexes with New Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Hyaluronan Conjugates Show Antioxidant Properties and Osteogenic and Angiogenic Synergistic Effects.","journal":"Bioconjug Chem","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results highlight copper's role in promoting the expression and release of certain trophic, angiogenic, and osteogenic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38599632","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38599632","doi":"10.1093/mtomcs/mfae019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mtomcs/mfae019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38599632/","title":"Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine prevents copper- and zinc-induced protein aggregation and central nervous system cell death in vitro.","journal":"Metallomics","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Herein we demonstrate that the endogenous copper-binding tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) has the ability to bind to and reduce copper redox activity and to prevent copper- and zinc-induced cell death in vitro.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm8669775","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8669775","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8669775/","title":"Effect of locally injected medications on healing of pad wounds in dogs.","journal":"Am J Vet Res","year":1996,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At 14 days, the amount of type-I collagen in TCC-injected wounds was significantly greater than that in other wounds.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24056055","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24056055","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.09.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.09.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24056055/","title":"The clinical efficacy of cosmeceutical application of liquid crystalline nanostructured dispersions of alpha lipoic acid as anti-wrinkle.","journal":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results indicated reduction in facial lines, almost complete resolution of fine lines in the periorbital region and upper lip area and overall improvement in skin color and texture in most volunteers. There were no instances of irritation, peeling or other apparent adverse side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11696061","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11696061","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00902.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00902.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11696061/","title":"Low molecular weight antioxidants and their role in skin ageing.","journal":"Clin Exp Dermatol","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, controlled long-term studies on the efficacy of low molecular weight antioxidants in the prevention or treatment of skin ageing in humans are still lacking.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11684397","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11684397","doi":"10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00658-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00658-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684397/","title":"Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications.","journal":"Nutrition","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid, are powerful antioxidants. LA scavenges hydroxyl radicals, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite, and singlet oxygen.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9378235","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9378235","doi":"10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00474-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00474-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9378235/","title":"The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid.","journal":"Gen Pharmacol","year":1997,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Four antioxidant properties of lipoic acid have been studied: its metal chelating capacity, its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), its ability to regenerate endogenous antioxidants and its ability to repair oxidative damage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19944706","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19944706","doi":"10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19944706/","title":"Lipoic acid effects on established atherosclerosis.","journal":"Life Sci","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) is a commonly used dietary supplement that exerts anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12846745","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12846745","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00108.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00108.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12846745/","title":"Lipoic acid supplementation prevents angiotensin II-induced renal injury.","journal":"Kidney Int","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our in vivo results suggest that lipoic acid protects against Ang II-induced renal injury through anti-inflammatory/antioxidative mechanisms. The effects are associated with decreased NF-kappa B and AP-1 activation, as well as improved thiol homeostasis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11035266","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11035266","doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00309-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00309-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11035266/","title":"Ascorbate-dependent recycling of the vitamin E homologue Trolox by dihydrolipoate and glutathione in murine skin homogenates.","journal":"Free Radic Biol Med","year":2000,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the redox antioxidant network, dihydrolipoate can synergistically enhance the ascorbate-dependent recycling of vitamin E.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12537526","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12537526","doi":"10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0210:pbaaur]2.0.co;2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0210:pbaaur]2.0.co;2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12537526/","title":"Photoprotection by antioxidants against UVB-radiation-induced damage in pig skin organ culture.","journal":"Radiat Res","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The highest doses of antioxidants prevented UVB-radiation-induced lipid peroxidation; alpha-lipoic acid only tended to decrease lipid peroxidation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17134415","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17134415","doi":"10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00152.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.00152.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17134415/","title":"Idebenone: a new antioxidant - Part I. Relative assessment of oxidative stress protection capacity compared to commonly known antioxidants.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the overall oxidative protection capacity scores of 95, 80, 68, 55, 52, and 41 were obtained for idebenone, dl-alpha tocopherol, kinetin, ubiquinone, L-ascorbic acid, and dl-alpha lipoic acid, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23725304","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23725304","doi":"10.1111/jocd.12037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23725304/","title":"Hypo-collagenesis in photoaged skin predicts response to anti-aging cosmeceuticals.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatment outcome varied greatly among subjects, ranging from no improvement to a 7-fold increase in collagenesis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15938587","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15938587","doi":"10.1177/147323000503300301","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000503300301","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15938587/","title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the clinical efficacy of oral treatment with DermaVite on ageing symptoms of the skin.","journal":"J Int Med Res","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was a significant improvement in skin quality in both objective and subjective parameters after treatment with Dermavite compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23008272","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23008272","doi":"10.1289/ehp.1104789","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104789","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23008272/","title":"Is CO2 an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO2 concentrations on human decision-making performance.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Relative to 600 ppm, at 1,000 ppm CO2, moderate and statistically significant decrements occurred in six of nine scales of decision-making performance. At 2,500 ppm, large and statistically significant reductions occurred in seven scales of decision-making performance","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26502459","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26502459","doi":"10.1289/ehp.1510037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26502459/","title":"Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On average, cognitive scores were 61% higher on the Green building day and 101% higher on the two Green+ building days than on the Conventional building day (p < 0.0001). VOCs and CO2 were independently associated with cognitive scores.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30089876","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30089876","doi":"10.1038/s41370-018-0055-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0055-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30089876/","title":"Airplane pilot flight performance on 21 maneuvers in a flight simulator under varying carbon dioxide concentrations.","journal":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the odds of passing a maneuver as rated by the Examiner in the simulator were 1.52 (95% CI: 1.02-2.25) times higher when pilots were exposed to 1500 ppm and 1.69 (95% CI: 1.11-2.55) times higher when exposed to 700 ppm, controlling for maneuver difficulty, Examiner and order of maneuvers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37107857","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37107857","doi":"10.3390/ijerph20085576","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085576","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37107857/","title":"Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Ventilation on Intellectual Productivity.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results show that the task performance speed improved, SMD: 0.18 (95% CI: 0.10-0.26), and the error rate decreased, SMD: -0.05 (95% CI: -0.11-0.00), with an increase in ventilation rate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36767121","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36767121","doi":"10.3390/ijerph20031746","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031746","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36767121/","title":"School-Based Interventions to Support Healthy Indoor and Outdoor Environments for Children: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increasing ventilation rates improved short-term indoor air quality in classrooms, but the effect on cognitive performance was inconsistent.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34605578","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34605578","doi":"10.1111/ina.12939","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12939","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34605578/","title":"Physiological responses, self-reported health effects, and cognitive performance during exposure to carbon dioxide at 20 000 ppm.","journal":"Indoor Air","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"No significant changes in heart rate, CFF, task performance or acute health were found.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant changes\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26593933","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26593933","doi":"10.3390/ijerph121114709","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114709","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26593933/","title":"Economic, Environmental and Health Implications of Enhanced Ventilation in Office Buildings.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The same change in ventilation improved the performance of workers by 8%, equivalent to a $6500 increase in employee productivity each year.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25866236","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25866236","doi":"10.1111/ina.12210","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12210","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25866236/","title":"The effect of increased classroom ventilation rate indicated by reduced CO2 concentration on the performance of schoolwork by children.","journal":"Indoor Air","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the number of correct answers was improved significantly in four of four performance test, addition (6.3%), number comparison (4.8%), grammatical reasoning (3.2%), and reading and comprehension (7.4%)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25117890","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25117890","doi":"10.1111/josh.12183","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12183","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25117890/","title":"Classroom carbon dioxide concentration, school attendance, and educational attainment.","journal":"J Sch Health","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Time Weighted Average CO2 concentrations were inversely associated with school attendance but not academic attainments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17100667","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17100667","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00440.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00440.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17100667/","title":"A preliminary study on the association between ventilation rates in classrooms and student performance.","journal":"Indoor Air","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results from this preliminary study yield a significant (P < 0.10) association between classroom-level ventilation rate and test results in math.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36861764","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36861764","doi":"10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02032","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02032","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36861764/","title":"The effect of air quality on sleep and cognitive performance in school children aged 10-12 years: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.","journal":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There were no significant exposure effects on cognitive performance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant exposure effects\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26452168","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26452168","doi":"10.1111/ina.12254","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12254","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26452168/","title":"The effects of bedroom air quality on sleep and next-day performance.","journal":"Indoor Air","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Objectively measured sleep quality and the perceived freshness of bedroom air improved significantly when the CO2 level was lower, as did next-day reported sleepiness and ability to concentrate and the subjects' performance of a test of logical thinking.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41634109","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41634109","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-37949-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37949-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41634109/","title":"Association of bedroom particulate matter, sleep quality and next-day physical performance.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For young people, maintaining a clean and well-ventilated sleeping environment that minimizes indoor particulate matter exposure is essential for ensuring good sleep quality and safeguarding physical health.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40605363","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40605363","doi":"10.5664/jcsm.11802","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.11802","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40605363/","title":"Rebreathing during CPAP therapy and its implications in obstructive sleep apnea.","journal":"J Clin Sleep Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Elevated environmental carbon dioxide (CO) levels can have important health impacts, including increased anxiety, impaired high-level cognitive performance, reduced sleep quality, and decreased next-day alertness, especially in children.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\" | favorable-cue: \"increased anxiety, impaired high-level cognitive\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28657878","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28657878","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1702747","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657878/","title":"Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the entire Medicare population, there was significant evidence of adverse effects related to exposure to PMand ozone at concentrations below current national standards. This effect was most pronounced among self-identified racial minorities and people with low income.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38039140","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38039140","doi":"10.1289/EHP12141","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12141","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38039140/","title":"Long-Term Exposure to Low-Level and Mortality: Investigation of Heterogeneity by Harmonizing Analyses in Large Cohort Studies in Canada, United States, and Europe.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A common CRF suggested a monotonically increased risk down to the lowest exposure level.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39417708","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39417708","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyae140","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyae140","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39417708/","title":"Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality: a national health insurance cohort study.","journal":"Int J Epidemiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The association with long-term PM2.5 (2-year moving average) was prominent in mortalities related to diabetes mellitus [hazard ratio (HR): 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.06)], circulatory diseases [HR: 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.03)] and cancer [HR: 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.02)].","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35442648","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35442648","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.1c08343","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08343","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35442648/","title":"Mortality Attributable to Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter: Insights from the Epidemiologic Evidence for Understudied Locations.","journal":"Environ Sci Technol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Epidemiologic cohort studies have consistently demonstrated that long-term exposure to ambient fine particles (PM) is associated with mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31335874","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31335874","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1002856","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002856","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335874/","title":"Particulate matter air pollution and national and county life expectancy loss in the USA: A spatiotemporal analysis.","journal":"PLoS Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These deaths would lower national life expectancy by an estimated 0.15 years (0.13-0.17) for women and 0.13 years (0.11-0.15) for men.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40120624","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40120624","doi":"10.1016/S2542-5196(25)00024-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(25)00024-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40120624/","title":"National and provincial burden of disease attributable to fine particulate matter air pollution in China, 1990-2021: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.","journal":"Lancet Planet Health","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the leading three causes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36828043","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36828043","doi":"10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101670","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101670","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36828043/","title":"PM2.5 and Cardiovascular Health Risks.","journal":"Curr Probl Cardiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increased exposure to PM 2.5 levels is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37399145","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37399145","doi":"10.1289/EHP11506","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11506","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37399145/","title":"Effect of Air Pollution on Heart Failure: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Available evidence highlighted adverse associations between air pollution and HF regardless of short- and long-term exposure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27600652","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27600652","doi":"10.1038/srep32794","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32794","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27600652/","title":"Air pollution and venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Therefore, this meta analysis does not suggest the possible role of air pollution as risk factor for venous thrombosis in general population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30775976","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30775976","doi":"10.3233/JAD-180631","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180631","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30775976/","title":"Air Pollution and Dementia: A Systematic Review.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Greater exposure to PM2.5, NO2/NOx, and CO were all associated with increased risk of dementia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34062541","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34062541","doi":"10.1159/000515394","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000515394","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34062541/","title":"Putting Fine Particulate Matter and Dementia in the Wider Context of Noncommunicable Disease: Where are We Now and What Should We Do Next: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Neuroepidemiology","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For those articles reporting on incident dementia, all reported on longer term exposure and 5 of the 7 eligible articles found PM2.5 to be associated with increased risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35162428","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35162428","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19031405","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031405","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35162428/","title":"Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment across the Life Course in Humans: A Systematic Review with Specific Focus on Income Level of Study Area.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Lancet Commission (2020) has recognized air pollution as a risk factor for dementia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40257112","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40257112","doi":"10.1515/reveh-2024-0171","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2024-0171","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40257112/","title":"Fine particulate matter exposure and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.","journal":"Rev Environ Health","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the case of site-specific cancers, the pooled HRs were 1.11 (95 %CI:1.07-1.15), 1.06 (95 %CI:1.02-1.11), 1.17 (95 %CI:1.07-1.28), and 1.14 (95 %CI:1.03-1.26) for lung, breast, liver and esophageal cancers, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21506876","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21506876","doi":"10.3109/08958378.2011.566290","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2011.566290","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21506876/","title":"Low dose of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce acute oxidative stress, inflammation and pulmonary impairment in healthy mice.","journal":"Inhal Toxicol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, acute exposure to low doses of fine PM induced lung inflammation, oxidative stress and worsened lung impedance and histology in a dose-dependent pattern in mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"worsened\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30713661","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30713661","doi":"10.1039/c8tx00221e","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tx00221e","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30713661/","title":"Effects of indoor coal fine particulate matter on the expression levels of inflammatory factors in ovalbumin-induced mice.","journal":"Toxicol Res (Camb)","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Indoor coal PM2.5 was sufficient by itself to cause inflammatory cellular infiltration of pulmonary tissue, leading to organelle injury and physiological structure change.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26022815","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26022815","doi":"10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.553","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.553","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26022815/","title":"Cardiopulmonary benefits of reducing indoor particles of outdoor origin: a randomized, double-blind crossover trial of air purifiers.","journal":"J Am Coll Cardiol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On average, air purification resulted in a 57% reduction in PM2.5 concentration, from 96.2 to 41.3 μg/m3, within hours of operation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23210563","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23210563","doi":"10.1111/ina.12019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23210563/","title":"A randomized double-blind crossover study of indoor air filtration and acute changes in cardiorespiratory health in a First Nations community.","journal":"Indoor Air","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In general, our findings suggest that reducing indoor PM2.5 may contribute to improved lung function in First Nations communities.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21389011","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21389011","doi":"10.1136/oem.2010.062703","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2010.062703","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21389011/","title":"Water disinfection by-products and bladder cancer: is there a European specificity? A pooled and meta-analysis of European case-control studies.","journal":"Occup Environ Med","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant odds-ratio was observed for men exposed to an average residential TTHM level > 50 μg/l (OR = 1.47 (1.05; 2.05)) when compared to men exposed to levels ≤ 5 μg/l.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26309063","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26309063","doi":"10.1080/10937404.2015.1067661","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2015.1067661","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26309063/","title":"Evaluating Evidence for Association of Human Bladder Cancer with Drinking-Water Chlorination Disinfection By-Products.","journal":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Urinary bladder cancer has been the health risk most consistently associated with CxDBPs in epidemiologic studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17310693","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17310693","doi":"10.1021/es062367v","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/es062367v","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17310693/","title":"Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water.","journal":"Environ Sci Technol","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 1.6-2.0-fold increased risk for bladder cancer has been associated with swimming or showering/bathing with chlorinated water.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21810554","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21810554","doi":"10.1289/ehp.1002425","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002425","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21810554/","title":"Exposure to trihalomethanes through different water uses and birth weight, small for gestational age, and preterm delivery in Spain.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We estimated that 89% of residential chloroform and 96% of brominated THM uptakes were from showering/bathing.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20554274","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20554274","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2010.05.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.05.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20554274/","title":"Patterns of water use and exposure to trihalomethanes among children in Spain.","journal":"Environ Res","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"As drinking water was mainly bottled and bathing was infrequent, showering and swimming in pools were the main pathways of THM exposure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm14626901","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"14626901","doi":"10.1078/1438-4639-00244","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00244","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14626901/","title":"Exposures to drinking water chlorination by-products in a Russian city.","journal":"Int J Hyg Environ Health","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The mean concentration of chloroform was 3.2 micrograms/m3 in exhaled air samples collected before showering and 110 micrograms/m3 after showering.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19576633","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19576633","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19576633/","title":"Exposure to inhaled THM: comparison of continuous and event-specific exposure assessment for epidemiologic purposes.","journal":"Environ Int","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Chloroform was the THM with the highest concentrations in the air of both bathrooms and indoor swimming pools.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12727595","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12727595","doi":"10.1289/ehp.5963","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5963","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12727595/","title":"The relationship between water concentrations and individual uptake of chloroform: a simulation study.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The correlation between simulated uptakes and home tap chloroform concentration was 0.6. Mothers who swam regularly received far greater doses than did nonswimmers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33026246","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33026246","doi":"10.1289/EHP7195","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7195","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33026246/","title":"Trimester-Specific Blood Trihalomethane and Urinary Haloacetic Acid Concentrations and Adverse Birth Outcomes: Identifying Windows of Vulnerability during Pregnancy.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Blood TCM concentrations in mid to late pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of SGA, whereas other biomarkers of DBPs examined across pregnancy were not associated with birth outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\" | no-difference-cue: \"were not associated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18308050","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18308050","doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.041","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.041","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18308050/","title":"Environmental contaminants and pregnancy outcomes.","journal":"Fertil Steril","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Environmental contaminants found associated with increased risk of one or more of the endpoints include: tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, air pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides, chlorination byproducts, and solvents.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25819556","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25819556","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25819556/","title":"An outbreak of swimming-pool related respiratory symptoms: An elusive source of trichloramine in a municipal indoor swimming pool.","journal":"Int J Hyg Environ Health","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A high prevalence of airway hyperreactivity, accompanied by symptoms of upper and lower airways, was detected in swimmers who had been repeatedly exposed to high trichloramine concentrations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35779717","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35779717","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157046","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157046","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35779717/","title":"Chlorine exposure and intensive exercise induces airway hyperreactivity in a 3-week murine exercise model.","journal":"Sci Total Environ","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our 3-week swimming murine model mimics intensive swimming in chlorinated water with the presence of airway hyperreactivity in mice swimming in chlorinated water in the absence of airway inflammation and airway epithelial damage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37739995","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37739995","doi":"10.1038/s41370-023-00597-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-023-00597-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37739995/","title":"US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants.","journal":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this review, we summarize exposure risk profiles and health effects for seven legacy and emerging drinking water contaminants or contaminant groups: arsenic, disinfection by-products, fracking-related substances, lead, nitrate, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and uranium.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25765762","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25765762","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25765762/","title":"Assessing the human health impacts of exposure to disinfection by-products--a critical review of concepts and methods.","journal":"Environ Int","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The possible population health impacts associated with exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) are of particular interest due to their potential carcinogenicity and their widespread occurrence as a result of treatments employed to control waterborne infectious disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22205313","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22205313","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.111.022376","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.022376","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22205313/","title":"Dietary magnesium intake and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An intake increment of 100 mg Mg/d was associated with an 8% reduction in risk of total stroke (combined RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.97), without heterogeneity among studies (P = 0.66, I(2) = 0%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27927203","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27927203","doi":"10.1186/s12916-016-0742-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0742-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27927203/","title":"Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.","journal":"BMC Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the summary relative risks of T2D and mortality per 100 mg/day increment in magnesium intake were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77-0.86) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.81-0.99), respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25948665","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25948665","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.114.100354","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.100354","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25948665/","title":"Association between intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and risk of stroke: 2 cohorts of US women and updated meta-analyses.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High intakes of magnesium and potassium but not calcium were also significantly associated with reduced risk of stroke in women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35551005","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35551005","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2022.107277","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107277","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35551005/","title":"Drinking water magnesium and cardiovascular mortality: A cohort study in Denmark, 2005-2016.","journal":"Environ Int","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low concentrations of magnesium in drinking water were associated with an increased mortality due to acute myocardial infarction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm9888277","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9888277","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9888277/","title":"Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction in women.","journal":"Epidemiology","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results suggest that magnesium and calcium in drinking water are important protective factors for death from acute myocardial infarction among women.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16469307","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16469307","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469307/","title":"Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan.","journal":"Environ Res","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results of the present study show that there is a significant protective effect of calcium intake from drinking water on the risk of death from AMI.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10490560","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10490560","doi":"10.1136/hrt.82.4.455","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.82.4.455","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10490560/","title":"Magnesium in drinking water supplies and mortality from acute myocardial infarction in north west England.","journal":"Heart","year":1999,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"No evidence was found of an association between magnesium concentrations in drinking water supplies and mortality from acute myocardial infarction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37685186","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37685186","doi":"10.3390/foods12173255","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12173255","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37685186/","title":"The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Foods","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The quantitative analysis concluded that high drinking water hardness has a significantly lowering effect on mortality from CVDs, however, the heterogeneity was high.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lowering effect on mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40087673","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40087673","doi":"10.1186/s12940-025-01166-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01166-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40087673/","title":"Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Environ Health","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Hard water (121-180 mg/L) may offer the most benefits compared to soft water when considering overall cardiovascular health, including AF, HF, CHD, and stroke.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24627741","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24627741","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24627741/","title":"Does water hardness have preventive effect on cardiovascular disease?","journal":"Int J Prev Med","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our study suggests favorable protective effects of water hardness, mainly water magnesium content, on CVDs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27295409","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27295409","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.038","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.038","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27295409/","title":"Health effects of desalinated water: Role of electrolyte disturbance in cancer development.","journal":"Environ Res","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It considers the growing use of desalination (demineralization) technologies in drinking water treatment which often results in tap water with very low concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26813714","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26813714","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26813714/","title":"[Pay attention to the human health risk of drinking low mineral water].","journal":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the associations of magnesium in water with cardiovascular disease, as well as calcium in water with osteoporosis, are well proved by sufficient evidence.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33851114","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33851114","doi":"10.1016/j.xkme.2020.10.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xkme.2020.10.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33851114/","title":"Serum Magnesium and Cardiovascular Outcomes and Mortality in CKD: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC).","journal":"Kidney Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low and high magnesium levels were associated with greater rates of all-cause mortality after adjusting for demographics, comorbid conditions, medications including diuretics, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"greater rates of all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40928362","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40928362","doi":"10.1097/JS9.0000000000003506","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000003506","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40928362/","title":"Water hardness and digestive diseases: a large-scale population-based prospective cohort study.","journal":"Int J Surg","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher levels of water hardness (>180 mg/L CaCO 3 ) were inversely associated with the risk of several digestive conditions, including dyspepsia, constipation, and gallbladder disease, when compared to exposure to soft water.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm3709462","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"3709462","doi":"10.1289/ehp.8665351","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8665351","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3709462/","title":"Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments.","journal":"Environ Health Perspect","year":1986,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The majority of adverse health effects caused by relative humidity would be minimized by maintaining indoor levels between 40 and 60%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33601136","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33601136","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113709","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113709","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33601136/","title":"Health, work performance, and risk of infection in office-like environments: The role of indoor temperature, air humidity, and ventilation.","journal":"Int J Hyg Environ Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Relative humidity between 40 and 60% appears optimal for health, work performance, and lower risk of infection.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31085641","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31085641","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1902840116","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902840116","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31085641/","title":"Low ambient humidity impairs barrier function and innate resistance against influenza infection.","journal":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We find that inhalation of dry air impairs mucociliary clearance, innate antiviral defense, and tissue repair.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairs\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17953482","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17953482","doi":"10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17953482/","title":"Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature.","journal":"PLoS Pathog","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Twenty experiments performed at relative humidities from 20% to 80% and 5 degrees C, 20 degrees C, or 30 degrees C indicated that both cold and dry conditions favor transmission.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21084485","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21084485","doi":"10.1128/JVI.02186-10","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02186-10","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21084485/","title":"Transmission of a 2009 pandemic influenza virus shows a sensitivity to temperature and humidity similar to that of an H3N2 seasonal strain.","journal":"J Virol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Herein we show that aerosol transmission of a 2009 pandemic strain shows a dependence on relative humidity and temperature very similar to that of a seasonal H3N2 influenza virus.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30958176","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30958176","doi":"10.1098/rsif.2018.0298","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0298","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30958176/","title":"Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence.","journal":"J R Soc Interface","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"we present a mechanistic explanation based on droplet evaporation and its impact on droplet physics and chemistry for why RH is more likely than AH to modulate virus survival and transmission.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37298409","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37298409","doi":"10.3390/ijms24119456","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119456","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37298409/","title":"Relative Humidity and Its Impact on the Immune System and Infections.","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"RH primarily affects the rheological properties of the mucus, modifying its osmolarity and thus the mucociliary clearance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35798789","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35798789","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-15703-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15703-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35798789/","title":"Modeling the impact of indoor relative humidity on the infection risk of five respiratory airborne viruses.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Humidification will have a potential benefit in decreasing the infection risk only for influenza when there is a large infection risk decrease for humidifying from 20 to 50%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34456454","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34456454","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108278","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108278","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456454/","title":"Estimating the impact of indoor relative humidity on SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission risk using a new modification of the Wells-Riley model.","journal":"Build Environ","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present results show that humidification to moderate levels of 40%-60% RH should not be expected to provide a significant reduction in infection risk caused by SARS-CoV-2, hence installing and running humidifiers may not be an efficient solution to reduce the risk of COVID-19 disease in indoor spaces.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24412126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24412126","doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2014.01.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.01.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24412126/","title":"Dry eye exacerbation in patients exposed to desiccating stress under controlled environmental conditions.","journal":"Am J Ophthalmol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adult patients with mild-to-moderate dry eye and asymptomatic subjects of similar ages can experience acute exacerbation in an environmental chamber that resembles the sudden worsening that patients with dry eye experience daily.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"worsening\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27306376","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27306376","doi":"10.1111/jdv.13707","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13707","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27306376/","title":"Ambient humidity and the skin: the impact of air humidity in healthy and diseased states.","journal":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Epidemiological studies indicated an increase in eczema with low internal (indoors) humidity and an increase in eczema with external high humidity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22426097","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22426097","doi":"10.5582/bst.2012.v6.1.7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2012.v6.1.7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22426097/","title":"A study on indoor environment contaminants related to dust mite in dwellings of allergic asthma patients and of healthy subjects.","journal":"Biosci Trends","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Relative humidity in dwellings was found to be most influential to the allergen levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39356500","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39356500","doi":"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2871","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2871","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39356500/","title":"Bright Light Therapy for Nonseasonal Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"JAMA Psychiatry","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"statistically significant better remission and response rates were found in the BLT group (remission: 40.7% vs 23.5%; odds ratio [OR], 2.42; 95% CI, 1.50-3.91; P <.001; I2 = 21%; response: 60.4% vs 38.6%; OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.46-3.75; P <.001; I2 = 41%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27703764","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27703764","doi":"10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001610","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.001610","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27703764/","title":"Light therapy for non-seasonal depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"BJPsych Open","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A meta-analysis including 881 participants from 20 RCTs demonstrated a beneficial effect of light therapy in non-seasonal depression (standardised mean difference in depression score -0.41 (95% CI -0.64 to -0.18)).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28969438","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28969438","doi":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16101200","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16101200","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28969438/","title":"Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"Am J Psychiatry","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with the placebo light group, the group treated with bright white light experienced a significantly higher remission rate (68.2% compared with 22.2%; adjusted odds ratio=12.6) at weeks 4-6 and significantly lower depression scores (9.2 [SD=6.6] compared with 14.9 [SD=9.2]; adjusted β=-5.91) at the endpoint visit.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lower depression\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39067131","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39067131","doi":"10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104149","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104149","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39067131/","title":"The effect of bright light therapy on major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","journal":"Asian J Psychiatr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results on 15 RCTs between 1996 and 2024 with 883 patients showed positive effects of BLT on alleviating depressive symptoms (SMD = 0.48, 95 % CI [0.22, 0.74], p <.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"alleviating\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32622169","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32622169","doi":"10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113247","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113247","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32622169/","title":"Light therapy in non-seasonal depression: An update meta-analysis.","journal":"Psychiatry Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A total of 23 RCTs with 1120 participants were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated the light therapy was significantly more effective than comparative treatments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31826657","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31826657","doi":"10.1177/0706743719892471","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743719892471","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31826657/","title":"Light Therapy for Patients With Bipolar Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Can J Psychiatry","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is positive but nonconclusive evidence that adjunctive light therapy reduces symptoms of bipolar depression and increases clinical response. Light therapy is well tolerated with no increased risk of affective switch.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduces symptoms\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38220102","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38220102","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.028","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.028","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38220102/","title":"Treatment measures for seasonal affective disorder: A network meta-analysis.","journal":"J Affect Disord","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis revealed that phototherapy was significantly more effective than other intervention groups or control therapies, with an effect size of 4.64(2.38,7.03).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40608475","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40608475","doi":"10.4088/JCP.25m15826","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.25m15826","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40608475/","title":"Bright Light Therapy in the Morning or Midday for the Treatment of Nonseasonal Depression in Bipolar Disorder (LuBi): A Dose-Escalation Phase 1/2 Randomized Double-Blind Trial.","journal":"J Clin Psychiatry","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"BLT is a viable antidepressant strategy for BD, safely starting at 45 minutes regardless of timing.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36438959","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36438959","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2022.979500","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.979500","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36438959/","title":"Subclinical alterations of resting state functional brain network for adjunctive bright light therapy in nonseasonal major depressive disorder: A double blind randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Front Neurol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with the dRL group, the BTL group showed significantly increased functional connectivity after treatment within the DMN, FPN, SN, and SMN.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly increased functional\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35180479","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35180479","doi":"10.1016/j.sleep.2022.01.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2022.01.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35180479/","title":"Light therapy for sleep disturbances in older adults with dementia: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.","journal":"Sleep Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis revealed that light therapy significantly reduced night-time awakenings (p = 0.04), enhanced sleep quality (p = 0.01) and increased relative amplitude (p = 0.01) with a small to medium effect (g = 0.26-0.43).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15600135","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15600135","doi":"10.1207/S15402010BSM0101_4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/S15402010BSM0101_4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15600135/","title":"Increased light exposure consolidates sleep and strengthens circadian rhythms in severe Alzheimer's disease patients.","journal":"Behav Sleep Med","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Results showed that both morning and evening bright light resulted in more consolidated sleep at night, as measured with wrist actigraphy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26558494","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26558494","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD011269.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011269.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26558494/","title":"Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Bright light therapy reduced the risk of SAD incidence by 36%; however, the 95% confidence interval (CI) was very broad and included both possible effect sizes in favour of bright light therapy and those in favour of no light therapy (risk ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.38).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced the risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22750209","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22750209","doi":"10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.046","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.046","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22750209/","title":"An hour of bright white light in the early morning improves performance and advances sleep and circadian phase during the Antarctic winter.","journal":"Neurosci Lett","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"During light exposure circadian phase was advanced from 4.97 ± 0.96 decimal hours (dh) (mean ± SD) to 4.08 ± 0.68 dh (p = 0.003).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23385698","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23385698","doi":"10.1212/01.CON.0000427209.21177.aa","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000427209.21177.aa","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385698/","title":"Circadian rhythm abnormalities.","journal":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Recent evidence strongly points to the ubiquitous influence of circadian timing in nearly all physiologic functions. Thus, in addition to the prominent sleep and wake disturbances, circadian rhythm disorders are associated with cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38688926","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38688926","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-60308-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60308-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38688926/","title":"Multimodal in-vehicle lighting system increases daytime light exposure and alertness in truck drivers under Arctic winter conditions.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"objective alertness (i.e., psychomotor vigilance) before and after driving was significantly improved by bright light exposure. This effect was accompanied by improved subjective alertness in the morning.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19821317","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19821317","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD003946.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003946.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19821317/","title":"Light therapy for managing cognitive, sleep, functional, behavioural, or psychiatric disturbances in dementia.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is insufficient evidence to assess the value of light therapy for people with dementia. Most of the available studies are not of high methodological quality and further research is required.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38843906","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38843906","doi":"10.1080/09546634.2024.2361106","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2024.2361106","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38843906/","title":"Tranexamic acid as a therapeutic option for melasma management: meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"J Dermatolog Treat","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"TXA significantly reduced melasma severity, evidenced by reductions in MASI, mMASI, MI, and hemi-MASI scores. Oral TXA showed the most substantial decrease in MASI scores, followed by injections and topical applications.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28374042","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28374042","doi":"10.2340/00015555-2668","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2668","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28374042/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review.","journal":"Acta Derm Venereol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooled data from tranexamic acid-only observational studies with pre- and post-treatment Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) showed a decrease of 1.60 in MASI (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20-2.00; p<0.001)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30533427","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30533427","doi":"10.1155/2018/1683414","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1683414","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30533427/","title":"Tranexamic Acid for Adults with Melasma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Biomed Res Int","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The combined results showed that the use of TA was associated with reduced Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and Melanin Index (MI). No significant difference in Erythema Index (EI) was observed with TA treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant difference\" | favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35642229","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35642229","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35642229/","title":"Topical Treatments for Melasma and Their Mechanism of Action.","journal":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical cysteamine and TA are newer options that can be incorporated as adjuvant and maintenance treatments into a patient's regimen.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33857549","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33857549","doi":"10.1016/j.jaad.2021.03.116","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.03.116","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33857549/","title":"Microneedling as an adjuvant to topical therapies for melasma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Am Acad Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to topical therapy alone, topical therapy with microneedling resulted in an additional improvement in melasma severity with a moderate effect at 8 weeks and a large effect at 12-16 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37584240","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37584240","doi":"10.1111/jocd.15965","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.15965","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37584240/","title":"The efficacy and safety of microneedling with topical tranexamic acid for melasma treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"microneedling with topical TXA is an alternative treatment option for melasma treatment; and more well-designed studies are needed to confirm it.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36403155","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36403155","doi":"10.1080/14764172.2022.2148186","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14764172.2022.2148186","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36403155/","title":"Efficacy and safety of laser-assisted delivery of tranexamic acid for the treatment of melasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Cosmet Laser Ther","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis found that the laser-assisted delivery of TXA is a new effective and safe treatment option for melasma treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38918942","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38918942","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38918942/","title":"The effectiveness and safety of 3% tranexamic acid cream vs. 4% hydroquinone cream for mixed-type melasma in skin of color: a double-blind, split-face, randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical 3% TA is as effective and safe as 4% HQ for treating melasma in the Indonesian population, with potential advantages in terms of side-effect profiles.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25422661","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25422661","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25422661/","title":"Topical tranexamic acid as a promising treatment for melasma.","journal":"J Res Med Sci","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study's results introduce the topical TA as an effective and safe medication for the treatment of melasma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26177992","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26177992","doi":"10.1111/jocd.12152","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12152","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26177992/","title":"Comparison of therapeutic effects of liposomal Tranexamic Acid and conventional Hydroquinone on melasma.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On the basis of these results, topical liposomal TA can be used as a new, effective, safe, and promising therapeutic agent in melasma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32406162","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32406162","doi":"10.1111/jocd.13392","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13392","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32406162/","title":"Efficacy of microneedling plus topical 4% tranexamic acid solution vs 4% hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma: A single-blind randomized clinical trial.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In our study, the combination of microneedling with tranexamic acid did not differ from 4% hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not differ\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10093913","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10093913","doi":"10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00212-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00212-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10093913/","title":"Topical trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid prevents ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation.","journal":"J Photochem Photobiol B","year":1998,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results suggest that trans-AMCHA reduces melanocyte tyrosinase activity by suppressing the production of PGs, UV-induced melanogens, through the suppression of the UV-induced increase in epidermal plasmin activity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20400389","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20400389","doi":"10.1684/ejd.2010.0912","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2010.0912","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400389/","title":"Tranexamic acid can treat ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation in guinea pigs.","journal":"Eur J Dermatol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We concluded that tranexamic acid has no effect on the number of melanocytes, it is likely that it affects the function of melanocytes, to inhibit the melanin expression in order to lighten moth patches.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25769126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25769126","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.023","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.023","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25769126/","title":"The relationship between transportation noise exposure and ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Environ Res","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooled relative risk for IHD was 1.06 (1.03-1.09) per 10dB increase in noise exposure with the linear exposure-response starting at 50dB.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31092312","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31092312","doi":"10.3238/arztebl.2019.0245","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2019.0245","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31092312/","title":"The Cardiovascular Effects of Noise.","journal":"Dtsch Arztebl Int","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A current meta-analysis commissioned by the World Health Organization concludes that road-traffic noise elevates the incidence of coronary heart disease by 8% per 10 dB(A) increase starting at 50 dB(A) (95% confidence interval [1,01; 1,15]).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24820980","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24820980","doi":"10.4103/0019-557X.132279","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557X.132279","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24820980/","title":"Association between transportation noise and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies among adult populations from 1980 to 2010.","journal":"Indian J Public Health","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It can be concluded that though the association between transportation noise exposure and cardiovascular disease is evident, but not at a significant level.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29751327","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29751327","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.122","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.122","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29751327/","title":"Residential road traffic noise as a risk factor for hypertension in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of analytic studies published in the period 2011-2017.","journal":"Environ Pollut","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In conclusion, residential road traffic noise was associated with higher risk of hypertension in adults, but the risk was lower than previously reported in the systematic review literature.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33733673","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33733673","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehab121","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab121","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33733673/","title":"Road traffic noise and cardiovascular disease risk factors in UK Biobank.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Exposure to road traffic noise >65 dB[A], independent of nitrogen dioxide, was associated with small but adverse changes in blood pressure and cardiovascular biochemistry.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31769799","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31769799","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehz820","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz820","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31769799/","title":"A neurobiological mechanism linking transportation noise to cardiovascular disease in humans.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that noise exposure associates with MACE via a mechanism that begins with increased stress-associated limbic (amygdalar) activity and includes heightened arterial inflammation that merits further evaluation in a prospective population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37695527","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37695527","doi":"10.1007/s00392-023-02297-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-023-02297-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37695527/","title":"Acute exposure to simulated nocturnal traffic noise and cardiovascular complications and sleep disturbance-results from a pooled analysis of human field studies.","journal":"Clin Res Cardiol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acute exposure to simulated nocturnal traffic noise is associated with endothelial dysfunction, increased mean arterial pressure, and sleep disturbance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33314876","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33314876","doi":"10.20452/pamw.15716","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15716","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33314876/","title":"The relation of nocturnal exposure to aircraft noise and aircraft noise-induced insomnia with blood pressure.","journal":"Pol Arch Intern Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Noise-exposed individuals had higher diastolic BP at night than those unexposed (64.6 mm Hg vs 61.7 mm Hg; P = 0.03).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33790462","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33790462","doi":"10.1038/s41569-021-00532-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00532-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33790462/","title":"Transportation noise pollution and cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Nat Rev Cardiol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"According to the WHO, ≥1.6 million healthy life-years are lost annually from traffic-related noise in Western Europe.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37073726","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37073726","doi":"10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.18732","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.18732","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37073726/","title":"Noise and Air Pollution as Risk Factors for Hypertension: Part I-Epidemiology.","journal":"Hypertension","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both environmental stressors have been found to cause endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, circadian dysfunction, and activation of the autonomic nervous system, thereby facilitating the development of hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40795898","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40795898","doi":"10.1093/cvr/cvaf119","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaf119","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40795898/","title":"A comprehensive review/expert statement on environmental risk factors of cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Cardiovasc Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Recent translational and epidemiological studies show that chronic exposure to transport noise increases the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31814877","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31814877","doi":"10.1155/2019/4623109","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4623109","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31814877/","title":"Environmental Noise-Induced Effects on Stress Hormones, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Dysfunction: Key Factors in the Relationship between Cerebrocardiovascular and Psychological Disorders.","journal":"Oxid Med Cell Longev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Underlying mechanisms of noise-induced mental stress are centered on increased stress hormone levels, blood pressure, and heart rate, which in turn favor the development of cerebrocardiovascular disease such as stroke, arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and myocardial infarction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41151421","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41151421","doi":"10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106869","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106869","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41151421/","title":"Impact of white noise on sleep quality across age groups and in critically ill/non-critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Sleep Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among adult and older adult patients, white noise significantly lowered PSQI scores, indicating effective improvement in their sleep quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28902932","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28902932","doi":"10.1590/1518-8345.1917.2926","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.1917.2926","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28902932/","title":"Non-pharmacological interventions to promote the sleep of patients after cardiac surgery: a systematic review.","journal":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Significant improvement was found in the scores assessing sleep quality among studies testing interventions such as earplugs, sleeping masks, muscle relaxation, posture and relaxation training, white noise, and educational strategies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31088786","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31088786","doi":"10.1136/bmj.l1628","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1628","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31088786/","title":"Association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective study in UK Biobank.","journal":"BMJ","year":2019,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Habitual use of glucosamine supplement to relieve osteoarthritis pain might also be related to lower risks of CVD events.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm31988063","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31988063","doi":"10.2337/dc19-1836","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-1836","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31988063/","title":"Glucosamine Use, Inflammation, and Genetic Susceptibility, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study in UK Biobank.","journal":"Diabetes Care","year":2020,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glucosamine use was associated with a significantly lower risk of T2D (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% CI 0.78-0.89) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, race, center, Townsend deprivation index, lifestyle factors, history of disease, and other supplement use.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23139249","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23139249","doi":"10.1093/aje/kws186","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws186","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23139249/","title":"Association between use of specialty dietary supplements and C-reactive protein concentrations.","journal":"Am J Epidemiol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Using survey-weighted multivariate linear regression, significant reductions in hs-CRP concentrations were associated with regular use of glucosamine (17%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7, 26), chondroitin (22%, 95% CI: 8, 33), and fish oil (16%, 95% CI: 0.3, 29).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37489348","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37489348","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy11040117","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11040117","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37489348/","title":"Effectiveness and Safety of Glucosamine in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Pharmacy (Basel)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"To summarize, glucosamine is more effective than a placebo at reducing pain in knee osteoarthritis patients. In long-term treatment, oral glucosamine sulfate 1500 mg/day is believed to be well tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12860572","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12860572","doi":"10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12860572/","title":"Structural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive meta-analysis.","journal":"Arch Intern Med","year":2003,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our results demonstrated a highly significant efficacy of glucosamine on all outcomes, including joint space narrowing and WOMAC.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15855241","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15855241","doi":"10.1345/aph.1E576","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1E576","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15855241/","title":"Glucosamine long-term treatment and the progression of knee osteoarthritis: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Ann Pharmacother","year":2005,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"197;217","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glucosamine sulfate was more effective than placebo in delaying structural progression in knee OA. The risk of disease progression was reduced by 54% (pooled RR 0.46; 95% CI 0.28 to 0.73; p = 0.0011).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38581640","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38581640","doi":"10.1007/s10787-024-01460-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-024-01460-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38581640/","title":"Evaluation of efficacy and safety of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and their combination regimen in the management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;217;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the meta-analysis, CS showed a significant reduction in pain intensity, and improved physical function compared to the placebo; GS showed a significant reduction in tibiofemoral joint space narrowing.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39685902","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39685902","doi":"10.3390/jcm13237444","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237444","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39685902/","title":"Comparative Efficacy of Glucosamine-Based Combination Therapies in Alleviating Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Clin Med","year":2024,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;p208;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"197;208;218","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glucosamine with omega-3 (G + omega-3, SMD -2.59 [95% CI -4.42 to -0.75], moderate quality) and glucosamine with ibuprofen (G + ibuprofen, SMD -2.27 [95% CI -3.73 to -0.82], moderate quality) significantly reduced overall pain compared to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced overall pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm10693368","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10693368","doi":"10.1136/ewjm.172.2.91","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.172.2.91","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10693368/","title":"Randomized, controlled trial of glucosamine for treating osteoarthritis of the knee.","journal":"West J Med","year":2000,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glucosamine was no better than placebo in reducing pain from osteoarthritis of the knee in this group of patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15478160","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15478160","doi":"10.1002/art.20697","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20697","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15478160/","title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled glucosamine discontinuation trial in knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"Arthritis Rheum","year":2004,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients with knee OA with at least moderate subjective improvement with prior glucosamine use, this study provides no evidence of symptomatic benefit from continued use of glucosamine sulfate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35052658","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35052658","doi":"10.3390/antiox11010154","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010154","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35052658/","title":"GlyNAC (Glycine and-Acetylcysteine) Supplementation Improves Impaired Mitochondrial Fuel Oxidation and Lowers Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Pilot Study.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"GlyNAC supplementation significantly improved fasted MFO by 30% (< 0.001), lowered MGO by 47% (< 0.01), decreased IR by 22% (< 0.01) and lowered FFA by 25% (< 0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33007928","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33007928","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines8100390","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8100390","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33007928/","title":"Supplementing Glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Aging HIV Patients Improves Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, Genotoxicity, Strength, and Cognition: Results of an Open-Label Clinical Trial.","journal":"Biomedicines","year":2020,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Nutritional supplementation with GlyNAC improves comorbidities suggestive of premature aging in PWH including functional and cognitive decline, and warrants additional investigation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24144057","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24144057","doi":"10.1139/cjpp-2012-0341","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2012-0341","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24144057/","title":"Oral supplementation with glycine reduces oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome, improving their systolic blood pressure.","journal":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol","year":2013,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Individuals treated with glycine showed a 25% decrease in TBARS compared with the placebo-treated group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31035402","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31035402","doi":"10.3390/antiox8050111","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8050111","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035402/","title":"Medical and Dietary Uses of N-Acetylcysteine.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel)","year":2019,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Although NAC is considered a safe substance, the results among clinical trials are sometimes controversial or incomplete, like for many other antioxidants.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30551603","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30551603","doi":"10.3390/molecules23123305","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123305","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30551603/","title":"Overview on the Effects of-Acetylcysteine in Neurodegenerative Diseases.","journal":"Molecules","year":2018,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"NAC is a glutathione precursor and shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to the uses quoted in the literature, NAC may be considered helpful in therapies to counteract neurodegenerative and mental health diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11557312","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11557312","doi":"10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00640-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00640-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11557312/","title":"Supplementation with vitamin C and N-acetyl-cysteine increases oxidative stress in humans after an acute muscle injury induced by eccentric exercise.","journal":"Free Radic Biol Med","year":2001,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This acute human inflammatory model strongly suggests that vitamin C and NAC supplementation immediately post-injury, transiently increases tissue damage and oxidative stress.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42232577","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42232577","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1775264","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1775264","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42232577/","title":"Glycine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation, with or without exercise, in brain health and functional aging: implications for sarcopenia and frailty in older adults.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2026,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Evidence on NAC suggests context-dependent effects, with supplementation improving glutathione availability, fatigue resistance, and exercise performance in individuals with low baseline glutathione, while results remain inconsistent in healthy populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41754089","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41754089","doi":"10.3390/nu18040571","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040571","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754089/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in Patients with HIV Infection and HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2026,"primary_compound":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_compounds":"GlyNAC (Glycine + N-Acetylcysteine)","linked_monograph_ids":"glynac","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"198","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These interventions have shown consistent safety and tolerability across diverse populations, including individuals receiving complex antiretroviral and antitubercular regimens, with gastrointestinal discomfort being the most commonly reported adverse effect and serious toxicities remaining rare.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34999331","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34999331","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34999331/","title":"Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effects of probiotics on type 2 diabetes in adults.","journal":"Clin Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with single-strain and low-dose probiotics, multi-strain and high-dose probiotics have a greater beneficial effect on glycemic homeostasis. In addition, probiotic treatment may be more effective in patients with a high baseline body mass index and age.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39731509","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39731509","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuae177","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae177","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39731509/","title":"Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Clinically Diagnosed Samples: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Probiotics demonstrated a significant reduction in depression symptoms (SMD: -0.96; 95% CI: -1.31, -0.61) and a moderate reduction in anxiety symptoms (SMD: -0.59; 95% CI: -0.98, -0.19).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in depression\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32662591","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32662591","doi":"10.1002/brb3.1699","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1699","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32662591/","title":"Efficacy of probiotics on stress in healthy volunteers: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Brain Behav","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Current evidence suggests that probiotics can reduce subjective stress level in healthy volunteers and may alleviate stress-related subthreshold anxiety/depression level, without significant effect on cortisol level","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"without significant\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37168869","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37168869","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143548","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143548","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37168869/","title":"Probiotics fortify intestinal barrier function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.","journal":"Front Immunol","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present work revealed that probiotics could improve intestinal barrier function, and alleviate inflammation and microbial dysbiosis. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted to achieve a more definitive conclusion.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33234881","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33234881","doi":"10.1097/MCG.0000000000001464","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000001464","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33234881/","title":"Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.","journal":"J Clin Gastroenterol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Probiotics reduced the incidence of AAD by 38% (pooled relative risk, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.74).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced the incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31039287","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31039287","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31039287/","title":"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An a priori available case subgroup analysis exploring heterogeneity indicated that high dose (≥ 5 billion CFUs per day) is more effective than low probiotic dose (< 5 billion CFUs per day), interaction P value = 0.01.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38773400","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38773400","doi":"10.1186/s12879-024-09259-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09259-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38773400/","title":"Role of probiotic as adjuvant in treating various infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"BMC Infect Dis","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This meta-analysis showed beneficial use of single strain probiotics as adjuvant therapy in eradicating H. pylori and the use of probiotics in UTI.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34205818","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34205818","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms9061344","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061344","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34205818/","title":"The Effect of Probiotics on Health Outcomes in the Elderly: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Studies.","journal":"Microorganisms","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Probiotics appear to be efficacious in modifying gut microbiota composition in healthy older adults and have moderate effects on immune function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"efficacious\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35469958","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35469958","doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2022.111809","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2022.111809","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35469958/","title":"Impact of probiotics and prebiotics in the modulation of the major events of the aging process: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Exp Gerontol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, most interventions resulted in improvements in certain parameters when compared to control (glucose homeostasis, cognitive function, frailty phenotype, gut microbiota profile, immune parameters), while others remained unvariable.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25909149","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25909149","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2014.983249","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2014.983249","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25909149/","title":"Lactobacillus gasseri KS-13, Bifidobacterium bifidum G9-1, and Bifidobacterium longum MM-2 Ingestion Induces a Less Inflammatory Cytokine Profile and a Potentially Beneficial Shift in Gut Microbiota in Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study.","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The probiotic maintained CD4+ lymphocytes and produced a less inflammatory cytokine profile possibly due to the changes in the microbial communities, which more closely resembled those reported in healthy younger populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29312280","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29312280","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2017.01443","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01443","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29312280/","title":"Effects of Soluble Corn Fiber Alone or in Synbiotic Combination with LGG and the Pilus-Deficient Derivative GG-PB12 on Fecal Microbiota, Metabolism, and Markers of Immune Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study in Healthy Elderly (Saimes Study).","journal":"Front Immunol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We also found significant positive effects on the immune response, evidenced by a decrease of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36296983","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36296983","doi":"10.3390/nu14204300","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204300","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36296983/","title":"Effects of OLL2712 on Memory Function in Older Adults with Declining Memory: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present study suggests that OLL2712 ingestion has protective effects against memory function decline in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37782505","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37782505","doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3849","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3849","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37782505/","title":"Probiotics, Prebiotics, Lactoferrin, and Combination Products for Prevention of Mortality and Morbidity in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.","journal":"JAMA Pediatr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Only multiple-strain probiotics were associated with reduced all-cause mortality compared with placebo (risk ratio [RR], 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.86; risk difference [RD], -1.7%; 95% CI, -2.4% to -0.8%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39193818","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39193818","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2388085","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2388085","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39193818/","title":"Do probiotics mitigate GI-induced inflammation and perceived fatigue in athletes? A systematic review.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Probiotic supplementation, specifically at a minimum dosage of 15 billion CFUs daily for a duration of at least 28 days, may contribute to the reduction of perceived or actual fatigue.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30741841","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30741841","doi":"10.1097/MCG.0000000000001170","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000001170","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30741841/","title":"Thirty Years of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: A Review.","journal":"J Clin Gastroenterol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Furthermore LGG is able to produces both a biofilm that can mechanically protect the mucosa, and different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by enhancing intestinal crypt survival, diminishing apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium, and preserving cytoskeletal integrity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm42343233","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42343233","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2026.2690689","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2026.2690689","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42343233/","title":"Effect of pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila MucT on insulin sensitivity, body composition, and GLP-1 production in subjects with metabolic syndrome: impact of low baseline gut Akkermansia levels.","journal":"Gut Microbes","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The primary endpoint of whole-body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) did not differ after 4-months of daily administration of capsules containing 30 billion cells of pasteurizedMucT compared to placebo in the intention-to-treat subjects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not differ\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27892954","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27892954","doi":"10.1038/nm.4236","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4236","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27892954/","title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice.","journal":"Nat Med","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We demonstrated that Amuc_1100, a specific protein isolated from the outer membrane of A. muciniphila, interacts with Toll-like receptor 2, is stable at temperatures used for pasteurization, improves the gut barrier and partly recapitulates the beneficial effects of the bacterium.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26100928","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26100928","doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308778","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26100928/","title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology.","journal":"Gut","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A. muciniphila is associated with a healthier metabolic status and better clinical outcomes after CR in overweight/obese adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34065217","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34065217","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms9051098","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051098","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34065217/","title":"Akkermansia muciniphila, a New Generation of Beneficial Microbiota in Modulating Obesity: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Microorganisms","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Although there are studies that support the protective effect of this strategy, the effects on the prevention of obesity on humans are not clear yet and need more investigation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32472285","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32472285","doi":"10.1007/s13679-020-00379-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00379-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32472285/","title":"Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Postbiotics, and Obesity: Current Evidence, Controversies, and Perspectives.","journal":"Curr Obes Rep","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains are still the most widely used probiotics in functional foods and dietary supplements, but next generation probiotics, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, or Clostridia strains, have demonstrated promising results.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29566906","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29566906","doi":"10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.10.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29566906/","title":"Action and function of Akkermansia muciniphila in microbiome ecology, health and disease.","journal":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A. muciniphila is particularly effective in increasing mucus thickness and increasing gut barrier function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35641786","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35641786","doi":"10.1038/s41575-022-00631-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00631-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35641786/","title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms.","journal":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The causal evidence derived from a variety of animal models performed in different laboratories and recently was also recapitulated in a human proof-of-concept trial.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31831130","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31831130","doi":"10.1016/S1875-5364(19)30101-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(19)30101-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31831130/","title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: a promising target for the therapy of metabolic syndrome and related diseases.","journal":"Chin J Nat Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Its specialization in mucin degradation makes it a key microorganism that maintains intestinal mucosal barrier function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33977075","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33977075","doi":"10.1002/advs.202004831","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202004831","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33977075/","title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Child Gut Microbiota Enter into Bone to Preserve Bone Mass and Strength.","journal":"Adv Sci (Weinh)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"colonization with GM from children (CGM) but not from the elderly (EGM) prevents decreases in bone mass and bone strength in conventionally raised, ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37314693","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37314693","doi":"10.1007/s12602-023-10101-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-023-10101-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37314693/","title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Mice.","journal":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pasteurized Akk or Amuc_1100 significantly decreased the diarrhea status score and colon injury of AAD model mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31805963","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31805963","doi":"10.1186/s12967-019-02159-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02159-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31805963/","title":"Inulin-type fructans supplementation improves glycemic control for the prediabetes and type 2 diabetes populations: results from a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 33 randomized controlled trials.","journal":"J Transl Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Thirty-three trials involving 1346 participants were included. Overall, ITF supplementation could significantly reduce concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm34401107","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34401107","doi":"10.1002/fsn3.2403","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2403","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34401107/","title":"Assessing the effects of inulin-type fructan intake on body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Food Sci Nutr","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"ITF intake lowers blood glucose, total cholesterol, and TAG in the people with diabetes, and they may benefit from addition of inulin into their diets, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects are inconclusive.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39313030","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39313030","doi":"10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.09.019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.09.019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39313030/","title":"The effects of chicory inulin-type fructans supplementation on weight management outcomes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Chicory ITF significantly reduced body weight [mean difference (MD): -0.97 kg; 95% CI: -1.34, -0.59); n = 1184] compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30346655","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30346655","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201800865","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201800865","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30346655/","title":"Milk Powder Co-Supplemented with Inulin and Resistant Dextrin Improves Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For the MPCIR group, systolic blood pressure (BP) and diastolic BP are reduced significantly by 5.45 and 4.56 mm Hg (p < 0.001, vs placebo group), respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"blood pressure (bp) and diastolic bp are reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26860809","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26860809","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2015.12.010","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.12.010","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26860809/","title":"Impact of prebiotic supplementation on T-cell subsets and their related cytokines, anthropometric features and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized placebo-controlled Trial.","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present study showed several beneficial effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on the improvement of the glycemic status, lipid profile, and immune markers in patients with T2DM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24332524","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24332524","doi":"10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24332524/","title":"Oligofructose-enriched inulin improves some inflammatory markers and metabolic endotoxemia in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Nutrition","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In women with type 2 diabetes and suboptimal daily dietary fiber intake, oligofructose-enriched inulin may help to modulate some inflammatory markers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24059649","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24059649","doi":"10.3109/09637486.2013.836738","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2013.836738","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24059649/","title":"Inulin controls inflammation and metabolic endotoxemia in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Int J Food Sci Nutr","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Inulin-supplemented patients exhibited a significant decrease in FBS (8.5%), HbA1c (10.4%), fasting insulin (34.3%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (39.5%), hs-CRP (35.6%), TNF-α (23.1%), and LPS (27.9%) compared with the maltodextrin group (p < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decrease in fbs (8.5%), hba1c\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29391930","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29391930","doi":"10.15171/jcvtr.2017.32","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.15171/jcvtr.2017.32","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29391930/","title":"The effects of sodium butyrate and inulin supplementation on angiotensin signaling pathway via promotion of abundance in type 2 diabetes; A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"J Cardiovasc Thorac Res","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Intervention had significant effects on inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters and led to improvement of hypertension. However, further investigations are needed to make concise conclusions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31504857","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31504857","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuz045","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz045","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31504857/","title":"Prebiotics may reduce serum concentrations of C-reactive protein and ghrelin in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis showed reduction in serum concentrations of ghrelin (-37.17 pg/mL; 95%CI = -69.62, -4.73; P = 0.025) and CRP (SMD [standardized mean difference] = -0.31; 95%CI = -0.58, -0.04; P = 0.027) after supplementation of inulin-type fructans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25208775","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25208775","doi":"10.3305/nh.2014.30.2.7565","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2014.30.2.7565","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25208775/","title":"Effectiveness of inulin intake on indicators of chronic constipation; a meta-analysis of controlled randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Nutr Hosp","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found a significant overall effect of inulin on stool frequency (DEM = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.04, 1.34), stool consistency (Bristol scale) (DEM = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.70, 1.45), transit time (DEM = -0.57, 95% CI: -0.99, -0.15) and hardness of stool (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.70). Pain and bloating do not improve with inulin intake.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27492975","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27492975","doi":"10.1080/09637486.2016.1212819","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2016.1212819","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27492975/","title":"Effect of consumption of chicory inulin on bowel function in healthy subjects with constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Int J Food Sci Nutr","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consumption of OraftiInulin significantly increased stool frequency compared to placebo (median 4.0 [IQR 2.5-4.5] versus 3.0 [IQR 2.5-4.0] stools/week, p = 0.038).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22566311","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22566311","doi":"10.1590/S0212-16112012000100014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/S0212-16112012000100014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22566311/","title":"Microbiota benefits after inulin and partially hydrolized guar gum supplementation: a randomized clinical trial in constipated women.","journal":"Nutr Hosp","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consumption of I-PHGG produced clinical results comparable to placebo in constipated females, but had additional protective effects on gut microbiota by decreasing the amount of pathological bacteria of the Clostridium genera.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"comparable to placebo\" | favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30395776","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30395776","doi":"10.1080/19490976.2018.1526583","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2018.1526583","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30395776/","title":"Inulin-type fructans improve active ulcerative colitis associated with microbiota changes and increased short-chain fatty acids levels.","journal":"Gut Microbes","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Fructans significantly reduced colitis in the high-dose group, with 77% of patients showing a clinical response versus 33% in the low-dose group","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30949662","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30949662","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/nqy376","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy376","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30949662/","title":"Prebiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional bowel disorders in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Prebiotics do not improve gastrointestinal symptoms or QoL in patients with IBS or other FBDs, but they do increase bifidobacteria. Variations in prebiotic type and dose impacted symptom improvement or exacerbation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16087995","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16087995","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.2.471","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.2.471","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087995/","title":"A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Calcium absorption was significantly greater in the fructan group than in the control group at 8 wk (difference: 8.5 +/- 1.6%; P < 0.001) and at 1 y (difference: 5.9 +/- 2.8%; P = 0.04).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15877884","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15877884","doi":"10.1079/bjn20041341","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041341","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15877884/","title":"Inulin-type fructans and bone health: state of the art and perspectives in the management of osteoporosis.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"given in combination with isoflavones, they may have a potential for maintaining or improving the bone mass of human subjects, by modulating the bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29490721","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29490721","doi":"10.1017/S0007114518000211","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518000211","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29490721/","title":"The efficacy of daily snack replacement with oligofructose-enriched granola bars in overweight and obese adults: a 12-week randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"replacing daily snacks for 12 weeks with oligofructose-supplemented granola bars does not differentially affect energy intake, body weight and body composition compared with a control bar. However, there was an indication that appetite was lower after oligofructose bar consumption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34128426","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34128426","doi":"10.1177/02601060211023256","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060211023256","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34128426/","title":"Effects of β-glucan and inulin consumption on postprandial appetite, energy intake and food consumption in healthy females: A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Nutr Health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both dietary fibres significantly reduced the VAS scores of hunger, prospective food consumption and desire to eat, and increased satiety compared with the control group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29141968","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29141968","doi":"10.3945/an.117.016717","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/an.117.016717","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29141968/","title":"The Nitrate-Independent Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Beetroot Juice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Overall, SBP (-3.55 mm Hg; 95% CI: -4.55, -2.54 mm Hg) and DBP (-1.32 mm Hg; 95% CI: -1.97, -0.68 mm Hg) were significantly lower in the beetroot juice-supplemented groups than in the control groups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28319596","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28319596","doi":"10.1097/HJH.0000000000001305","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001305","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28319596/","title":"Medium-term effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Hypertens","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, the effect was only significant when measured in resting clinical settings as no significant changes in BP were observed using 24-h ambulatory and daily home monitorings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant changes\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25937622","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25937622","doi":"10.1016/j.niox.2015.04.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2015.04.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25937622/","title":"Ageing modifies the effects of beetroot juice supplementation on 24-hour blood pressure variability: An individual participant meta-analysis.","journal":"Nitric Oxide","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The pooled effect of beetroot juice on all BP outcomes was not significant. Beetroot juice ingestion determined a significant decrease in nocturnal systolic BP variability in subjects aged less than 65 y (2.8 mmHg, -4.5 -1.0, p = 0.002)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decrease in nocturnal systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33745600","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33745600","doi":"10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.035","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.035","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33745600/","title":"Efficacy of dietary nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Clin Nutr ESPEN","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A pooled analysis from eight included trials showed no significant difference between dietary nitrate-rich beetroot juice and placebo in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, 6-min walk test, cycling ergometry endurance time, and maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant difference\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30870330","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30870330","doi":"10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003842","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003842","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30870330/","title":"Effectiveness of dietary inorganic nitrate for lowering blood pressure in hypertensive adults: a systematic review.","journal":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of inorganic nitrate for any effect on blood pressure at this time.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23640589","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23640589","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23640589/","title":"Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, 140 and 280 ml BR reduced the steady-state oxygen (O2) uptake during moderate-intensity exercise by 1.7% (P = 0.06) and 3.0% (P < 0.05), whereas time-to-task failure was extended by 14% and 12% (both P < 0.05), respectively, compared with PL.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28327503","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28327503","doi":"10.3390/nu9030314","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030314","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28327503/","title":"Beetroot Juice Supplementation Improves High-Intensity Intermittent Type Exercise Performance in Trained Soccer Players.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Six days of BR ingestion effectively improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22019438","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22019438","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.028","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.028","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22019438/","title":"Flavonoid-rich apples and nitrate-rich spinach augment nitric oxide status and improve endothelial function in healthy men and women: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Free Radic Biol Med","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to control, all treatments resulted in higher flow-mediated dilatation (P<0.05) and lower pulse pressure (P<0.05), and apple and spinach resulted in lower systolic blood pressure (P<0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26037632","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26037632","doi":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.035","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.035","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26037632/","title":"Dietary nitrate modulates cerebral blood flow parameters and cognitive performance in humans: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation.","journal":"Physiol Behav","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary nitrate modulated the hemodynamic response to task performance, with an initial increase in CBF at the start of the task period, followed by consistent reductions during the least demanding of the three tasks utilised. Cognitive performance was improved on the serial 3s subtraction task.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35268027","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35268027","doi":"10.3390/nu14051052","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051052","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35268027/","title":"Incremental Doses of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice Do Not Modify Cognitive Function and Cerebral Blood Flow in Overweight and Obese Older Adults: A 13-Week Pilot Randomised Clinical Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The findings of this pilot study showed that cognitive function and CBF were not affected by supplementation with NO-rich beetroot juice for 13 weeks","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"were not affected\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29077028","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29077028","doi":"10.3390/nu9111171","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111171","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29077028/","title":"Performance and Health Benefits of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation in Older Adults: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Six studies reported improvements in CV health (blood pressure and blood flow), while six found no improvement.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no improvement\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23174856","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23174856","doi":"10.1152/ajpregu.00406.2012","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00406.2012","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23174856/","title":"Effects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure, O2 uptake kinetics, and muscle and cognitive function in older adults.","journal":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dietary nitrate supplementation reduced resting blood pressure and improved Vo(2) kinetics during treadmill walking in healthy older adults but did not improve walking or cognitive performance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25414241","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25414241","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25414241/","title":"Acute dietary nitrate supplementation enhances compensatory vasodilation during hypoxic exercise in older adults.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Following BR consumption, compensatory vasodilation did not change in young (13.7 ± 3.3%, P = 0.81) adults but was substantially augmented in older adults (11.4 ± 2.1%, P < 0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not change\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29190751","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29190751","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0188893","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188893","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29190751/","title":"Acute effect of dietary nitrate on forearm muscle oxygenation, blood volume and strength in older adults: A randomized clinical trial.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In summary, a single dose of a beetroot-based gel speeds up muscle O2 resaturation, increases blood volume and improves recovery of handgrip strength after handgrip exercise in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37244392","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37244392","doi":"10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37244392/","title":"Short-term beetroot juice supplementation improves muscle speed and power but does not reduce blood pressure or oxidative stress in 65-79 y old men and women.","journal":"Nitric Oxide","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This was accompanied by 5 ± 11% and 7 ± 13% increases in maximal knee extensor speed (Vmax) and power (Pmax), respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36015298","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36015298","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics14081672","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081672","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36015298/","title":"Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on Nociceptive, Musculoskeletal and Neuropathic Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Evidence.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"However, the results are downgraded due to the high heterogeneity of the studies (I2 = 99%), and the funnel plot suggests publication bias.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28617258","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28617258","doi":"10.4415/ANN_17_02_08","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_17_02_08","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28617258/","title":"Micronized palmitoylethanolamide/trans-polydatin treatment of endometriosis-related pain: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Ann Ist Super Sanita","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the administration of micronized palmitoylethanolamide/trans-polydatin (400 mg/40 mg) twice a day for three months provided a clinically relevant improvement of chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea while improving deep dyspareunia to a limited degree.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30927159","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30927159","doi":"10.1007/s10787-019-00582-9","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-019-00582-9","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30927159/","title":"A double-blind randomized placebo controlled study assessing safety, tolerability and efficacy of palmitoylethanolamide for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The study demonstrated that palmitoylethanolamide may be a novel treatment for attenuating pain and reducing other associated symptoms of knee osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26857391","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26857391","doi":"10.1007/s13311-016-0420-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0420-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26857391/","title":"Oral Palmitoylethanolamide Treatment Is Associated with Reduced Cutaneous Adverse Effects of Interferon-beta1a and Circulating Proinflammatory Cytokines in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.","journal":"Neurotherapeutics","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Patients with MS receiving um-PEA perceived an improvement in pain sensation without a reduction of the erythema at the injection site. A significant improvement in QoL was observed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22558609","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22558609","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558609/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide versus a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of temporomandibular joint inflammatory pain.","journal":"J Orofac Pain","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These data suggest that PEA is effective in treating TMJ inflammatory pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21601979","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21601979","doi":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.04.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.04.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21601979/","title":"Effectiveness of the association micronized N-Palmitoylethanolamine (PEA)-transpolydatin in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain related to endometriosis after laparoscopic assessment: a pilot study.","journal":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A marked decrease in dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and pelvic pain was observed in all groups, and the association between N-Palmitoylethanolamine and transpolydatin resulted to be more effective than placebo (P<.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29210011","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29210011","doi":"10.1007/s40266-017-0506-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-017-0506-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29210011/","title":"N-of-1 Randomized Trials of Ultra-Micronized Palmitoylethanolamide in Older Patients with Chronic Pain.","journal":"Drugs Aging","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A small statistically significant effect in favor of um-PEA was seen at the mixed method analyses in two patients (effect size equal to 8% of the baseline pain).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24804094","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24804094","doi":"10.1155/2014/849623","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/849623","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24804094/","title":"Micronized palmitoylethanolamide reduces the symptoms of neuropathic pain in diabetic patients.","journal":"Pain Res Treat","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Statistical analysis (ANOVA) indicated a highly significant reduction in pain severity (P < 0.0001) and related symptoms (P < 0.0001) evaluated by Michigan Neuropathy Screening instrument, Total Symptom Score, and Neuropathic Pain Symptoms Inventory.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26334329","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26334329","doi":"10.1007/s40122-015-0038-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-015-0038-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26334329/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide in Fibromyalgia: Results from Prospective and Retrospective Observational Studies.","journal":"Pain Ther","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PEA introduction after 3 months of therapeutic regimen with DLX + PGB provided a significant improvement in pain symptoms, with a further reduction in the number of TPs and significant reduction in pain, compared to combined DLX + PGB only (p < 0.0001 for TPs and Visual Analog Scale comparisons).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24178954","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24178954","doi":"10.1007/s10787-013-0191-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-013-0191-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24178954/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide, a naturally occurring disease-modifying agent in neuropathic pain.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"palmitoylethanolamide, a member of the N-acylethanolamine family which is produced from the lipid bilayer on-demand, is capable of exerting anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects by down-modulating both microglial and mast cell activity","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35176443","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35176443","doi":"10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35176443/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide dampens neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice.","journal":"Brain Behav Immun","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PEA directly counteracted inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in a PPAR-alpha-dependent manner since the pharmacological blockade of the receptor reverted its effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29552727","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29552727","doi":"10.1007/s12035-018-0959-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-0959-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552727/","title":"N-palmitoylethanolamide Prevents Parkinsonian Phenotypes in Aged Mice.","journal":"Mol Neurobiol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings propose this strategy as a valid approach to prevent neurodegenerative diseases associated with old age.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30505308","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30505308","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2018.02671","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02671","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30505308/","title":"Prophylactic Palmitoylethanolamide Prolongs Survival and Decreases Detrimental Inflammation in Aged Mice With Bacterial Meningitis.","journal":"Front Immunol","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_compounds":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p206","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"206","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that prophylactic PEA can counteract infection associated detrimental responses in old animals. Accordingly, PEA treatment slowed the onset of infection symptoms and prolonged the survival of old infected mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"detrimental\" | favorable-cue: \"slowed\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38365549","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38365549","doi":"10.1016/j.explore.2024.02.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2024.02.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38365549/","title":"Efficacy evaluation of standardized Boswellia serrata extract (Aflapin) in osteoarthritis: A systematic review and sub-group meta-analysis study.","journal":"Explore (NY)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"BS supplementation significantly reduced VAS (MD: -10.71; p<0.00001), LFI (MD: -2.99; p<0.00001), WOMAC-pain (MD: -10.69; p<0.0001), WOMAC-stiffness (MD: -5.49; p<0.00001), and WOMAC-function (MD: -10.69; p<0.00001) scores compared to control therapy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29622343","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29622343","doi":"10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.03.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.03.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29622343/","title":"Efficacy of curcumin and Boswellia for knee osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Semin Arthritis Rheum","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Both curcuminoid and boswellia formulations were statistically significantly more effective than placebo for pain relief and functional improvement.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19091760","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19091760","doi":"10.1136/bmj.a2813","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2813","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19091760/","title":"Frankincense: systematic review.","journal":"BMJ","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The evidence for the effectiveness of B serrata extracts is encouraging but not compelling.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35512759","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35512759","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2021.2014370","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2021.2014370","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35512759/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Aflapin, a Novel Boswellia serrata Extract, in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Short-Term 30-Day Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study.","journal":"J Am Nutr Assoc","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Post-trial, VAS, LFI, WOMAC pain, WOMAC stiffness, WOMAC function, and total WOMAC scores decreased in the Aflapin group by 45%, 40.9%, 44.4%, 66.3%, 44.4%, and 48%, respectively.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39700461","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39700461","doi":"10.1080/27697061.2024.2438894","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/27697061.2024.2438894","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39700461/","title":"A Standardized Boswellia serrata Extract Improves Knee Joint Function and Cartilage Morphology in Human Volunteers with Mild to Moderate Osteoarthritis in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"J Am Nutr Assoc","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"SN13108F supplementation is safe, and it mitigates joint pain and improves musculoskeletal function and cartilage morphology in KOA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39875757","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39875757","doi":"10.1007/s11095-025-03818-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-025-03818-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39875757/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Boswellia serrata and Apium graveolens L. Extract Against Knee Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Degeneration: A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.","journal":"Pharm Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral administration of the nutraceutical resulted in prolonged symptomatic relief with reduced pain, stiffness, and swelling.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40554037","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40554037","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2025.06.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2025.06.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40554037/","title":"Effect of a combination of C. longa and B. serrata extracts on hand osteoarthritis. Results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CBTIL relieves pain in patients with hand osteoarthritis. Together with its safety, this clinically relevant symptomatic effect suggests that CBTIL may be an alternative to oral NSAIDs and analgesics for managing symptomatic hand osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28349271","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28349271","doi":"10.1007/s10067-017-3603-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3603-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349271/","title":"Evaluation of the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia alone and combined with Boswellia thurifera compared with ibuprofen in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Clin Rheumatol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consumption of E. angustifolia fruit extract either alone or in combination with Boswellia oleo-gum resin extract could decrease pain and improve function in patients with knee osteoarthritis comparable to ibuprofen.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12622457","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12622457","doi":"10.1078/094471103321648593","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103321648593","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12622457/","title":"Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"All patients receiving drug treatment reported decrease in knee pain, increased knee flexion and increased walking distance. The frequency of swelling in the knee joint was decreased.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decrease in knee pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17024588","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17024588","doi":"10.1055/s-2006-947227","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-947227","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17024588/","title":"Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases.","journal":"Planta Med","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The mechanism of this action is due to some boswellic acids. It is different from that of NSAID and is related to components of the immune system. The most evident action is the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17168710","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17168710","doi":"10.2174/092986706779010333","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/092986706779010333","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17168710/","title":"Boswellic acids: biological actions and molecular targets.","journal":"Curr Med Chem","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Approaches in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological effects of BAs identified 5-lipoxygenase, human leukocyte elastase, toposiomerase I and II, as well as IkappaB kinases as molecular targets of BAs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21553931","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21553931","doi":"10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21553931/","title":"Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data.","journal":"Clin Pharmacokinet","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_compounds":"Boswellia Serrata Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p207","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"207","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"boswellic acids failed to inhibit leukotriene formation in human whole blood, and pharmacokinetic data revealed very low concentrations of AKBA and KBA in plasma, being far below the effective concentrations for bioactivity in vitro.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17516722","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17516722","doi":"10.2165/00044011-200424060-00005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200424060-00005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17516722/","title":"Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Glucosamine, Methylsulfonylmethane and their Combination in Osteoarthritis.","journal":"Clin Drug Investig","year":2004,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"208","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glu, MSM and their combination significantly improved signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm18417375","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18417375","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18417375/","title":"Systematic review of the nutritional supplements dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the treatment of osteoarthritis.","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2008,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The data from the more rigorous MSM trials provide positive but not definitive evidence that MSM is superior to placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate OA of the knee.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40425393","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40425393","doi":"10.1016/j.joim.2025.04.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2025.04.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40425393/","title":"Effects of dietary supplements on patients with osteoarthritis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"J Integr Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"208","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the WOMAC pain score, the SUCRA of passion fruit peel extract was 91% (mean difference [MD]: -9.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [-16.0, -2.3]), followed by methylsulfonylmethane (89%)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29214616","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29214616","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29214616/","title":"A randomized controlled trial evaluating methylsulfonylmethane versus placebo to prevent knee pain in military initial entry trainees.","journal":"US Army Med Dep J","year":2017,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Three grams of MSM administered daily did not provide significant improvements in the 5 KOOS subscales or the 6 POMS subscales at 30 days or 60 days.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30986309","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30986309","doi":"10.1093/pm/pnz040","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz040","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30986309/","title":"Dietary Ingredients as an Alternative Approach for Mitigating Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Evidence-Based Recommendations for Practice and Research in the Military.","journal":"Pain Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"208","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Recommendations were made against the use of collagen, creatine, devil's claw, l-carnitine, methylsulfonylmethane, pycnogenol, willow bark extract, and vitamin E.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33617972","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33617972","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2021.01.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2021.01.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33617972/","title":"Efficacy and safety of a supplement combination on hand pain among people with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis an internet-based, randomised clinical trial the RADIANT study.","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2021,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There were no significant differences in symptomatic relief between the two groups over 12 weeks. These findings do not support the use of the supplement combination for treating hand pain in people with HOA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant differences\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21986780","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21986780","doi":"10.1007/s12325-011-0068-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-011-0068-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21986780/","title":"The \"MESACA\" study: methylsulfonylmethane and boswellic acids in the treatment of gonarthrosis.","journal":"Adv Ther","year":2011,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Although the combined administration of MSM and BA in the treatment of gonarthrosis was not shown to be more efficacious than placebo in the management of the clinical and functional picture, it significantly reduced patients need for anti-inflammatory drugs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28736511","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28736511","doi":"10.1186/s12970-017-0181-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0181-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28736511/","title":"Effects of Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on exercise-induced oxidative stress, muscle damage, and pain following a half-marathon: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MSM supplementation attenuated post-exercise muscle and joint pain at clinically, but not statistically significant levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23013531","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23013531","doi":"10.1186/1550-2783-9-46","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-46","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23013531/","title":"Influence of methylsulfonylmethane on markers of exercise recovery and performance in healthy men: a pilot study.","journal":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr","year":2012,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MSM, especially when provided at 3.0 grams per day, may favorably influence selected markers of exercise recovery.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25461402","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25461402","doi":"10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25461402/","title":"Methylsulfonylmethane inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation.","journal":"Cytokine","year":2014,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"208","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MSM significantly attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages, although it had no effect on NLCR4 or AIM2 inflammasome activation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28300758","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28300758","doi":"10.3390/nu9030290","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030290","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28300758/","title":"Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"As a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) approved substance, MSM is well-tolerated by most individuals at dosages of up to four grams daily, with few known and mild side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31331587","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31331587","doi":"10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.022","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.022","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31331587/","title":"Methylsulfonylmethane for treatment of low back pain: A safety analysis of a randomized, controlled trial.","journal":"Complement Ther Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"208;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"MSM has no effects on WBC, platelets, Hb, total bilirubin, AST, ALT, creatinine weight, DBP, or SBP in this study.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12006124","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12006124","doi":"10.1089/107555302317371451","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/107555302317371451","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12006124/","title":"A multicentered, open-label trial on the safety and efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.","journal":"J Altern Complement Med","year":2002,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"208","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Day 7 upper and total respiratory symptoms were reduced significantly from baseline (p < 0.01 and p < 0.005, respectively).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38639940","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38639940","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5830","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5830","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38639940/","title":"Self-Administered Acupressure for Probable Knee Osteoarthritis in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA Netw Open","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this randomized clinical trial, SAA with a brief KHE program was efficacious and cost-effective in relieving knee pain and improving mobility in middle-aged and older adults with probable knee OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28437570","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28437570","doi":"10.1002/acr.23262","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23262","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28437570/","title":"Self-Acupressure for Older Adults With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Self-administered acupressure is superior to usual care in pain and physical function improvement for older adults with knee OA. The reason for the benefits is unclear, and the placebo effect may play a role.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28089414","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28089414","doi":"10.1016/j.smrv.2016.12.004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.12.004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28089414/","title":"Acupressure effect on sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Sleep Med Rev","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Comparison with the sham group (7 trials with 385 patients) yielded low heterogeneity and an overall effect of 13%-19% improvement in the PSQI score (MD = -3.41, 95% CI -4.08, -2.75; I = 12%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28804504","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28804504","doi":"10.1155/2017/6383649","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6383649","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28804504/","title":"Efficacy of Auricular Acupressure for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The encouraging evidence of this study indicates that it is recommended to provide auricular acupressure to patients with chronic low back pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32227774","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32227774","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32227774/","title":"Effect of acupressure on postpartum low back pain, salivary cortisol, physical limitations, and depression: a randomized controlled pilot study.","journal":"J Tradit Chin Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Participants in the intervention group had significantly lower levels of LBP intensity, daily activity limitations, physical activity limitations, and postpartum depression than those in the control group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31855257","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31855257","doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.5233","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.5233","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31855257/","title":"Clinical Evidence for Association of Acupuncture and Acupressure With Improved Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"JAMA Oncol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review and meta-analysis found that acupuncture and/or acupressure was significantly associated with reduced cancer pain and decreased use of analgesics, although the evidence level was moderate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with reduced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33891570","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33891570","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33891570/","title":"Acupressure for Cancer-Related Fatigue in Elderly Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study.","journal":"Altern Ther Health Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acupressure can be recommended as an integrative treatment for cancer-related fatigue because it is effective, easy to use, tolerable and does not cause serious side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38754041","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38754041","doi":"10.1200/JCO.24.00541","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.24.00541","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38754041/","title":"Management of Fatigue in Adult Survivors of Cancer: ASCO-Society for Integrative Oncology Guideline Update.","journal":"J Clin Oncol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"yoga, acupressure, and moxibustion helped to manage CRF after completion of treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35085025","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35085025","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2020.0256","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2020.0256","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35085025/","title":"Effects of Acupressure on Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Integr Complement Med","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our meta-analysis suggests that acupressure can alleviate anxiety.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26002571","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26002571","doi":"10.1136/acupmed-2014-010720","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2014-010720","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26002571/","title":"Effects of acupressure on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Acupunct Med","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acupressure seems to be effective in providing immediate relief of pretreatment anxiety among adults, and has a medium effect size.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36257214","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36257214","doi":"10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102219","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102219","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36257214/","title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction with acupressure for sleep quality in breast cancer patients with insomnia undergoing chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Eur J Oncol Nurs","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Acupressure and combined therapy outperformed MBSR in improving sleep quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22972087","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22972087","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005472.pub3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005472.pub3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972087/","title":"Acupuncture for insomnia.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Due to poor methodological quality, high levels of heterogeneity and publication bias, the current evidence is not sufficiently rigorous to support or refute acupuncture for treating insomnia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36134507","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36134507","doi":"10.1111/jjns.12512","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jjns.12512","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36134507/","title":"The effectiveness of auricular acupressure on pain management during labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Jpn J Nurs Sci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Effective labor pain relief, better labor pain perception, and the lack of adverse effects support the use of auricular acupressure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37715543","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37715543","doi":"10.1111/aphw.12490","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12490","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37715543/","title":"Regular use of acupressure mats reduces perceived stress at subjective but not psychophysiological levels: Insights from a three-week relaxation training.","journal":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"training with an acupressure mat yielded no superior effects compared with an active control condition in healthy young students.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40770094","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40770094","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09335-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09335-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40770094/","title":"Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer's disease.","journal":"Nature","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Replacement therapy with lithium orotate, which is a Li salt with reduced amyloid binding, prevents pathological changes and memory loss in AD mouse models and ageing wild-type mice.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23814104","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23814104","doi":"10.1136/bmj.f3646","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3646","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23814104/","title":"Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"BMJ","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lithium was more effective than placebo in reducing the number of suicides (odds ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.66) and deaths from any cause (0.38, 0.15 to 0.95).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26402004","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26402004","doi":"10.3233/JAD-150437","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150437","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26402004/","title":"Lithium as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Alzheimers Dis","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lithium significantly decreased cognitive decline as compared to placebo (standardized mean difference = -0.41, 95% confidence interval = -0.81 to -0.02, p = 0.04, I2 = 47% , 3 studies, n = 199).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38253184","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38253184","doi":"10.1016/j.arr.2024.102203","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2024.102203","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38253184/","title":"Comparative efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of donanemab, lecanemab, aducanumab and lithium on cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.","journal":"Ageing Res Rev","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On the Mini-Mental State Examination, lithium significantly outperformed donanemab, aducanumab and placebo. On the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale, the efficacy of all active drugs was significantly higher than placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32056756","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32056756","doi":"10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.027","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.027","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32056756/","title":"Relationship between suicide mortality and lithium in drinking water: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"J Affect Disord","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A significant relationship was found between the lithium concentration in drinking water and reduced suicide mortality (OR= 0.42; 95% CI: 0.27-0.67; p-value <0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced suicide mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21525519","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21525519","doi":"10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080044","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080044","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21525519/","title":"Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Br J Psychiatry","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The present data support the notion that lithium has disease-modifying properties with potential clinical implications in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30947755","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30947755","doi":"10.1192/bjp.2019.76","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.76","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30947755/","title":"Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised clinical trial.","journal":"Br J Psychiatry","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Participants in the placebo group displayed cognitive and functional decline, whereas lithium-treated patients remained stable over 2 years.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22746245","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22746245","doi":"10.2174/1567205011310010014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205011310010014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22746245/","title":"Microdose lithium treatment stabilized cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease.","journal":"Curr Alzheimer Res","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This data suggests the efficacy of a microdose lithium treatment in preventing cognitive loss, reinforcing its therapeutic potential to treat AD using very low doses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36049127","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36049127","doi":"10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2767","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.47626/1516-4446-2022-2767","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049127/","title":"Revisiting global cognitive and functional state 13 years after a clinical trial of lithium for mild cognitive impairment.","journal":"Braz J Psychiatry","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This data set suggests that older adults with amnestic MCI who had been treated with lithium during a previous randomized controlled trial had a better long-term global cognitive outcome than those from a matched sample who did not receive the intervention.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34059401","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34059401","doi":"10.1016/j.jagp.2021.04.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.04.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34059401/","title":"Low Dose Lithium Treatment of Behavioral Complications in Alzheimer's Disease: Lit-AD Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Low-dose lithium was not efficacious in treating agitation but was associated with global clinical improvement and excellent safety.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28832877","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28832877","doi":"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2362","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2362","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28832877/","title":"Association of Lithium in Drinking Water With the Incidence of Dementia.","journal":"JAMA Psychiatry","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Long-term increased lithium exposure in drinking water may be associated with a lower incidence of dementia in a nonlinear way; however, confounding from other factors associated with municipality of residence cannot be excluded.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with a lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18981345","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18981345","doi":"10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1331","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1331","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18981345/","title":"Lithium treatment and risk of dementia.","journal":"Arch Gen Psychiatry","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Persons who purchased lithium at least once had an increased rate of dementia compared with persons not exposed to lithium (relative risk, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.76). For persons who continued to take lithium, the rate of dementia decreased to the same level as the rate for the general population.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28002662","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28002662","doi":"10.4088/JCP.15m10304","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m10304","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28002662/","title":"Association Between Lithium Use and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease.","journal":"J Clin Psychiatry","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"when we restricted the analyses to patients with bipolar disorder to minimize potential confounding by indication, lithium was not associated with Alzheimer's disease risk (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI, 0.89-2.09), and there were no apparent trends of greater risk with increasing duration or dose.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"was not associated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21525518","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21525518","doi":"10.1192/bjp.bp.110.091041","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.091041","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21525518/","title":"Lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality.","journal":"Br J Psychiatry","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In replicating and extending previous results, this study provides strong evidence that geographic regions with higher natural lithium concentrations in drinking water are associated with lower suicide mortality rates.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30753803","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30753803","doi":"10.20344/amp.10744","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.10744","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30753803/","title":"Lithium in Public Drinking Water and Suicide Mortality in Portugal: Initial Approach.","journal":"Acta Med Port","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Unlike most international studies regarding natural lithium levels and suicide risk, no inverse relation was found in Portugal.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27068460","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27068460","doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.041","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.041","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27068460/","title":"Lithium Promotes Longevity through GSK3/NRF2-Dependent Hormesis.","journal":"Cell Rep","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We demonstrate that lithium extends lifespan in female and male Drosophila, when administered throughout adulthood or only later in life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"extends lifespan\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24766396","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24766396","doi":"10.1021/cn5000309","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cn5000309","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24766396/","title":"Neuroprotective effects of lithium: implications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.","journal":"ACS Chem Neurosci","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The putative neuroprotective effects of lithium rely on the fact that it modulates several homeostatic mechanisms involved in neurotrophic response, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32589613","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32589613","doi":"10.18632/aging.103571","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103571","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589613/","title":"Cognitive enhancement of healthy older adults using hyperbaric oxygen: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Aging (Albany NY)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"There was a significant group-by-time interaction in global cognitive function post-HBOT compared to control (p=0.0017). The most striking improvements were in attention (net effect size=0.745) and information processing speed (net effect size=0.788).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34784294","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34784294","doi":"10.18632/aging.203701","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203701","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34784294/","title":"The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the pathophysiology of skin aging: a prospective clinical trial.","journal":"Aging (Albany NY)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The study indicates, for the first time in humans, that HBOT can significantly modulate the pathophysiology of the skin aging in a healthy aging population. The demonstrated mechanisms include angiogenesis and senescent cell clearance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38757145","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38757145","doi":"10.3389/fragi.2024.1368982","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2024.1368982","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38757145/","title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: future prospects in regenerative therapy and anti-aging.","journal":"Front Aging","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"HBOT affects physiological processes at the genetic level by altering gene expression, delaying cell senescence, and assisting in telomere length enhancement.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhancement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33784834","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33784834","doi":"10.1089/rej.2021.0014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2021.0014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33784834/","title":"Rejuvenation Through Oxygen, More or Less.","journal":"Rejuvenation Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In a recent report, a small clinical trial employing 60 sessions of intermittent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) studying old humans resulted in increased mean telomere length of immune cells including B cells, natural killer cells, T helper, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"increased mean telomere\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26010952","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26010952","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0127012","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127012","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26010952/","title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can diminish fibromyalgia syndrome--prospective clinical trial.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2015,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"HBOT in both groups led to significant amelioration of all FMS symptoms, with significant improvement in life quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23335971","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23335971","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0053716","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053716","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23335971/","title":"Hyperbaric oxygen induces late neuroplasticity in post stroke patients--randomized, prospective trial.","journal":"PLoS One","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The results indicate that HBOT can lead to significant neurological improvements in post stroke patients even at chronic late stages.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34376365","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34376365","doi":"10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.07.047","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.07.047","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34376365/","title":"Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Asian J Surg","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy increased the healing rate of diabetic foot ulcers (relative risk, 1.901; 95% CI = 1.484-2.435, p < 0.0001), shortened the healing time (MD = -19.360; 95% CI = -28.753~-9.966, p < 0.001), and reduced the incidence of major amputation (relative risk, 0.518, 95% CI = 0.323-0.830, P < 0.01).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced the incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34236155","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34236155","doi":"10.23736/S0392-9590.21.04722-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-9590.21.04722-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236155/","title":"The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on limb amputation and ulcer healing.","journal":"Int Angiol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The present review offers evidence that adjuvant HBOT decreases risk of major amputation while promoting wound healing when combined to standard treatment in the management of DFU.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreases risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34709348","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34709348","doi":"10.1001/jamaoto.2021.2685","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2021.2685","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34709348/","title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In this systematic review and meta-analysis, HBOT as part of a combination treatment was significantly associated with improved hearing outcomes in patients with SSNHL over control treatments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm37585677","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37585677","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD005005.pub5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005005.pub5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37585677/","title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for late radiation tissue injury.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"HBOT also carries a risk of adverse events, including an increased risk of a reduction in visual acuity (usually temporary) and of ear barotrauma on compression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38672710","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38672710","doi":"10.3390/life14040438","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040438","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38672710/","title":"Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Long COVID: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Life (Basel)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Most studies found that HBOT can improve quality of life, fatigue, cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cardiopulmonary function. Although HBOT has shown some benefits for long COVID symptoms, further rigorous large-scale RCTs are required to establish precise indications, protocols, and post-treatment evaluations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39603702","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39603702","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-081318","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-081318","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39603702/","title":"Interventions for the management of long covid (post-covid condition): living systematic review.","journal":"BMJ","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"No compelling evidence was found to support the effectiveness of other interventions, including, among others, vortioxetine, leronlimab, combined probiotics-prebiotics, coenzyme Q10, amygdala and insula retraining, combined L-arginine and vitamin C, inspiratory muscle training, transcranial direct current stimulation, hyperbaric oxygen","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29436380","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29436380","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2017-098043","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098043","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29436380/","title":"Relative efficacy and safety of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.","journal":"Br J Sports Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Of all topical NSAIDs, diclofenac patches were most effective for OA pain (SMD=-0.81, 95% CI -1.12 to -0.52) and piroxicam was most effective for functional improvement (SMD=-1.04, 95% CI -1.60 to -0.48) compared with placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33299860","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33299860","doi":"10.1155/2020/1758071","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1758071","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33299860/","title":"Topical Diclofenac Solution for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Biomed Res Int","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In comparison to the vehicle control, the mean differences for WOMAC pain, stiffness, and physical function subscales, as well as pain on walking, were all statistically significant in favor of topical diclofenac solution.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19932833","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19932833","doi":"10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.09.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2009.09.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19932833/","title":"Randomized controlled trial of diclofenac sodium gel in knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"Semin Arthritis Rheum","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At week 12, the DSG group had significant decreases versus the vehicle group in mean WOMAC pain (P = 0.01), mean WOMAC physical function (P = 0.001), and mean global rating of disease (P < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19648310","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19648310","doi":"10.3899/jrheum.081316","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.081316","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19648310/","title":"Diclofenac sodium gel in patients with primary hand osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"J Rheumatol","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Diclofenac sodium gel decreased pain intensity scores by 42%-45%, total AUSCAN scores by 35%-40%, and global rating of disease by 36%-40%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26506138","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26506138","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2015.1113400","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2015.1113400","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26506138/","title":"Efficacy and safety of diclofenac sodium 2% topical solution for osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 4 week study.","journal":"Curr Med Res Opin","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Significantly greater reductions in least-squares mean (standard error) WOMAC pain scores were observed for diclofenac-treated (-4.4 [0.4]) versus vehicle-treated patients (-3.4 [0.4]) at the final visit (p = 0.040).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm12747273","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12747273","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12747273/","title":"Topical diclofenac patch in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Clin Exp Rheumatol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The active treatment group showed a significant improvement in pain, Lequesne's Index, and the physician's and patient's global assessment of efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm16331769","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16331769","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16331769/","title":"Efficacy of topical diclofenac diethylamine gel in osteoarthritis of the knee.","journal":"J Rheumatol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On the primary outcome, average pain on movement over Days 1-14, diclofenac gel was significantly superior to placebo gel.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"superior to placebo\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31944135","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31944135","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2020.1716703","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2020.1716703","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31944135/","title":"Systematic review of topical diclofenac for the treatment of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain.","journal":"Curr Med Res Opin","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The effectiveness of topical diclofenac was also demonstrated in chronic musculoskeletal pain but with a higher NNT (worse) compared with acute pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32805127","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32805127","doi":"10.7326/M19-3601","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-3601","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32805127/","title":"Management of Acute Pain From Non-Low Back, Musculoskeletal Injuries : A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials.","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical NSAIDs, followed by oral NSAIDs and acetaminophen with or without diclofenac, showed the most convincing and attractive benefit-harm ratio for patients with acute pain from non-low back, musculoskeletal injuries.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26242469","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26242469","doi":"10.1007/s10067-015-3021-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-015-3021-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26242469/","title":"Topical diclofenac therapy for osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Clin Rheumatol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical diclofenac appears to be effective in both pain relief (standard mean differences (SMD) = 0.40; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.19 to 0.62; P = 0.0003) and function improvement (SMD = 0.23; 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.43; P = 0.03) when compared with the control group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28497473","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28497473","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD008609.pub2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008609.pub2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28497473/","title":"Topical analgesics for acute and chronic pain in adults - an overview of Cochrane Reviews.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel);Topical Lidocaine;Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical;lidocaine_topical;salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":3,"linked_product_ids":"212;214;216","linked_product_count":3,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In chronic musculoskeletal conditions with assessments over 6 to 12 weeks, topical diclofenac and ketoprofen had limited efficacy in hand and knee osteoarthritis, as did topical high-concentration capsaicin in postherpetic neuralgia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26806189","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26806189","doi":"10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.11.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.11.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26806189/","title":"Efficacy and safety of topical NSAIDs in the management of osteoarthritis: Evidence from real-life setting trials and surveys.","journal":"Semin Arthritis Rheum","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In real-life studies, topical and oral NSAIDs demonstrate an equivalent effect on knee pain over 1 year of treatment, with fewer adverse events due to lower systemic absorption of topical NSAIDs compared with oral NSAIDs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34479761","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34479761","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.08.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.08.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34479761/","title":"Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ketoprofen Plaster and Diclofenac Plaster for Osteoarthritis-Related Knee Pain: A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Phase III Clinical Trial.","journal":"Clin Ther","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After 3 weeks of treatment, the least squares mean change from baseline in knee pain intensity scores during walking was -35.9 (95% CI, -39.7 to -32.2) in the ketoprofen group and -31.7 (95% CI, -35.5 to -27.9) in the diclofenac group, with noninferiority found (least squares mean difference, -4.2; 95% CI, -9.6 to 1.1).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17170650","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17170650","doi":"10.12968/bjcn.2006.11.11.22278","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2006.11.11.22278","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17170650/","title":"The use of topical diclofenac for pain in osteoarthritis of the knee: a review.","journal":"Br J Community Nurs","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Findings imply that topical diclofenac sodium is an efficacious and safe method of pain control in patients with OA of the knee.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"efficacious\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24941673","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24941673","doi":"10.1007/978-3-0348-0828-6_11","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0828-6_11","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24941673/","title":"Capsaicin for osteoarthritis pain.","journal":"Prog Drug Res","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Capsaicin treatment efficacy (vs. placebo) for change in VAS pain score was moderate, at 0.44 (95% CI 0.25-0.62) over 4 weeks of treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15033881","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15033881","doi":"10.1136/bmj.38042.506748.EE","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38042.506748.EE","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15033881/","title":"Systematic review of topical capsaicin for the treatment of chronic pain.","journal":"BMJ","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The relative benefit from topical capsaicin 0.025% or plaster compared with placebo was 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) and the number needed to treat was 8.1 (4.6 to 34).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30172837","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30172837","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2018.08.008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.08.008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30172837/","title":"The relative efficacy of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and capsaicin in osteoarthritis: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Current evidence indicates that topical NSAIDs and capsaicin in licensed doses may be equally effective for pain relief in OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20973322","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20973322","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20973322/","title":"Efficacy of symptomatic control of knee osteoarthritis with 0.0125% of capsaicin versus placebo.","journal":"J Med Assoc Thai","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The respective mean difference of VAS and total WOMAC score in the capsaicin group vs. the placebo group was statistically significant (p < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11124007","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11124007","doi":"10.1053/eujp.2000.0200","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1053/eujp.2000.0200","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11124007/","title":"The analgesic efficacy of topical capsaicin is enhanced by glyceryl trinitrate in painful osteoarthritis: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study.","journal":"Eur J Pain","year":2000,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The study showed that topical capsaicin and glyceryl trinitrate have an analgesic effect in painful osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22089461","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22089461","doi":"10.3899/jrheum.110192","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.110192","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22089461/","title":"Civamide cream 0.075% in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a 12-week randomized controlled clinical trial with a longterm extension.","journal":"J Rheumatol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Significance in favor of civamide cream 0.075% was achieved for the TWA for all 3 co-primary efficacy variables: WOMAC pain (p = 0.009), WOMAC physical function (p < 0.001), and SGE (p = 0.008).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11765591","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11765591","doi":"10.1055/s-0031-1300134","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1300134","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11765591/","title":"Capsicum pain plaster in chronic non-specific low back pain.","journal":"Arzneimittelforschung","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The study unequivocally achieved the target criterion with a rate of responders in the capsicum group of 60.8% against 42.1% in the placebo group (p = 0.0219).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25575710","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25575710","doi":"10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25575710/","title":"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Lancet Neurol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"a weak recommendation for use and proposal as second line for lidocaine patches, capsaicin high-concentration patches, and tramadol","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm28119613","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28119613","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2016.00538","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00538","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28119613/","title":"The Effectiveness and Safety of Topical Capsaicin in Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"Front Pharmacol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This demonstrated high efficacy of topical capsaicin application and implies that capsaicin could result in pain reduction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39589498","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39589498","doi":"10.1080/17581869.2024.2433931","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17581869.2024.2433931","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39589498/","title":"The efficacy of topical 8% capsaicin patches for the treatment of postsurgical neuropathic pain: a systematic review.","journal":"Pain Manag","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The random-effects pooled-analysis denotes an overall Cohen's d of 1.09 (95% CI: 0.58-1.56; < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19856319","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19856319","doi":"10.1002/ptr.3007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19856319/","title":"Evidence of effectiveness of herbal medicinal products in the treatment of arthritis. Part I: Osteoarthritis.","journal":"Phytother Res","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"meta-analysis was restricted to data from studies of three HMPs: topical capsaicin, avocado-soybean unsaponifiables, and the Chinese herbal mixture SKI306X showed benefit in the alleviation of osteoarthritic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33185370","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33185370","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33185370/","title":"The Treatment of Topical Drugs for Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Network Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Pain Physician","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lidocaine, high-concentration capsaicin, and aspirin/diethyl ether (ADE) had a higher possibility of bringing pain relief than placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31469302","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31469302","doi":"10.1080/03007995.2019.1662687","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2019.1662687","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31469302/","title":"Systematic review and network meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of lidocaine 700 mg medicated plaster vs. pregabalin.","journal":"Curr Med Res Opin","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"LMP was found to be similar to pregabalin in reducing pain in all populations but had a better adverse events profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40252663","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40252663","doi":"10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00068-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00068-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40252663/","title":"Pharmacotherapy and non-invasive neuromodulation for neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Lancet Neurol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"a weak recommendation for capsaicin 8% patches, capsaicin cream, and lidocaine 5% plasters as second-line recommendation","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20402746","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20402746","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20402746/","title":"EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision.","journal":"Eur J Neurol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"with level A evidence in support of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), pregabalin, gabapentin, tramadol and opioids (in various conditions), duloxetine, venlafaxine, topical lidocaine and capsaicin patches (in restricted conditions).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34616143","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34616143","doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S328228","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S328228","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34616143/","title":"Topical Lidocaine for Chronic Pain Treatment.","journal":"Drug Des Devel Ther","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical lidocaine has been approved by health authorities for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia in a number of countries, and studies present some degree of evidence of its efficacy and safety in postsurgical pain, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, chronic lower back pain and osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower back pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22551228","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22551228","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2012.690339","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2012.690339","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551228/","title":"Topical pain management with the 5% lidocaine medicated plaster--a review.","journal":"Curr Med Res Opin","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The risk of systemic adverse events and pharmacokinetic interactions with concomitant medication is minimal owing to low systemic exposure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm19791831","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19791831","doi":"10.2165/11203220-000000000-00000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/11203220-000000000-00000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19791831/","title":"Lidocaine 5% medicated plaster: a review of its use in postherpetic neuralgia.","journal":"Drugs","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The lidocaine 5% medicated plaster has a direct local action with low systemic exposure and is effective in the treatment of patients with PHN.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25896574","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25896574","doi":"10.1007/s40122-015-0034-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-015-0034-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25896574/","title":"5% Lidocaine Medicated Plaster for the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Review of the Clinical Safety and Tolerability.","journal":"Pain Ther","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The 5% lidocaine medicated plaster demonstrated good short- and long-term tolerability with low systemic uptake (3 ± 2%) and minimal risk for systemic adverse drug reactions (ADRs).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21913735","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21913735","doi":"10.2165/11595600-000000000-00000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/11595600-000000000-00000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21913735/","title":"5% lidocaine medicated plaster in elderly patients with postherpetic neuralgia: results of a compassionate use programme in France.","journal":"Drugs Aging","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Lidocaine plaster treatment resulted in a significant mean reduction of one concomitant PHN treatment per patient in the overall efficacy population analysed at the end of the observation (p < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30057764","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30057764","doi":"10.1177/2049463718756431","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463718756431","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30057764/","title":"Lidocaine 5%-medicated plaster (Versatis) for localised neuropathic pain: results of a multicentre evaluation of use in children and adolescents.","journal":"Br J Pain","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Benefit was recorded for 79 patients (69%); 32 patients were recorded as receiving no benefit and data were unavailable for 4 patients, and 7 patients reported minor skin reactions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no benefit\" | favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15364629","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15364629","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15364629/","title":"Topical lidocaine patch therapy for myofascial pain.","journal":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mean improvements for average pain intensity (7, 14, and 28 days), general activity (7 and 28 days), mood and sleep (7, 14, and 28 days), walking (14 and 28 days), and ability to work, relationships, and enjoyment of life (28 days) were significant (P < 0.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15563744","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15563744","doi":"10.1185/030079904X12979","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1185/030079904X12979","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15563744/","title":"Conclusions: chronic pain studies of lidocaine patch 5% using the Neuropathic Pain Scale.","journal":"Curr Med Res Opin","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Significant reduction in the intensity of commonly reported pain qualities in patients with neuropathic and non-neuropathic chronic pain due to low-back pain, osteoarthritis, post-herpetic neuralgia, and painful diabetic neuropathy were achieved.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24547601","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24547601","doi":"10.1080/00325481.2013.1110567111","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2013.1110567111","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24547601/","title":"Topical therapies in the management of chronic pain.","journal":"Postgrad Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In patients with neuropathic pain, topical forms of both capsaicin and lidocaine have been shown to be useful in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33534003","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33534003","doi":"10.1007/s11916-020-00923-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-020-00923-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534003/","title":"Comprehensive Review of Topical Analgesics for Chronic Pain.","journal":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There is evidence to support the use of topical NSAIDs, high concentration topical capsaicin, and topical lidocaine for various painful conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm25226014","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25226014","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25226014/","title":"Risk of systemic toxicity with topical lidocaine/prilocaine: a review.","journal":"J Drugs Dermatol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"All 12 clinical trials evaluating the safety of EMLA in either the pediatric or adult population generally followed dosing and administration guidelines set by the manufacturer and reported clinically insignificant plasma levels of methemoglobin, lidocaine, prilocaine, and their respective metabolites.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20171409","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20171409","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171409/","title":"Efficacy and safety profile of a topical methyl salicylate and menthol patch in adult patients with mild to moderate muscle strain: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicenter study.","journal":"Clin Ther","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant);Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical;salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"215;216","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The primary efficacy analysis (SPID8 with movement) indicated that patients receiving the active patch experienced significantly greater pain relief (approximately 40%) than those patients receiving a placebo patch (mean [SD], 182.6 [131.2] vs 130.1 [144.1]; P = 0.005).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34552033","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34552033","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2021-0144","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2021-0144","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34552033/","title":"Menthol-Based Topical Analgesic Induces Similar Upper and Lower Body Pain Pressure Threshold Values: A Randomized Trial.","journal":"J Sport Rehabil","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant);Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical;salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"215;216","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A menthol-based topical analgesic increased PPT (decreased pain sensitivity) overall (P = .05; 11.6% [2.4%]; d = 1.05) and PPT was higher (P < .0001; 31.5%-44.2%; d = 1.03-1.8) for lower versus upper body locations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decreased pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22304620","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22304620","doi":"10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00529.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00529.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22304620/","title":"A randomized, double-blind comparison shows the addition of oxygenated glycerol triesters to topical mentholated cream for the treatment of acute musculoskeletal pain demonstrates incremental benefit over time.","journal":"Pain Pract","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant);Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical;salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"215;216","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Patients in both groups experienced statistically significant pain relief on Day 8 over baseline, with the MC plus OGT-treated group reporting statistically significantly greater pain relief than the MC group (P = 0.016).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31157708","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31157708","doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000002055","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002055","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31157708/","title":"Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Topical Analgesic Alter Corticospinal Excitability of the Biceps Brachii.","journal":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings suggest that DOMS reduced corticospinal excitability and after the administration of menthol-based topical analgesic, there was a reduction in pain, which was accompanied by increased corticospinal inhibition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22976810","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22976810","doi":"10.1519/JPT.0b013e318268dde1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0b013e318268dde1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22976810/","title":"The effect of either topical menthol or a placebo on functioning and knee pain among patients with knee OA.","journal":"J Geriatr Phys Ther","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The menthol intervention resulted in significant reductions in pain during the TUG, TCS, Up stairs, and Down stairs tasks. The placebo condition did not result in any significant changes in pain during the functional tasks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not result\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22666646","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22666646","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666646/","title":"A comparison of topical menthol to ice on pain, evoked tetanic and voluntary force during delayed onset muscle soreness.","journal":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared to ice, the topical menthol-based analgesic decreased perceived discomfort to a greater extent and permitted greater tetanic forces to be produced.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15903393","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15903393","doi":"10.1519/R-505059.1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1519/R-505059.1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15903393/","title":"A cetylated fatty acid topical cream with menthol reduces pain and improves functional performance in individuals with arthritis.","journal":"J Strength Cond Res","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"One week of treatment with a topical cream consisting of cetylated fatty acids and menthol was similarly effective for reducing pain and improving functional performance in individuals with arthritis of the knee, elbow, and wrist.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29524352","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29524352","doi":"10.1111/jcpt.12679","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12679","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29524352/","title":"The role and mechanism of action of menthol in topical analgesic products.","journal":"J Clin Pharm Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant);Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical;salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"215;216","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Menthol is a selective activator of transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channels and is also a vasoactive compound. As a topical agent, it acts as a counter-irritant by imparting a cooling effect and by initially stimulating nociceptors and then desensitizing them.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36277488","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36277488","doi":"10.3389/fnmol.2022.1006908","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.1006908","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36277488/","title":"The distinctive role of menthol in pain and analgesia: Mechanisms, practices, and advances.","journal":"Front Mol Neurosci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Under pathological situation, menthol activates TRPM8 to attenuate mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia following nerve injury or chemical stimuli.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22172548","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22172548","doi":"10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.014","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.014","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22172548/","title":"Menthol pain relief through cumulative inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels.","journal":"Pain","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found that low concentrations of menthol cause analgesia in mice, relieving pain produced by a Na(+) channel-targeting toxin. We conclude that menthol is a state-selective blocker of Nav1.8, Nav1.9, and TTX-sensitive Na(+) channels, indicating a role for Na(+) channel blockade in the efficacy of menthol as topical analgesic compound.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23374622","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23374622","doi":"10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.11.015","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.11.015","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23374622/","title":"Topical analgesics in the management of acute and chronic pain.","journal":"Mayo Clin Proc","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Currently, limited evidence is available to support the use of other topical analgesics in acute and chronic pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33810493","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33810493","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics13040450","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040450","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33810493/","title":"Topical Treatments and Their Molecular/Cellular Mechanisms in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathic Pain-Narrative Review.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"For topical amitriptyline, menthol, and gabapentin, evidence comes from case reports and case series.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30156934","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30156934","doi":"10.1080/00325481.2018.1505182","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2018.1505182","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30156934/","title":"Topical therapies for knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"Postgrad Med","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Many studies with a low level of evidence have reported some pain mitigation using the rest of aforementioned topical therapies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31427878","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31427878","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31427878/","title":"Topical Analgesic Improved or Maintained Ballistic Hip Flexion Range of Motion with Treated and Untreated Legs.","journal":"J Sports Sci Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Since menthol-based topical analgesics (TopAnalg) suppress pain, they may increase stretch thresholds improving ROM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32617016","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32617016","doi":"10.2147/JPR.S258883","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S258883","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32617016/","title":"Improvement of Pain and Function After Use of a Topical Pain Relieving Patch: Results of the RELIEF Study.","journal":"J Pain Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At day 14, TG pain severity score and pain interference score decreased (49% and 58.1%, respectively).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39293126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39293126","doi":"10.1016/j.ctcp.2024.101908","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2024.101908","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39293126/","title":"Study to determine the efficacy and onset of Bonipar, a topical analgesic for the management of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain.","journal":"Complement Ther Clin Pract","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The success rates of achieving a 50 % pain reduction with Bonipar were found to be non-inferior to those treated with diclofenac.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39188782","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39188782","doi":"10.33620/FC.2173-9218.(2024).15","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.33620/FC.2173-9218.(2024).15","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39188782/","title":"Penetration capacity and local anti-inflammatory effect of a methyl salicylate gel with turpentine essence, camphor, and menthol for the symptomatic local treatment of muscular and joint pains.","journal":"Farm Comunitarios","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that approximately 0.8% of the total applied methyl salicylate penetrated the skin with a time-dependent concentration increase.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28396565","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28396565","doi":"10.15252/emmm.201607300","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201607300","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28396565/","title":"A clinical and mechanistic study of topical borneol-induced analgesia.","journal":"EMBO Mol Med","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Investigation of the actions of topical borneol and menthol revealed mechanistic differences between borneol- and menthol-induced analgesia and indicated that borneol exhibits advantages over menthol as a topical analgesic.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20617919","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20617919","doi":"10.3109/09638288.2010.498552","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2010.498552","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20617919/","title":"Topical analgesic added to paraffin enhances paraffin bath treatment of individuals with hand osteoarthritis.","journal":"Disabil Rehabil","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The PTA group had greater improvement over the 12 treatment sessions for their pain at rest (t = 2.92, p < 0.05) and with movement (t = 4.73, p < 0.05) than the PO group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15033879","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15033879","doi":"10.1136/bmj.38040.607141.EE","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38040.607141.EE","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15033879/","title":"Systematic review of efficacy of topical rubefacients containing salicylates for the treatment of acute and chronic pain.","journal":"BMJ","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Topical salicylate was significantly better than placebo (relative benefit 3.6, 95% confidence interval 2.4 to 5.6; number needed to treat 2.1, 1.7 to 2.8).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm32018051","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32018051","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32018051/","title":"Diffusion modelling of percutaneous absorption kinetics. Predicting urinary excretion from in vitro skin permeation tests (IVPT) for an infinite dose.","journal":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Good linear IVIVRs for ethyl and glycol salicylates were obtained, but the IVIVR for methyl salicylate was poor, perhaps because of topical stimulation of local skin blood flow by methyl salicylate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30938843","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30938843","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD010528.pub4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010528.pub4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30938843/","title":"Herbal medicinal products or preparations for neuropathic pain.","journal":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"There was insufficient evidence to determine whether nutmeg or St John's wort has any meaningful efficacy in neuropathic pain conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm11214126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11214126","doi":"10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03610-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03610-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11214126/","title":"Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Lancet","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The 106 patients on placebo had a progressive joint-space narrowing, with a mean joint-space loss after 3 years of -0.31 mm (95% CI -0.48 to -0.13). There was no significant joint-space loss in the 106 patients on glucosamine sulphate: -0.06 mm (-0.22 to 0.09).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"pm12374520","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12374520","doi":"10.1001/archinte.162.18.2113","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.18.2113","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12374520/","title":"Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.","journal":"Arch Intern Med","year":2002,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Long-term treatment with glucosamine sulfate retarded the progression of knee osteoarthritis, possibly determining disease modification.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20847017","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20847017","doi":"10.1136/bmj.c4675","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4675","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20847017/","title":"Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis.","journal":"BMJ","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Compared with placebo, glucosamine, chondroitin, and their combination do not reduce joint pain or have an impact on narrowing of joint space.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not reduce\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm29947998","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29947998","doi":"10.1007/s00296-018-4077-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-018-4077-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29947998/","title":"Effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.","journal":"Rheumatol Int","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Oral supplementation with glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate reduces pain in knee OA. However, there is no additional effect using both therapeutic agents in combination for the management of symptomatic knee OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no additional effect\" | favorable-cue: \"reduces pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33846938","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33846938","doi":"10.1007/s11606-021-06755-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06755-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846938/","title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs for Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis-a Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.","journal":"J Gen Intern Med","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Glucosamine and chondroitin yielded statistically significant but clinically questionable long-term benefit on structure and symptoms, though both had favorable safety profiles.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17658908","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17658908","doi":"10.2165/00002512-200724070-00005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200724070-00005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17658908/","title":"Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate as therapeutic agents for knee and hip osteoarthritis.","journal":"Drugs Aging","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield);Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex;gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"217;218","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On the basis of the results of recent randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses, we can conclude that glucosamine sulfate (but not glucosamine hydrochloride) and chondroitin sulfate have small-to-moderate symptomatic efficacy in OA, although this is still debated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36156542","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36156542","doi":"10.47391/JPMA.2444","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.2444","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36156542/","title":"Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplementation in addition to resistance exercise training and manual therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial.","journal":"J Pak Med Assoc","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Manual therapy and resistance exercise training are effective in the management of knee osteoarthritis, however, glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplementation for 4 weeks showed no additional benefits.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"showed no\" | favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm28790224","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28790224","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28790224/","title":"Comparison of Glucosamine-Chondroitin Sulfate with and without Methylsulfonylmethane in Grade I-II Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.","journal":"Acta Med Indones","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"combination of glucosamine-chondroitinsulfate-methylsulfonylmethane showed clinical benefit for patients with knee OAK ellgren-Lawrence grade I-II compared with GC and placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20399895","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20399895","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2010.02.016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2010.02.016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20399895/","title":"Structure-modifying effects of chondroitin sulfate in knee osteoarthritis: an updated meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of 2-year duration.","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These results demonstrate that chondroitin sulfate is effective for reducing the rate of decline in minimum joint space width in patients with knee OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23186102","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23186102","doi":"10.1185/03007995.2012.753430","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2012.753430","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23186102/","title":"Symptom and structure modification in osteoarthritis with pharmaceutical-grade chondroitin sulfate: what's the evidence?","journal":"Curr Med Res Opin","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"It increases type II collagen and proteoglycan synthesis in human articular chondrocytes and is able to reduce the production of some pro-inflammatory factors and proteases, to reduce the cellular death process, and improve the anabolic/catabolic balance of the extracellular cartilage matrix (ECM).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26978418","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26978418","doi":"10.17116/terarkh2015871249-54","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.17116/terarkh2015871249-54","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26978418/","title":"[Use of ARTRA MSM FORTE in patients with knee osteoarthritis: Results of a randomized open-label comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of the drug].","journal":"Ter Arkh","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Analysis of the results showed a significant decrease in pain on VAS in both groups. Reduced pain intensity was observed by the end of the first month of therapy and remained throughout the follow-up.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"decrease in pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm22977594","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22977594","doi":"10.3892/etm.2011.298","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2011.298","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22977594/","title":"Effect of a glucosamine-based combination supplement containing chondroitin sulfate and antioxidant micronutrients in subjects with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A pilot study.","journal":"Exp Ther Med","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"the tested glucosamine-based combination supplement is likely to have a beneficial effect on pain and other symptoms associated with knee OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36971848","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36971848","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2022.0783","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2022.0783","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36971848/","title":"Glucosamine and Chondroitin Use and Mortality Among Adults in the United States from 1999 to 2014.","journal":"J Integr Complement Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Despite glucosamine and chondroitin use appearing to be inversely associated with mortality in the minimally adjusted models, no association was observed in multivariable models (glucosamine: HR = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-1.21, chondroitin: HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.87-1.25).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no association\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm24462672","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24462672","doi":"10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24462672/","title":"OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Treatments of uncertain appropriateness for specific clinical sub-phenotypes included acupuncture, avocado soybean unsaponfiables, chondroitin, crutches, diacerein, glucosamine, intra-articular hyaluronic acid, opioids (oral and transdermal), rosehip, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and ultrasound.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40507030","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40507030","doi":"10.3390/nu17111761","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111761","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40507030/","title":"Using the Rise and Fall of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Post-Exercise to Evaluate the Effect of Methylsulfonylmethane Supplementation on Immune Response mRNA.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2025,"primary_compound":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_compounds":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p219","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"219","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"This study is the first to demonstrate significant effects with lower MSM doses (0.5-1.0 g/d) compared to previous work using higher doses (3 g/d).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm30497995","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30497995","doi":"10.2196/11139","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/11139","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30497995/","title":"Evaluating the Impacts of Methylsulfonylmethane on Allergic Rhinitis After a Standard Allergen Challenge: Randomized Double-Blind Exploratory Study.","journal":"JMIR Res Protoc","year":2018,"primary_compound":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_compounds":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p219","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"219","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"All MSM treatment courses significantly reduced visual analog scale average nasal symptoms in a longitudinal comparison across all participants, with low-dose treatments decreasing symptoms by 53.72% (P=.001), and an acute 12-g dose decreasing symptoms by 22.49% (P=.03).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm26684635","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26684635","doi":"10.1177/0394632015622215","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0394632015622215","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26684635/","title":"Methylsulfonylmethane and boswellic acids versus glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of knee arthritis: Randomized trial.","journal":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_compounds":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p219","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"219","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"On the basis of these preliminary data, we could support the efficacy of the MSM in association with BA in the treatment of OA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm34884724","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34884724","doi":"10.3390/ijms222312920","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312920","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34884724/","title":"Nutraceutical Approach to Chronic Osteoarthritis: From Molecular Research to Clinical Evidence.","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2021,"primary_compound":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_compounds":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p219","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"219","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"a great interest has been applied to nutraceutical supplements, which include a heterogeneous class of molecules with great potential to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, pain, and joint stiffness and improve cartilage formation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33339141","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33339141","doi":"10.3390/ijerph17249424","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249424","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33339141/","title":"Dietary Thiols: A Potential Supporting Strategy against Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure and Muscular Damage during Sports Activity.","journal":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","year":2020,"primary_compound":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_compounds":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p219","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"219","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We will mainly focus on six natural antioxidants: glutathione, taurine, lipoic acid, sulforaphane, garlic and methylsulfonylmethane.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm33440385","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33440385","doi":"10.1159/000514355","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000514355","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33440385/","title":"Delayed-Release Phosphatidylcholine Is Effective for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Dig Dis","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The meta-analysis of 3 RTCs with 160 included patients with ulcerative colitis verified that PC improved the rate of remission (OR = 9.68), as well as clinical (OR = 30.58) and endoscopic outcomes (OR = 36.73).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm17975182","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17975182","doi":"10.7326/0003-4819-147-9-200711060-00004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-147-9-200711060-00004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975182/","title":"Phosphatidylcholine for steroid-refractory chronic ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial.","journal":"Ann Intern Med","year":2007,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The primary end point was achieved in 15 of 30 (50%) phosphatidylcholine recipients and in 3 of 30 (10%) placebo recipients (difference, 40% [95% CI, 19% to 61%]; P = 0.002).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm15951544","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15951544","doi":"10.1136/gut.2004.052316","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.052316","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15951544/","title":"Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic active ulcerative colitis.","journal":"Gut","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Induction of clinical remission (CAI < or = 3) as the primary outcome variable was attained by 16 (53%) patients in the phosphatidylcholine treated group compared with three (10%) in the placebo group (p<0.00001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm20048683","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20048683","doi":"10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181c29860","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181c29860","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20048683/","title":"Delayed release phosphatidylcholine in chronic-active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, dose finding study.","journal":"J Clin Gastroenterol","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"We found a saturable dose response of rPC in the treatment of chronic-active ulcerative colitis with effective doses >or=1 g per day; doses of 3 and 4 g seem to be superior in achieving remission.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23295697","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23295697","doi":"10.1159/000342729","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000342729","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23295697/","title":"Mucosal protection by phosphatidylcholine.","journal":"Dig Dis","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In three clinical trials, when missing mucus PC in UC was supplemented by an oral, delayed release PC preparation, the inflammation improved and even resolved after a 3-month treatment course.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21857075","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21857075","doi":"10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70576-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70576-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21857075/","title":"Activity of essential phospholipids (EPL) from soybean in liver diseases.","journal":"Pharmacol Rep","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Clinical studies, primarily from European and Asian countries, have shown improvement in subjective symptoms; clinical, biochemical and imaging findings; and histology in liver indications such as fatty liver of different origin, drug hepatotoxicity, and adjuvant in chronic viral hepatitis and hepatic coma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm14634492","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"14634492","doi":"10.1097/01.ALC.0000093743.03049.80","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000093743.03049.80","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14634492/","title":"II. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study of polyenylphosphatidylcholine in alcoholic liver disease.","journal":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PPC treatment for 2 years did not affect progression of liver fibrosis. A trend in favor of PPC was seen for transaminases and bilirubin (in subgroups).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not affect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm14720455","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"14720455","doi":"10.1007/s11894-004-0027-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-004-0027-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14720455/","title":"New concepts of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease lead to novel treatments.","journal":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PPC was beneficial in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, and it opposed fibrosis in heavy drinkers and decreased aminotransferases in patients with hepatitis C.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35295576","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35295576","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2022.810143","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.810143","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35295576/","title":"Polyene Phosphatidylcholine Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Remodeling Metabolism and Inflammation.","journal":"Front Physiol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PPC supplementation significantly mitigated liver steatosis and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in HFD mice, which was accompanied by declined levels of hepatic triglyceride, serum triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35380992","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35380992","doi":"10.1172/JCI151895","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI151895","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35380992/","title":"Inhibiting SCAP/SREBP exacerbates liver injury and carcinogenesis in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.","journal":"J Clin Invest","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with phosphatidylcholines significantly improved liver injury and ER stress induced by SCAP deletion.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm31554528","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31554528","doi":"10.1017/S0007114519002484","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519002484","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31554528/","title":"Randomised trial of chronic supplementation with a nutraceutical mixture in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The trial failed to demonstrate any efficacy on relevant physiopathological markers, but its protocol and results may be useful to design future studies with natural compounds.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"failed to demonstrate\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36950691","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36950691","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1148166","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1148166","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36950691/","title":"Choline supplements: An update.","journal":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Extensively used as food supplements, they have been shown to represent an effective strategy for boosting memory and enhancing cognitive function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23134891","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23134891","doi":"10.3945/ajcn.112.037184","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.037184","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134891/","title":"Phosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Phosphatidylcholine supplementation of pregnant women eating diets containing moderate amounts of choline did not enhance their infants' brain function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm18289004","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18289004","doi":"10.2174/092986708783503203","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/092986708783503203","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18289004/","title":"Pathways of acetylcholine synthesis, transport and release as targets for treatment of adult-onset cognitive dysfunction.","journal":"Curr Med Chem","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Controlled clinical studies denied clinical usefulness of choline and lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40931065","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40931065","doi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09520-y","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09520-y","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40931065/","title":"ABCA7 variants impact phosphatidylcholine and mitochondria in neurons.","journal":"Nature","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Supplementation with CDP-choline increased phosphatidylcholine synthesis, reversed these abnormalities and normalized amyloid-β secretion and neuronal hyperexcitability-key Alzheimer's features that are exacerbated by ABCA7 dysfunction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm23614584","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23614584","doi":"10.1056/NEJMoa1109400","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109400","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23614584/","title":"Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.","journal":"N Engl J Med","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Increased plasma levels of TMAO were associated with an increased risk of a major adverse cardiovascular event (hazard ratio for highest vs. lowest TMAO quartile, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.96 to 3.28; P<0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"increased risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm36883587","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36883587","doi":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehad089","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad089","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36883587/","title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide is associated with long-term mortality risk: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.","journal":"Eur Heart J","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Higher TMAO levels associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.17], CVD mortality (HR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00-1.09), and death due to kidney failure (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.25-1.66) per inter-quintile range, but not deaths due to cancer or dementia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm21475195","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21475195","doi":"10.1038/nature09922","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09922","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21475195/","title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Nature","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Three metabolites of the dietary lipid phosphatidylcholine--choline, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and betaine--were identified and then shown to predict risk for CVD in an independent large clinical cohort.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33857011","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33857011","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33857011/","title":"Validation of the Withings ScanWatch as a Wrist-Worn Reflective Pulse Oximeter: Prospective Interventional Clinical Study.","journal":"Journal of medical Internet research","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a prospective validation against arterial blood-gas co-oximetry under controlled hypoxia, a wrist-worn reflective oximeter showed a bias of only 0.98% (95% CI 0.65-1.32).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d41894520","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41894520","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41894520/","title":"Performance of Wearable Pulse Oximetry During Controlled Hypoxia Induction: Instrument Validation Study.","journal":"JMIR formative research","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Wearable pulse oximetry maintained instrument validity during controlled hypoxia induction, supporting its use for trend monitoring.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33326721","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33326721","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33326721/","title":"Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement.","journal":"The New England journal of medicine","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_compounds":"Wearable Pulse Oximeter","linked_monograph_ids":"p176","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"176","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Occult hypoxemia (true SaO2 below 88% despite an SpO2 of 92-96%) occurred nearly three times more often in Black than in White patients (11.7% vs 3.7% of measurements).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d2287784","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"2287784","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2287784/","title":"Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap water.","journal":"Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis","year":1990,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"After a normal shower, breath chloroform rose to 6-21 µg/m³, and the dermal dose absorbed during showering was approximately equal to the inhaled dose.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d8834861","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8834861","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8834861/","title":"Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures to chloroform and trichloroethene from tap water.","journal":"Environmental health perspectives","year":1996,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Human biomonitoring confirmed that ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact with tap water all contribute meaningfully to chloroform body burden, so showering is not a trivial exposure route.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39571006","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39571006","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39571006/","title":"Chloronitramide anion is a decomposition product of inorganic chloramines.","journal":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_compounds":"Shower Dechlorination Filter","linked_monograph_ids":"p190","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"190","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A previously unknown chloramine by-product was detected in US drinking-water systems serving over 100 million people, highlighting how poorly characterized chloramine-era disinfection by-products remain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24953072","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24953072","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24953072/","title":"Using TENS for pain control: the state of the evidence.","journal":"Pain management","year":2014,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mechanistic review: TENS acts through gate-control modulation and endogenous opioids, but effects are symptomatic and short-lived, and repeated use can induce opioid tolerance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38101929","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38101929","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38101929/","title":"Management of chronic pain associated with temporomandibular disorders: a clinical practice guideline.","journal":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_compounds":"TENS Pain-Relief Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p170","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"170","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An international BMJ guideline suggests TENS among the non-drug options for chronic temporomandibular disorder pain - one of the few recent guidelines to endorse it for a specific condition.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33190147","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33190147","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33190147/","title":"Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: The STRENGTH Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 13,078 high-risk patients (STRENGTH), 4 g/day EPA+DHA carboxylic acids showed no cardiovascular benefit over corn oil (HR 0.99), with more atrial fibrillation in the omega-3 group.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"showed no\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38800667","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38800667","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38800667/","title":"Regular use of fish oil supplements and course of cardiovascular diseases: prospective cohort study.","journal":"BMJ medicine","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 415,737 UK Biobank participants, regular fish-oil use was associated with higher incident atrial fibrillation (HR 1.13) in people without cardiovascular disease, yet with slower progression to adverse events in those with existing disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"associated with higher\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40960808","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40960808","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40960808/","title":"Nicotinamide for Skin Cancer Chemoprevention.","journal":"JAMA dermatology","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_compounds":"Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p180","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"180","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a propensity-matched cohort of 33,822 veterans, oral nicotinamide use was associated with about 16% lower skin-cancer risk - observational support for, not proof of, the randomized chemoprevention signal.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower skin-cancer risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d8651713","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8651713","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8651713/","title":"Topical 8% glycolic acid and 8% L-lactic acid creams for the treatment of photodamaged skin. A double-blind vehicle-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Archives of dermatology","year":1996,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a 22-week double-blind vehicle-controlled trial of 74 patients, an 8% glycolic acid cream modestly but significantly improved overall photodamage severity and sallowness versus vehicle (P<.05).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d11359487","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11359487","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11359487/","title":"Glycolic acid treatment increases type I collagen mRNA and hyaluronic acid content of human skin.","journal":"Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_compounds":"Glycolic Acid AHA Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p183","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"183","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a controlled human skin study with biopsy confirmation, topical glycolic acid increased type I collagen mRNA and epidermal/dermal hyaluronic acid, indicating dermal remodeling beyond surface exfoliation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34891215","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34891215","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891215/","title":"Humidification of indoor air for preventing or reducing dryness symptoms or upper respiratory infections in educational settings and at the workplace.","journal":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 13 studies with over 4,500 participants, indoor-air humidification gave low-certainty benefit for dry-eye symptoms (OR 0.54) but little effect on dry nose or skin, and no included study reported respiratory-infection outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29398406","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29398406","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29398406/","title":"Indoor air humidity, air quality, and health - An overview.","journal":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Review synthesizing evidence that low indoor humidity drives dryness symptoms of eyes, skin and airways and raises infection susceptibility, supporting a roughly 40-60% RH target band.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32196426","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32196426","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32196426/","title":"Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections.","journal":"Annual review of virology","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Review of animal and human data showing low humidity and temperature enhance respiratory-virus stability in aerosols and impair host mucosal immune defense, explaining winter seasonality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38154254","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38154254","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38154254/","title":"Indoor air humidity revisited: Impact on acute symptoms, work productivity, and risk of influenza and COVID-19 infection.","journal":"International journal of hygiene and environmental health","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_compounds":"Smart Humidity Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p193","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"193","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Updated analysis linking mid-range indoor humidity to fewer acute dryness symptoms, better work productivity, and lower modeled influenza and COVID-19 risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29620003","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29620003","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29620003/","title":"Use of sunscreen and risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"European journal of dermatology : EJD","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_compounds":"Daily Mineral SPF Sunscreen","linked_monograph_ids":"p185","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"185","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systematic review and meta-analysis supporting a protective association between sunscreen use and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, while noting confounding in the observational data.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35833366","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35833366","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35833366/","title":"Multicenter evaluation of a topical hyaluronic acid serum.","journal":"Journal of cosmetic dermatology","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A multicenter clinical evaluation found a topical hyaluronic acid serum measurably improved skin hydration and visible signs of aging.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34203487","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34203487","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34203487/","title":"Oral Hyaluronan Relieves Wrinkles and Improves Dry Skin: A 12-Week Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 40 adults, 120 mg/day oral hyaluronan for 12 weeks significantly improved wrinkle scores, stratum-corneum water content, TEWL and elasticity (industry-funded).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28761365","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28761365","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28761365/","title":"Oral hyaluronan relieves wrinkles: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study over a 12-week period.","journal":"Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_compounds":"Hyaluronic Acid Hydrating Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p184","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"184","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A second independent double-blind placebo-controlled trial confirmed that 12 weeks of oral hyaluronan significantly reduces wrinkles versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39593540","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39593540","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39593540/","title":"Preventive effect of foam rolling on muscle soreness after exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Journal of bodywork and movement therapies","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_compounds":"Self-Myofascial Foam Roller","linked_monograph_ids":"p172","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"172","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs (n=515): foam rolling moderately reduces post-exercise muscle soreness at 24 h (SMD -0.53) and 48 h (SMD -0.77), with little immediate effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40391029","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40391029","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40391029/","title":"Effect of whole-body vibration training on bone mineral density in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"PeerJ","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (n=202): BMD benefit was significant only at the total femur (g=0.28) and null at the femoral neck and lumbar spine; certainty rated low.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37123276","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37123276","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37123276/","title":"Effects of whole-body vibration training with different frequencies on the balance ability of the older adults: a network meta-analysis.","journal":"Frontiers in physiology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_compounds":"Whole-Body Vibration Plate","linked_monograph_ids":"p161","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"161","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Network meta-analysis: whole-body vibration improves balance in older adults, with frequency-dependent effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d41683292","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41683292","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41683292/","title":"Efficacy of a Naturally Calcium and Magnesium-Rich Mineral Water on Musculoskeletal Fragility: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_compounds":"Mineral Remineralization Drops","linked_monograph_ids":"p191","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"191","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Double-blind RCT (n=98, adults over 50): daily calcium/magnesium-rich mineral water cut falls by 82% at 6 months and improved appendicular muscle mass over 12 months — tested bottled mineral water, not drops.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35868813","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35868813","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35868813/","title":"Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.","journal":"The Lancet. Digital health","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Umbrella review of 39 meta-analyses (163,992 participants): trackers add roughly 1,800 steps/day and 40 min/day of walking with about 1 kg weight loss — enough for the authors to recommend them.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36016077","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36016077","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36016077/","title":"A Validation of Six Wearable Devices for Estimating Sleep, Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Adults.","journal":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Six-device lab validation against polysomnography/ECG: Oura and WHOOP were the strongest for sleep and HR/HRV, but multi-stage sleep classification reached only about 50-64% agreement across devices.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40199339","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40199339","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40199339/","title":"Apple watch accuracy in monitoring health metrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Physiological measurement","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"56-study meta-analysis: Apple Watch heart rate is accurate (mean bias -0.12 bpm) and step counts acceptable, but energy-expenditure estimates failed validity thresholds in every subgroup.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32713257","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32713257","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713257/","title":"A validation study of the WHOOP strap against polysomnography to assess sleep.","journal":"Journal of sports sciences","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"WHOOP agreed with polysomnography on 89% of epochs for sleep vs. wake (95% sleep sensitivity) and overestimated total sleep time by only about 8 minutes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30326780","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30326780","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30326780/","title":"Accuracy of the wearable activity tracker Garmin Forerunner 235 for the assessment of heart rate during rest and activity.","journal":"Journal of sports sciences","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Garmin wrist heart rate was accurate at rest (r=0.997) and during running (r 0.85-0.91) but degraded during low-intensity cycling (r about 0.27-0.46).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33949953","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33949953","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33949953/","title":"Usability and Accuracy of a Smartwatch for the Assessment of Physical Activity in the Elderly Population: Observational Study.","journal":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Garmin vívoactive step counts matched hand-tallied counts almost perfectly (ICC 0.98) in adults aged 70-90 during real-life walks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28323455","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28323455","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28323455/","title":"The Sleep of the Ring: Comparison of the ŌURA Sleep Tracker Against Polysomnography.","journal":"Behavioral sleep medicine","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Early Oura validation (n=41): 96% sensitivity for detecting sleep but only 48% specificity for wake, with REM overestimated by about 17 minutes — staging has improved with newer algorithms.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34020170","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34020170","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34020170/","title":"Wearable activity trackers for promoting physical activity: A systematic meta-analytic review.","journal":"International journal of medical informatics","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"44-trial review: trackers increase daily steps and weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity but do not reduce sedentary time; effects are larger with professional support.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not reduce\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34639599","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34639599","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639599/","title":"Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Enhancing Cardiac-Vagal Modulation, Aerobic Fitness, and Endurance Performance: A Methodological Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis: adjusting training by morning HRV improved vagal HRV indices more than fixed plans (SMD 0.50), but VO2max and performance advantages were small and not significant.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37318806","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37318806","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37318806/","title":"Interventions Using Wearable Activity Trackers to Improve Patient Physical Activity and Other Outcomes in Adults Who Are Hospitalized: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","journal":"JAMA network open","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 15 studies (n=1,911), wearable-tracker interventions significantly increased objectively measured physical activity in hospitalized and rehabilitation patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30646252","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30646252","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30646252/","title":"Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing.","journal":"JAMA network open","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_compounds":"Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery)","linked_monograph_ids":"wearable","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"61;62;63;64;65;66;67;68","linked_product_count":8,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 122,007 adults (1.1 million person-years), mortality fell monotonically with cardiorespiratory fitness — elite vs. low fitness HR 0.20, with no upper limit of benefit observed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35984306","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35984306","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35984306/","title":"Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Nutrition reviews","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs: creatine improves memory modestly overall (SMD 0.29), with the largest effect in adults aged 66-76 (SMD 0.88).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d42141930","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42141930","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42141930/","title":"Creatine monohydrate for lean mass, strength, and bone density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (n=608): in postmenopausal women, creatine at 5 g/day or more plus resistance training raised leg-press strength (+7.5 kg 1RM), with no bone-density effect and adverse events similar to placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"raised leg-press strength\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28615996","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28615996","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28615996/","title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine.","journal":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_compounds":"Creatine Monohydrate","linked_monograph_ids":"p123","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"123","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Position stand: creatine monohydrate is the most effective ergogenic nutritional supplement for high-intensity exercise and lean mass, with an extensive safety record.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37754971","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37754971","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754971/","title":"The Effects of Massage Guns on Performance and Recovery: A Systematic Review.","journal":"Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review of 11 trials (most with moderate risk of bias) found massage guns improve short-term flexibility and recovery but do not improve — and may transiently impair — strength, power, and agility.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not improve\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37248364","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37248364","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37248364/","title":"Under the Gun: Percussive Massage Therapy and Physical and Perceptual Recovery in Active Adults.","journal":"Journal of athletic training","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 5-minute massage-gun application after strenuous lower-body exercise improved perceptual and physical recovery outcomes in active adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39516833","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39516833","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39516833/","title":"Effects of percussive massage therapy on fascia echo intensity and fascia thickness in firefighters with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"BMC complementary medicine and therapies","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In firefighters with chronic low back pain, percussive massage produced ultrasound-documented reductions in thoracolumbar fascia thickness and echo intensity, a stiffness surrogate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40138389","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40138389","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40138389/","title":"Investigating the effects of percussion massage therapy on pain, functionality, muscle diameter, and proprioception in ındividuals with ACL reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"PloS one","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_compounds":"Percussive Massage Gun","linked_monograph_ids":"p168","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"168","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adding percussion massage to a structured exercise program after ACL reconstruction improved range of motion, pain, function, balance, and quality of life versus exercise alone in a small randomized trial.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32755613","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32755613","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32755613/","title":"The effects of astaxanthin supplementation on obesity, blood pressure, CRP, glycemic biomarkers, and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Pharmacological research","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 14 randomized trials, astaxanthin slightly raised HDL-C and lowered CRP only at high doses or longer durations, with no significant effects on weight, blood pressure, glycemic markers, or other lipids.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effects\" | favorable-cue: \"lowered crp\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38243785","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38243785","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38243785/","title":"Effects of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Fatigue, Motor Function and Cognition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Biological research for nursing","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_compounds":"Astaxanthin Softgels","linked_monograph_ids":"p107","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"107","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A meta-analysis of randomized trials reported that astaxanthin supplementation improved fatigue and selected cognitive and motor outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28515951","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28515951","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28515951/","title":"Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage.","journal":"JRSM open","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 7 randomized trials (n=575), zinc lozenges providing more than 75 mg/day elemental zinc shortened common-cold duration by about 33%, with no added benefit above roughly 100 mg/day.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no added benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d11594942","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11594942","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11594942/","title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8.","journal":"Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 3,640 at-risk older adults followed about 6 years, high-dose zinc (80 mg) combined with antioxidant vitamins reduced progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (OR 0.72).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23644932","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23644932","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/","title":"Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_compounds":"Zinc Picolinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p133","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"133","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 4,203 participants, adding lutein/zeaxanthin or omega-3s to the AREDS formulation gave no further protection against advanced AMD, and lowering the zinc dose made no apparent difference.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no apparent difference\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"d37179031","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37179031","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37179031/","title":"Selenium and coenzyme Q(10) improve the systemic redox status while reducing cardiovascular mortality in elderly population-based individuals.","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"A KiSel-10 biomarker analysis found combined selenium and CoQ10 improved systemic redox status in parallel with the trial's reduced cardiovascular mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36979007","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36979007","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979007/","title":"Increased SIRT1 Concentration Following Four Years of Selenium and Q(10) Intervention Associated with Reduced Cardiovascular Mortality at 10-Year Follow-Up-Sub-Study of a Previous Prospective Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Four years of selenium plus CoQ10 raised concentrations of SIRT1, a longevity-associated deacetylase, in association with reduced cardiovascular mortality at 10-year follow-up.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced cardiovascular mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40563319","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40563319","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40563319/","title":"Selenium and Coenzyme Q(10) Supplementation and Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Mortality Results from a Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial in Elderly People Low in Selenium.","journal":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"A KiSel-10 sex-stratified analysis found the cardiovascular survival benefit of selenium plus CoQ10 was greater — and appeared later — in women than in men.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36480969","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36480969","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36480969/","title":"Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.","journal":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"A JACC systematic review placed selenium plus CoQ10 among the few micronutrient interventions with randomized cardiovascular-outcome data.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"d33030563","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33030563","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/","title":"The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Despite a 65% fall in undercarboxylated osteocalcin, 375 µg/day MK-7 for 3 years did not improve bone mineral density, turnover markers, or microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40054729","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40054729","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40054729/","title":"Effect of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) Supplementation on Anthropometric Measurements, Glycemic Indices, and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin K2 (MK-7)","linked_monograph_ids":"p138","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"138","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials found MK-7 supplementation modestly improved some glycemic indices and lipid measures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d16139772","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16139772","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16139772/","title":"The influence of white noise on sleep in subjects exposed to ICU noise.","journal":"Sleep medicine","year":2005,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a small polysomnography experiment, white noise attenuated the arousals caused by recorded ICU noise, showing that acoustic masking works in loud environments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33007706","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33007706","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33007706/","title":"Noise as a sleep aid: A systematic review.","journal":"Sleep medicine reviews","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 38 studies, the GRADE quality of evidence that continuous noise improves sleep was rated very low — contradicting its widespread use — with possible negative effects on sleep and hearing.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24183105","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24183105","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24183105/","title":"Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health.","journal":"Lancet (London, England)","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_compounds":"Anti-Noise White-Noise Sleep System","linked_monograph_ids":"p196","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"196","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An authoritative review concluding that environmental noise disturbs sleep and contributes to the burden of cardiovascular disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33350748","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33350748","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33350748/","title":"Efficacy and safety of milk thistle preventive treatment of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Medicine","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_compounds":"Silymarin (Milk Thistle)","linked_monograph_ids":"p112","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"112","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Prophylactic milk thistle lowered the incidence of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in a randomized trial.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered the incidence\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36037472","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36037472","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037472/","title":"Tea Consumption and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the UK Biobank : A Prospective Cohort Study.","journal":"Annals of internal medicine","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Among ~498,000 UK Biobank participants followed a median 11.2 years, drinking 2–3 cups of tea daily was associated with 13% lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.84–0.91), an observational association that cannot prove cause.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36542728","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36542728","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36542728/","title":"Coffee and Green Tea Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among People With and Without Hypertension.","journal":"Journal of the American Heart Association","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Green tea consumption was associated with lower cardiovascular disease mortality in cohort analyses that included people with hypertension.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with lower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36178169","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36178169","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36178169/","title":"Hepatotoxicity with High-Dose Green Tea Extract: Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Uridine 5'-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 Genotypes.","journal":"Journal of dietary supplements","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_compounds":"Green Tea EGCG Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p106","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"106","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A human pharmacogenetic study indicating that COMT and UGT genetic variability helps explain individual susceptibility to green tea extract liver injury.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d21775755","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21775755","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21775755/","title":"Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial.","journal":"Diabetes care","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the 4-year NATHAN 1 trial, ALA improved neuropathy symptoms but did not significantly improve the primary neuropathy-impairment composite, leaving disease modification unproven.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\" | no-difference-cue: \"did not significantly improve\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30721699","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30721699","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30721699/","title":"The effect of alpha-lipoic acid on inflammatory mediators: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials.","journal":"European journal of pharmacology","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_compounds":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)","linked_monograph_ids":"p129","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"129","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A meta-analysis of 19 RCTs found ALA significantly lowered CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, though with very high heterogeneity across studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly lowered crp\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26606319","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26606319","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26606319/","title":"The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Sleep medicine reviews","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a meta-analysis of 53 studies (n=1,154), light therapy improved sleep problems overall (g~0.39), with effects for insomnia (g~0.47), circadian-rhythm sleep disorders (g~0.41), and dementia-related sleep disturbance (g~0.30).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37002704","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37002704","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37002704/","title":"Light therapy in insomnia disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Journal of sleep research","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_compounds":"Bright Light Therapy Lamp","linked_monograph_ids":"p194","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"194","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systematic review and meta-analysis supporting light therapy as an effective intervention for insomnia disorder.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39462324","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39462324","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39462324/","title":"Efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"BMC cardiovascular disorders","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a meta-analysis of 33 randomized heart-failure trials, coenzyme Q10 lowered all-cause mortality (RR 0.64) and heart-failure hospitalization (RR 0.50) and improved ejection fraction and 6-minute walk distance, with moderate GRADE certainty for key outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35608922","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35608922","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35608922/","title":"Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure.","journal":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cochrane review rated the evidence for coenzyme Q10 in heart failure as low to very low certainty and called for larger trials, tempering more optimistic meta-analyses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37256098","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37256098","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37256098/","title":"High-dose ubiquinol supplementation in multiple-system atrophy: a multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.","journal":"EClinicalMedicine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a multicentre double-blind phase 2 RCT (n=139), high-dose ubiquinol (1,500 mg/day) slowed functional decline in multiple system atrophy (UMSARS part 2 difference -1.7 vs placebo) and was well tolerated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"slowed\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32326664","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32326664","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32326664/","title":"Ubiquinol Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Dyslipidemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_compounds":"Ubiquinol (Reduced CoQ10)","linked_monograph_ids":"p121","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"121","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Randomized trial in which ubiquinol improved endothelial function in people with mild-to-moderate dyslipidemia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27104109","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27104109","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27104109/","title":"Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125,462 healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study.","journal":"Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer;Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p153;p162","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"153;162","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"PURE normative study providing age- and sex-specific grip-strength reference ranges from 125,462 healthy adults in 21 countries.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37975349","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37975349","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37975349/","title":"Validity and reliability of Squegg device in measuring isometric handgrip strength.","journal":"European review for medical and pharmacological sciences","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_compounds":"Grip-Strength Dynamometer","linked_monograph_ids":"p153","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"153","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Validation study finding a consumer Bluetooth dynamometer (Squegg) measures isometric grip strength with acceptable validity and reliability against a clinical reference device.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36215867","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36215867","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36215867/","title":"Handgrip strength measurement protocols for all-cause and cause-specific mortality outcomes in more than 3 million participants: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis.","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_compounds":"Hand Grip Dynamometer Pro","linked_monograph_ids":"p162","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"162","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-regression of measurement protocols across more than 3 million participants found that how grip strength is measured materially affects its prognostic estimates, supporting standardized testing.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31802394","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31802394","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31802394/","title":"Melasma Treatment: An Evidence-Based Review.","journal":"American journal of clinical dermatology","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_compounds":"Topical Tranexamic Acid Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p195","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"195","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"An evidence-based dermatology review counts topical tranexamic acid among the supported options for melasma, while noting most trials are short and heterogeneous.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32275193","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32275193","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32275193/","title":"Nonvalidated Home Blood Pressure Devices Dominate the Online Marketplace in Australia: Major Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Management.","journal":"Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"Validated Home BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p163","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"163","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In an audit of 972 devices from 59 online sellers, only about 5.5% of devices on international e-commerce sites had passed accuracy validation, so most home BP monitors sold online are unvalidated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35710211","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35710211","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35710211/","title":"Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on health indicators of older people: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.","journal":"Journal of bodywork and movement therapies","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 13 randomized trials in adults over 60, whole-body EMS produced a large improvement in sarcopenia composite score versus controls (effect size 1.44).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28989278","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28989278","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28989278/","title":"Whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation favorably affect sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older men at risk: the randomized controlled FranSO study.","journal":"Clinical interventions in aging","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In sarcopenic-obese older men, 16 weeks of whole-body EMS plus protein raised handgrip strength (+1.9 kg versus control) and reduced body fat (-2.1%) without adverse effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced body fat\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40783528","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40783528","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40783528/","title":"The effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pain, function, and quadriceps muscle strength in adults with patellofemoral pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"BMC musculoskeletal disorders","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_compounds":"Electrical Muscle Stimulation Unit","linked_monograph_ids":"p174","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"174","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adding NMES to exercise improved knee function (SMD 3.74) and quadriceps strength (SMD 0.53) in patellofemoral pain, but certainty of evidence was rated very low and it did not beat exercise alone for pain relief.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30980076","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30980076","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30980076/","title":"A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral β-Alanine Supplementation.","journal":"Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A safety meta-analysis found oral beta-alanine had no adverse effects on clinical blood, liver or kidney markers; transient paresthesia (tingling) was the only consistent side effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d16554972","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16554972","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16554972/","title":"The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis.","journal":"Amino acids","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Human muscle-biopsy work showed orally supplied beta-alanine is absorbed and taken up by skeletal muscle, where it increases carnosine synthesis, the basis of chronic dosing protocols.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38971131","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38971131","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38971131/","title":"β-Alanine supplementation improves fractional anisotropy scores in the hippocampus and amygdala in 60-80-year-old men and women.","journal":"Experimental gerontology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a 10-week randomized trial in 60-80-year-olds, beta-alanine improved hippocampal and amygdala fractional anisotropy on DTI, an early hint of central effects whose cognitive meaning is unproven.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40999397","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40999397","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40999397/","title":"Effect of carnosine or beta-alanine supplementation therapy for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"BMC endocrine disorders","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Beta-Alanine","linked_compounds":"Beta-Alanine","linked_monograph_ids":"p137","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"137","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized trials evaluated carnosine or beta-alanine supplementation for glycemic control in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, an emerging and still-preliminary research direction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37702300","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37702300","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37702300/","title":"Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration.","journal":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cochrane review: AREDS-type antioxidant supplements slow progression to late AMD in people with existing disease but do not prevent onset in healthy eyes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"do not prevent\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26305649","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26305649","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305649/","title":"Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_compounds":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin","linked_monograph_ids":"p120","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"120","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In older AREDS2 participants with AMD, lutein/zeaxanthin (with or without omega-3s) did not improve cognitive function over 5 years—an important null result.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"null result\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31542391","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31542391","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31542391/","title":"Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease.","journal":"EBioMedicine","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"First-in-human senolytic trial: dasatinib+quercetin cleared senescent cells in adipose tissue and skin within 11 days and lowered circulating SASP factors (IL-1α, IL-6, MMP-9/-12) in diabetic kidney disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38956196","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38956196","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38956196/","title":"Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Nature medicine","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Phase 2 RCT: intermittent dasatinib+quercetin did not reduce bone resorption overall in postmenopausal women (CTx −4.1% vs −7.7% control); exploratory benefit was confined to the high-senescent-cell-burden subgroup.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not reduce\" | favorable-cue: \"benefit\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d25897620","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25897620","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25897620/","title":"Effects of quercetin supplementation on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Critical reviews in food science and nutrition","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of RCTs found no clinically relevant lipid effects overall; only the ≥500 mg/day for ≥4 weeks subgroup showed triglyceride reduction (−24.5 mg/dL) alongside a slight total-cholesterol rise (+3.6 mg/dL).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"found no\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37679434","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37679434","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37679434/","title":"Senolytic therapy in mild Alzheimer's disease: a phase 1 feasibility trial.","journal":"Nature medicine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Phase 1 trial (n=5): intermittent dasatinib+quercetin was safe and feasible in early Alzheimer's disease, with exploratory biomarker signals only.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30848564","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30848564","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30848564/","title":"Effects of quercetin supplementation on glycemic control among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Quercetin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p105","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"105","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis in metabolic-syndrome populations found no significant effect of quercetin on fasting glucose, insulin, or HOMA-IR at usual doses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40918053","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40918053","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40918053/","title":"Magnesium Bisglycinate Supplementation in Healthy Adults Reporting Poor Sleep: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.","journal":"Nature and science of sleep","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"RCT (n=155): 250 mg elemental magnesium as bisglycinate improved insomnia severity versus placebo at 4 weeks (ISI −3.9 vs −2.3, p=0.049; small effect, d=0.2), with greater response in low-dietary-magnesium participants.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23853635","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23853635","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635/","title":"The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_compounds":"Magnesium Glycinate","linked_monograph_ids":"p136","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"136","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"RCT (n=46): 500 mg magnesium/day for 8 weeks improved insomnia severity, sleep efficiency, and sleep-onset latency in elderly adults with primary insomnia, while raising serum melatonin and lowering cortisol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d16847171","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16847171","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16847171/","title":"Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin.","journal":"Archives of facial plastic surgery","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Randomized split-face study (n=13): topical copper tripeptide after CO2 laser resurfacing gave no objective benefit over control for erythema, wrinkles, or skin quality, though patient-reported satisfaction was higher (p=0.04).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37896245","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37896245","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896245/","title":"Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Formulation study showing liposomal encapsulation can carry GHK-Cu into skin, addressing the peptide's recognized stratum-corneum penetration bottleneck.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39795193","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39795193","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39795193/","title":"Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes?","journal":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_compounds":"Copper Tripeptide (GHK-Cu) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p186","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"186","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Methods study on reliably measuring skin permeation of liposome-encapsulated GHK-Cu, underscoring that delivery remains the field's open problem.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31524216","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31524216","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31524216/","title":"Dose-response relationship between cocoa flavanols and human endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.","journal":"Food & function","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 18 intervention arms found cocoa flavanols improved flow-mediated dilation by +1.17% (95% CI 0.76–1.57), with an optimal effect near 710 mg flavanols per day.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37816167","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37816167","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37816167/","title":"Cocoa Extract Supplementation and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Cocoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"Diabetes care","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_compounds":"Cocoa Flavanol Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p116","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"116","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 18,381 COSMOS participants, daily cocoa extract did not reduce incident type 2 diabetes over a median 3.6 years (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.91–1.20)—an important null result.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not reduce\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d19593179","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19593179","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593179/","title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder.","journal":"Journal of clinical psychopharmacology","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 57 adults with mild-to-moderate generalized anxiety disorder, 8 weeks of apigenin-standardized chamomile extract reduced anxiety scores significantly more than placebo (p = 0.047)—the main human efficacy signal for apigenin, at far lower doses than capsules provide.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced anxiety\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35452808","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35452808","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35452808/","title":"Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of apigenin and its glycosides in healthy male adults.","journal":"Free radical biology & medicine","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Apigenin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p114","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"114","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Human pharmacokinetic study: free apigenin was poorly absorbed (about 0.5% of intake recovered in urine as metabolites), while chamomile-type glycoside forms were absorbed far better (up to about 34%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35821844","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35821844","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35821844/","title":"A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Healthy Older Adults to Determine Efficacy of Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Glutathione Redox Status and Oxidative Damage.","journal":"Frontiers in aging","year":2022,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation;Glycine Powder","linked_monograph_ids":"stack;p125","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"12;125","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In healthy older adults, glycine plus N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) restored glutathione redox status and reduced oxidative damage—support for the combination, not glycine alone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35330988","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35330988","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35330988/","title":"Associations between Acute Exposures to PM(2.5) and Carbon Dioxide Indoors and Cognitive Function in Office Workers: A Multicountry Longitudinal Prospective Observational Study.","journal":"Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site]","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a year-long real-world multicountry office study, acute increases in indoor CO2 and PM2.5 were associated with slower response times and lower cognitive throughput.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with slower\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37142023","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37142023","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37142023/","title":"A single-blind field intervention study of whether increased bedroom ventilation improves sleep quality.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In real bedrooms, increasing ventilation lowered CO2 and improved sleep quality; deep sleep was significantly shorter under low-ventilation conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29164702","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29164702","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29164702/","title":"Window/door opening-mediated bedroom ventilation and its impact on sleep quality of healthy, young adults.","journal":"Indoor air","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_compounds":"Indoor CO2 Air-Quality Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p188","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"188","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Opening a bedroom window or door (lowering CO2) was associated with better sleep quality and next-day freshness in healthy young adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"associated with better\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29042448","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29042448","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29042448/","title":"Myo-inositol effects in women with PCOS: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Endocrine connections","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (247 cases, 249 controls) found myo-inositol lowered fasting insulin (SMD −1.02 µU/mL, p = 0.009) and HOMA-IR (SMD −0.585, p = 0.041) versus control in PCOS.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered fasting insulin\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36790138","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36790138","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790138/","title":"Antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol for preventing gestational diabetes.","journal":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Myo-Inositol","linked_compounds":"Myo-Inositol","linked_monograph_ids":"p131","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"131","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cochrane review of 7 RCTs (1,319 pregnant women): antenatal myo-inositol may reduce gestational diabetes (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31–0.90) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (RR 0.34), but evidence certainty was low.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31975502","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31975502","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31975502/","title":"Anti-aging and brightening effects of a topical treatment containing vitamin C, vitamin E, and raspberry leaf cell culture extract: A split-face, randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Journal of cosmetic dermatology","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_compounds":"Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic) Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p179","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"179","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a split-face randomized trial, a topical vitamin C + E formulation improved clinical signs of facial aging and skin brightness versus control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35684021","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35684021","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35684021/","title":"A Combination of Nicotinamide and D-Ribose (RiaGev) Is Safe and Effective to Increase NAD(+) Metabolome in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Pilot Clinical Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A small placebo-controlled crossover trial found a nicotinamide-plus-D-ribose blend safely raised the blood NAD+ metabolome in healthy middle-aged adults; endpoints were biomarkers only.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"raised the blood nad\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29599478","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29599478","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29599478/","title":"Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD(+) in healthy middle-aged and older adults.","journal":"Nature communications","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Nicotinamide riboside (1,000 mg/day for 6 weeks) raised blood NAD+ by about 60% and was well tolerated, with exploratory signals for lower blood pressure and aortic stiffness.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40565060","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40565060","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40565060/","title":"DMPC-Based Liposomal Vesicles for Encapsulation and Controlled Release of NMN and Matrigel in Sarcopenia Therapy.","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_compounds":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)","linked_monograph_ids":"nmn","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"1;2;3;5;13;17","linked_product_count":6,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Liposomal NMN delivery has been demonstrated only in cell and animal models; human pharmacokinetic superiority over plain NMN remains unverified.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35228201","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35228201","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35228201/","title":"Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.","journal":"British journal of sports medicine","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Balance and Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p169","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"169","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across cohort studies, about 30-60 minutes per week of muscle-strengthening activity was associated with roughly 10-20% lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, total cancer and diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31828942","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31828942","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31828942/","title":"Histidine-containing dipeptides reduce central obesity and improve glycaemic outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials found histidine-dipeptide (carnosine/anserine) supplementation reduced waist circumference by about 3.5 cm and HbA1c by 0.76% versus control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced waist\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38013229","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38013229","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38013229/","title":"Histidine-containing dipeptide supplementation improves delayed recall: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Nutrition reviews","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 10 RCTs found carnosine/anserine supplementation improved delayed recall by about 1.5 points on the Wechsler memory scale, with no effect on global cognitive screens.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31319510","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31319510","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31319510/","title":"Effects of Anserine/Carnosine Supplementation on Mild Cognitive Impairment with APOE4.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 54 older adults with mild cognitive impairment, 12 weeks of anserine plus carnosine improved global Clinical Dementia Rating scores, with the benefit concentrated in APOE4 carriers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40430451","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40430451","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40430451/","title":"Effects of Carnosine Supplementation on Cognitive Outcomes in Prediabetes and Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Carnosine","linked_compounds":"Carnosine","linked_monograph_ids":"p139","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"139","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 2025 placebo-controlled trial extended carnosine's glucose-control research program to neurocognitive outcomes in adults with prediabetes and well-controlled type 2 diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38757130","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38757130","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38757130/","title":"Pycnogenol(®) French maritime pine bark extract in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human clinical studies.","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A manufacturer-affiliated review of 39 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (2,009 participants) summarizes Pycnogenol's human evidence across cardiovascular, joint, cognitive and other outcomes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d18570266","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18570266","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18570266/","title":"Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis.","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 100 patients with knee osteoarthritis, 150 mg/day for 3 months improved WOMAC symptom and pain scores and reduced analgesic use versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d24346156","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24346156","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24346156/","title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pycnogenol on plasma lipids.","journal":"Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A dedicated meta-analysis found small favorable effects of Pycnogenol on plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"favorable effects\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37908749","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37908749","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908749/","title":"Efficacy of L-arginine and Pycnogenol ® in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Frontiers in endocrinology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_compounds":"Pycnogenol Pine Bark Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p117","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"117","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review and meta-analysis found Pycnogenol, mainly as an adjunct with L-arginine, improved erectile-function scores versus control.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38755622","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38755622","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38755622/","title":"The effects of grape seed extract supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors, liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"BMC complementary medicine and therapies","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 50 NAFLD patients, 520 mg/day for 2 months significantly improved insulin resistance, lipids, liver enzymes, and blood pressure versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38419408","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38419408","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38419408/","title":"Grape seed extract supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"500 mg/day of proanthocyanidins for 2 months lowered IL-6 and malondialdehyde and raised antioxidant enzymes and quality-of-life scores in 50 NAFLD patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31942838","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31942838","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942838/","title":"Grape seed polyphenol extract and cognitive function in healthy young adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups acute-on-chronic trial.","journal":"Nutritional neuroscience","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"400 mg/day for 12 weeks produced no consistent cognitive benefit, acute or chronic, in 60 healthy young adults — an honest null.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39009117","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39009117","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009117/","title":"Vitis Vinifera Seed Extract Versus Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction for Patients with Chronic Venous Disease: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial.","journal":"Annals of vascular surgery","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_compounds":"Grape Seed Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p111","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"111","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A head-to-head randomized trial tested grape seed extract against the standard venoactive drug MPFF in chronic venous disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32661681","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32661681","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661681/","title":"Effects of hesperidin in orange juice on blood and pulse pressures in mildly hypertensive individuals: a randomized controlled trial (Citrus study).","journal":"European journal of nutrition","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 159 mildly hypertensive adults, sustained hesperidin-enriched orange juice for 12 weeks dose-dependently reduced systolic and pulse pressure and lowered homocysteine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30991044","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30991044","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30991044/","title":"The effect of hesperidin supplementation on inflammatory markers in human adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.","journal":"Chemico-biological interactions","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_compounds":"Hesperidin Citrus Flavonoid","linked_monograph_ids":"p113","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"113","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (n=296) found hesperidin reduced the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 by about 22.8 ng/L, with no significant overall CRP effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant overall crp effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23997720","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23997720","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23997720/","title":"Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine in healthy adult participants: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Journal of chiropractic medicine","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 5 RCTs at 4 g/day or more, betaine lowered plasma homocysteine by a pooled 1.23 µmol/L versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d19824078","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19824078","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19824078/","title":"Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 55 biopsy-proven NASH patients, 20 g/day for 12 months did not improve steatosis, disease activity, or fibrosis versus placebo — a well-conducted negative trial.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31809615","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31809615","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809615/","title":"Betaine Supplementation Moderately Increases Total Cholesterol Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Journal of dietary supplements","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs found betaine at 4 g/day or more modestly raises total cholesterol (+0.34 mmol/L pooled), with LDL, HDL, and triglycerides unchanged.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34743773","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34743773","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34743773/","title":"Betaine supplementation fails to improve body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"The British journal of nutrition","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systematic review and meta-analysis found no effect of betaine on body weight, BMI, fat mass, or fat-free mass — an honest null for a popular claim.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39270852","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39270852","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39270852/","title":"Decoding Betaine: A Critical Analysis of Therapeutic Potential Compared with Marketing Hype-A Narrative Review.","journal":"The Journal of nutrition","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_compounds":"Betaine (TMG)","linked_monograph_ids":"p132","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"132","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A critical review contrasts betaine's genuine methyl-donor biochemistry with overstated supplement marketing claims.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36519532","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36519532","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36519532/","title":"Effect of pneumatic compression device and stocking use on symptoms and quality of life in women with lipedema: A proof-in-principle randomized trial.","journal":"Phlebology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_compounds":"Pneumatic Compression Recovery Boots","linked_monograph_ids":"p167","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"167","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adding pneumatic compression to compression garments improved leg circumference, bioimpedance, pain, and quality of life more than garments alone in women with lipedema.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d19502211","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19502211","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19502211/","title":"Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Late-night salivary cortisol screens for Cushing syndrome with pooled 92% sensitivity and 96% specificity across 7 studies (947 patients).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d19022335","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19022335","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19022335/","title":"Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Biological psychology","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_compounds":"Saliva Cortisol Stress Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p149","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"149","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 147 studies, the cortisol awakening response correlated positively with job and general life stress and negatively with fatigue, burnout, and exhaustion.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d16424447","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16424447","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16424447/","title":"Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study.","journal":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine","year":2006,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Each 10 µg/m³ higher long-term PM2.5 was associated with 16% higher all-cause and 28% higher cardiovascular mortality, and cities that reduced PM2.5 saw mortality fall (RR 0.73).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher cardiovascular mortality\" | favorable-cue: \"reduced pm2.5 saw mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38063557","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38063557","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38063557/","title":"Five Years of Accurate PM(2.5) Measurements Demonstrate the Value of Low-Cost PurpleAir Monitors in Areas Affected by Woodsmoke.","journal":"International journal of environmental research and public health","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Consumer-grade low-cost optical sensors maintained accurate PM2.5 tracking over five years of field use in wildfire-smoke-affected regions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32371305","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32371305","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32371305/","title":"Measuring for change: A multi-centre pre-post trial of an air quality feedback intervention to promote smoke-free homes.","journal":"Environment international","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Providing households with PM2.5 monitoring plus feedback led 66% of 86 homes to reduce indoor PM2.5, by a median of 4.1 µg/m³ (−19%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30154366","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30154366","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30154366/","title":"Development of Low-Cost Air Quality Stations for Next Generation Monitoring Networks: Calibration and Validation of PM(2.5) and PM(10) Sensors.","journal":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_compounds":"Personal PM2.5 Air Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p189","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"189","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Properly calibrated low-cost optical particle sensors achieved good agreement with reference instruments in field deployments.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d42261369","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42261369","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42261369/","title":"Current Evidence of Acetyl-L-Carnitine Use in Mood Disorders-: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 10 trials (809 participants) confirmed a significant antidepressant effect versus placebo, comparable to standard antidepressants with fewer adverse effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d17658628","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17658628","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17658628/","title":"Acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) treatment in elderly patients with fatigue.","journal":"Archives of gerontology and geriatrics","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In elderly patients with fatigue, acetyl-L-carnitine reduced physical and mental fatigue versus placebo and improved MMSE scores (+3.4 vs +0.5).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d15591008","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15591008","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591008/","title":"Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine.","journal":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_compounds":"Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR)","linked_monograph_ids":"p126","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"126","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mechanistic review proposing that acetylcarnitine (with or without lipoic acid) counteracts age-related mitochondrial decay; the supporting evidence is largely preclinical.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d20977120","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20977120","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20977120/","title":"Modern approach to topical treatment of aging skin.","journal":"Collegium antropologicum","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_compounds":"Topical Alpha-Lipoic Acid Cream","linked_monograph_ids":"p187","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"187","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Review of topical antioxidants for aging skin: alpha-lipoic acid regenerates cutaneous vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione pools and inhibits NF-κB-driven inflammatory signaling.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34794190","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34794190","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34794190/","title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of L-Methylfolate Augmentation in Depressive Disorders.","journal":"Pharmacopsychiatry","year":2022,"primary_compound":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_compounds":"L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF)","linked_monograph_ids":"p130","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"130","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adjunctive L-methylfolate modestly improved antidepressant response versus placebo (RR 1.25 for HAMD-17 response; SMD −0.38), supporting the 15 mg/day trial findings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38041783","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38041783","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38041783/","title":"Astaxanthin and meclizine extend lifespan in UM-HET3 male mice; fisetin, SG1002 (hydrogen sulfide donor), dimethyl fumarate, mycophenolic acid, and 4-phenylbutyrate do not significantly affect lifespan in either sex at the doses and schedules used.","journal":"GeroScience","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The NIA Interventions Testing Program's rigorous multi-site mouse lifespan study found fisetin did not significantly extend lifespan at the dose and schedule tested - a key non-replication of the 2018 lifespan finding.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29541713","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29541713","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29541713/","title":"Effect of fisetin supplementation on inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes in colorectal cancer patients.","journal":"Food & function","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a double-blind RCT of 37 colorectal cancer patients on chemotherapy, fisetin 100 mg/day for 7 weeks significantly lowered plasma IL-8 and hs-CRP versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31434498","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31434498","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31434498/","title":"Fisetin Prolongs Therapy Window of Brain Ischemic Stroke Using Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.","journal":"Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Adding fisetin to delayed rt-PA stroke treatment in a double-blind RCT improved neurological scores and reduced MMP-2, MMP-9 and CRP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28273655","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28273655","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28273655/","title":"New agents that target senescent cells: the flavone, fisetin, and the BCL-X(L) inhibitors, A1331852 and A1155463.","journal":"Aging","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_compounds":"Fisetin Senolytic Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p101","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"101","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The 2017 mechanistic study that identified fisetin as a senolytic, showing it selectively induces apoptosis in senescent murine and human cells.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36678333","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36678333","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678333/","title":"A Nutraceutical Containing Chlorogenic Acid and Luteolin Improves Cardiometabolic Parameters in Subjects with Pre-Obesity: A 6-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_compounds":"Luteolin Capsules","linked_monograph_ids":"p115","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"115","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a 6-month double-blind RCT in pre-obesity, a chlorogenic acid + luteolin nutraceutical (150 mg/day) improved weight, HbA1c/HOMA-IR, lipids, carotid intima-media thickness and endothelial function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27444382","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27444382","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27444382/","title":"Ergothioneine levels in an elderly population decrease with age and incidence of cognitive decline; a risk factor for neurodegeneration?","journal":"Biochemical and biophysical research communications","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_compounds":"Ergothioneine (L-Ergo)","linked_monograph_ids":"p108","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"108","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cross-sectional analysis found blood ergothioneine declines significantly after age 60 and is lower in people with mild cognitive impairment than in age-matched controls.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30585305","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30585305","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30585305/","title":"Interventions for rosacea based on the phenotype approach: an updated systematic review including GRADE assessments.","journal":"The British journal of dermatology","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_compounds":"Azelaic Acid Gel","linked_monograph_ids":"p182","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"182","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 2019 GRADE-assessed systematic review rated azelaic acid among the topicals with high-certainty evidence for papulopustular rosacea.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31386134","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31386134","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31386134/","title":"Association of Office and Ambulatory Blood Pressure With Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes.","journal":"JAMA","year":2019,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In an 11,135-person international cohort with median 13.8-year follow-up, each 20 mmHg higher nighttime systolic pressure was associated with 23% higher all-cause mortality and 36% higher cardiovascular-event risk, independent of office readings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40249369","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40249369","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40249369/","title":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, European guideline targets, and cardiovascular outcomes: an individual patient data meta-analysis.","journal":"European heart journal","year":2025,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a 14,230-patient pooled analysis of 14 cohorts, more of the day spent within guideline 24-hour ambulatory targets was associated with roughly half the mortality (HR 0.57) and less than a third of the cardiovascular-event risk (HR 0.30).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33904861","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33904861","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33904861/","title":"Screening for Hypertension in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement.","journal":"JAMA","year":2021,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmed a Grade A recommendation for hypertension screening and advises confirming the diagnosis with ambulatory or home blood-pressure measurement before starting treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d20226988","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20226988","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226988/","title":"Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension.","journal":"Lancet (London, England)","year":2010,"primary_compound":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_compounds":"24h Ambulatory BP Monitor","linked_monograph_ids":"p155","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"155","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Visit-to-visit variability and episodic peaks in systolic pressure predicted stroke and coronary events independently of average blood pressure, establishing variability as a risk marker in its own right.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31711104","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31711104","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31711104/","title":"Randomized placebo-controlled study of the memory effects of pomegranate juice in middle-aged and older adults.","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 261 adults aged 50–75, daily pomegranate juice for 12 months kept visual memory performance stable while the placebo group declined.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d41174221","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41174221","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41174221/","title":"Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Nature aging","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 50 adults, 1,000 mg/day of urolithin A for 4 weeks expanded naive-like CD8+ T cells and remodeled immune-cell metabolism, countering markers of age-related immune decline — using the purified metabolite, not pomegranate extract.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29173650","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29173650","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29173650/","title":"Evidence for the effectiveness of pomegranate supplementation for blood pressure management is weak: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.","journal":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_compounds":"Pomegranate Ellagitannin Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p110","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"110","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A counterpoint systematic review judged the evidence that pomegranate supplementation lowers blood pressure to be weak and low-quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowers blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35565256","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35565256","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35565256/","title":"Randomized Crossover Trial Evaluating Detoxification of Tobacco Carcinogens by Broccoli Seed and Sprout Extract in Current Smokers.","journal":"Cancers","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A broccoli seed and sprout extract increased detoxication of tobacco-derived carcinogens in current smokers in a randomized crossover trial.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38824824","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38824824","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38824824/","title":"Protective effects of sulforaphane against toxic substances and contaminants: A systematic review.","journal":"Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review found sulforaphane consistently upregulates detoxication and antioxidant-response pathways, supporting protection against toxic substances and contaminants.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40041932","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40041932","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40041932/","title":"Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial of Sulforaphane in Former Smokers at High Risk for Lung Cancer.","journal":"Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A Phase II randomized trial moved sulforaphane into a cancer-prevention setting, testing it in former smokers at high risk for lung cancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38074675","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38074675","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38074675/","title":"Efficacy and tolerability of sulforaphane in the therapeutic management of cancers: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Frontiers in oncology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_compounds":"Broccoli Sprout Sulforaphane","linked_monograph_ids":"p103","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"103","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review of randomized trials in oncology settings found sulforaphane generally tolerable, with supportive but not definitive efficacy signals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39683518","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39683518","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39683518/","title":"Commonly Used Dose of Montmorency Tart Cherry Powder Does Not Improve Sleep or Inflammation Outcomes in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"At a commonly used powder dose, Montmorency tart cherry did not improve sleep or inflammation outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity — a null randomized result.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"did not improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36094342","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36094342","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36094342/","title":"Nutritional Modulation of Sleep Latency, Duration, and Efficiency: A Randomized, Repeated-Measures, Double-Blind Deception Study.","journal":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_compounds":"Tart Cherry Sleep Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p118","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"118","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A rigorously double-blinded, repeated-measures randomized study put tart cherry and other nutritional sleep aids to a stringent test of effects on sleep latency, duration, and efficiency.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d18065594","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18065594","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18065594/","title":"L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial.","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":2007,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 66 centenarians, 2 g/day for 6 months reduced physical and mental fatigue, increased muscle mass (+3.8 vs +0.8 kg), reduced fat mass, and improved cognitive function versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31743774","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31743774","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31743774/","title":"Beneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Pharmacological research","year":2020,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A dose-response meta-analysis of randomized trials found modest weight loss (about −1.1 kg) with small BMI and fat-mass reductions, with the greatest effect near 2 g/day.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23563705","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23563705","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23563705/","title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis.","journal":"Nature medicine","year":2013,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Landmark human-and-animal work showing gut microbes convert dietary L-carnitine into TMAO, which promoted atherosclerosis — the mechanistic basis of the long-term safety debate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38594107","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38594107","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38594107/","title":"The Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Clinical therapeutics","year":2024,"primary_compound":"L-Carnitine","linked_compounds":"L-Carnitine","linked_monograph_ids":"p135","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"135","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review and meta-analysis reported improved glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors with L-carnitine supplementation in type 2 diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35706481","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35706481","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35706481/","title":"Association of gamma-glutamyltransferase levels with total mortality, liver-related and cardiovascular outcomes: A prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.","journal":"EClinicalMedicine","year":2022,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 293,667 UK Biobank participants, high-normal GGT was associated with a 3.25-fold higher rate of liver-related mortality and a 1.43-fold higher rate of cardiovascular mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher rate of liver-related mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31677124","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31677124","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31677124/","title":"Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, oxidized LDL and mortality in the elderly.","journal":"Aging clinical and experimental research","year":2021,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 1,038 elderly adults followed for a median of 9 years, serum GGT independently predicted all-cause mortality, with oxidized LDL amplifying the risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31212805","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31212805","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31212805/","title":"γ-Glutamyltransferase Variability and the Risk of Mortality, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine","year":2019,"primary_compound":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_compounds":"GGT Liver-Health Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p156","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"156","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a nationwide population cohort, greater visit-to-visit GGT variability independently predicted higher risks of mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher risks of mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30027612","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30027612","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30027612/","title":"Antiaging efficacy of a retinaldehyde-based cream compared with glycolic acid peel sessions: A randomized controlled study.","journal":"Journal of cosmetic dermatology","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Over 8 weeks, a retinaldehyde cream reduced crow's-feet wrinkle depth comparably to a series of glycolic-acid peels (STm −7.61%, P = 0.0007).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33569865","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33569865","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33569865/","title":"The efficacy and safety of multilamellar vesicle containing retinaldehyde: A double-blinded, randomized, split-face controlled study.","journal":"Journal of cosmetic dermatology","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a double-blind split-face trial (n = 23), a multilamellar-vesicle retinaldehyde cream produced objective improvements in wrinkle depth, elasticity and hydration versus the control side after 8 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39496127","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39496127","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39496127/","title":"The Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of a Novel Retinaldehyde Serum with Firming Peptides to Improve Skin Texture and Signs of Photoaging.","journal":"Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A retinaldehyde-plus-peptides serum improved skin texture and signs of photoaging with good tolerability in a 2024 clinical study.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34980969","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34980969","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34980969/","title":"Evidence for the Efficacy of Over-the-counter Vitamin A Cosmetic Products in the Improvement of Facial Skin Aging: A Systematic Review.","journal":"The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_compounds":"Retinaldehyde Night Serum","linked_monograph_ids":"p178","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"178","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review of over-the-counter vitamin A cosmetics found measurable improvement in facial skin aging, with retinaldehyde among the better-evidenced OTC retinoids.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30036891","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30036891","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30036891/","title":"The Efficacy of Saffron in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Depression: A Meta-analysis.","journal":"Planta medica","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A meta-analysis of randomized trials found saffron significantly better than placebo and not significantly different from standard antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30343354","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30343354","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30343354/","title":"Saffron therapy for the treatment of mild/moderate age-related macular degeneration: a randomised clinical trial.","journal":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial (n = 100), saffron 20 mg/day for 3 months improved visual acuity and multifocal ERG latency in mild-to-moderate AMD, with benefits additive to AREDS supplements.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d20688744","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20688744","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20688744/","title":"Influence of saffron supplementation on retinal flicker sensitivity in early age-related macular degeneration.","journal":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Saffron Extract","linked_compounds":"Saffron Extract","linked_monograph_ids":"p119","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"119","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a randomized trial (n = 25), saffron 20 mg/day for 3 months improved focal electroretinogram amplitude versus placebo in early AMD.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39031905","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39031905","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39031905/","title":"Long-term insulin resistance is associated with frailty, frailty progression, and cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a prospective cohort of older adults, a chronically insulin-resistant trajectory was associated with frailty, frailty progression and cardiovascular disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38419039","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38419039","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38419039/","title":"Association between different insulin resistance surrogates and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension: NHANES longitudinal cohort study.","journal":"Cardiovascular diabetology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_compounds":"Fasting Insulin / HOMA-IR Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p145","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"145","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In an NHANES longitudinal cohort of patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension, insulin-resistance surrogates including HOMA-IR predicted all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28845751","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28845751","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28845751/","title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease.","journal":"The New England journal of medicine","year":2017,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 10,061 post-MI patients with hs-CRP ≥2 mg/L, canakinumab 150 mg reduced recurrent cardiovascular events (HR 0.85) but caused more fatal infections, with no difference in all-cause mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no difference\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34801448","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34801448","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34801448/","title":"Biomarkers of Vascular Inflammation for Cardiovascular Risk Prognostication: A Meta-Analysis.","journal":"JACC. Cardiovascular imaging","year":2022,"primary_compound":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_compounds":"hs-CRP Inflammation Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p142","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"142","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A meta-analysis found that vascular-inflammation biomarkers including hs-CRP improve cardiovascular risk prognostication.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37803506","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37803506","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37803506/","title":"A hypotensive protocol of inspiratory muscle strength training: Systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.","journal":"Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (n=386) found inspiratory muscle strength training lowered systolic blood pressure by about 7.9 mmHg and diastolic by 3.8 mmHg, with trial sequential analysis judging the blood-pressure findings conclusive.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32730174","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32730174","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730174/","title":"Inspiratory muscle strength training lowers blood pressure and sympathetic activity in older adults with OSA: a randomized controlled pilot trial.","journal":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a randomized trial of 25 older adults with obstructive sleep apnea, inspiratory muscle strength training lowered systolic blood pressure by about 8.8 mmHg and reduced muscle sympathetic nerve activity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39032314","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39032314","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39032314/","title":"Updates in inspiratory muscle training for older adults: A systematic review.","journal":"Archives of gerontology and geriatrics","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_compounds":"Inspiratory Muscle Strength Trainer","linked_monograph_ids":"p165","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"165","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systematic review of 13 studies finding that 4-8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training improved cardiac autonomic control, cerebrovascular responses, balance, blood pressure and endothelial function in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28511049","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28511049","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28511049/","title":"The Omega-3 Index and relative risk for coronary heart disease mortality: Estimation from 10 cohort studies.","journal":"Atherosclerosis","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 10 cohort studies, each 1-SD (about 2.1%) higher Omega-3 Index was associated with 15% lower fatal CHD risk, equivalent to roughly 30% lower risk at an index of about 8% versus 4%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower fatal chd risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27357102","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27357102","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27357102/","title":"ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: Pooling Project of 19 Cohort Studies.","journal":"JAMA internal medicine","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 Index Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p143","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"143","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pooling 19 cohorts (45,637 participants), each 1-SD higher blood EPA/DHA biomarker level was associated with about 9-13% lower risk of fatal coronary heart disease.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d21330119","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21330119","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21330119/","title":"The association of biomarkers of iron status with mortality in US adults.","journal":"Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In NHANES III (n=12,258, up to 18 years of follow-up), ferritin and transferrin saturation within the normal range were not associated with all-cause, cardiovascular, or cancer mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"were not associated\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38124275","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38124275","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38124275/","title":"A Population-Based and Clinical Cohort Validation of the Novel Consensus Definition of Metabolic Hyperferritinemia.","journal":"The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_compounds":"Ferritin / Iron-Status Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p147","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"147","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Population and clinical cohorts validated a consensus definition of 'metabolic hyperferritinemia', linking elevated ferritin to fatty-liver and cardiometabolic-risk phenotypes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d18971533","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18971533","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18971533/","title":"Effects of nattokinase on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial.","journal":"Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 86 adults with pre-hypertension or stage-1 hypertension, nattokinase 2,000 FU/day for 8 weeks lowered systolic blood pressure by 5.6 mmHg and diastolic by 2.8 mmHg versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39076715","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39076715","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076715/","title":"Nattokinase Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","journal":"Reviews in cardiovascular medicine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (n=546) found nattokinase reduced systolic blood pressure by about 3.5 mmHg and diastolic by 2.3 mmHg, with mixed lipid signals at low doses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31805963","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31805963","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31805963/","title":"Inulin-type fructans supplementation improves glycemic control for the prediabetes and type 2 diabetes populations: results from a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 33 randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Journal of translational medicine","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 33 RCTs (n=1,346) found inulin-type fructans lowered fasting glucose by about 0.60 mmol/L and HbA1c by 0.58% in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes subgroups.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered fasting glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40409314","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40409314","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40409314/","title":"Safety and efficacy of trehalose in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (HEALEY ALS Platform Trial): an adaptive, phase 2/3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"The Lancet. Neurology","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_compounds":"Targeted Organ-Support Nutrients","linked_monograph_ids":"organ_support","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"14","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In the HEALEY ALS platform trial - the largest human test of trehalose to date - trehalose was well tolerated but showed no evidence of efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"showed no\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28236605","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28236605","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28236605/","title":"Clinical Use of Curcumin in Depression: A Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association","year":2017,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs found curcumin significantly reduced depressive symptoms versus placebo when used as adjunct therapy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"significantly reduced depressive\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29246725","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29246725","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29246725/","title":"Memory and Brain Amyloid and Tau Effects of a Bioavailable Form of Curcumin in Non-Demented Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 18-Month Trial.","journal":"The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry","year":2018,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 40 non-demented adults, 18 months of Theracurmin (90 mg twice daily) improved verbal memory (effect size 0.63) and reduced amyloid/tau PET signal in the amygdala and hypothalamus versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23543271","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23543271","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23543271/","title":"A phase I study investigating the safety and pharmacokinetics of highly bioavailable curcumin (Theracurmin) in cancer patients.","journal":"Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology","year":2013,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Human pharmacokinetic study showing the highly bioavailable Theracurmin formulation achieves markedly higher plasma curcumin levels than standard curcumin powder.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36252717","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36252717","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36252717/","title":"Liver Injury Associated with Turmeric-A Growing Problem: Ten Cases from the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network [DILIN].","journal":"The American journal of medicine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_compounds":"High-Bioavailability Curcumin","linked_monograph_ids":"p104","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"104","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network case series of 10 turmeric-associated liver injuries, most involving high-bioavailability products combined with piperine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26938304","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26938304","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26938304/","title":"Cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality risk in the general population: AusDiab study.","journal":"Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a general-population cohort, cystatin C-based eGFR independently predicted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30643006","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30643006","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30643006/","title":"Cystatin C for predicting all-cause mortality and rehospitalization in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis.","journal":"Bioscience reports","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_compounds":"Cystatin C / eGFR Kidney Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p157","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"157","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis: elevated cystatin C was associated with worse all-cause mortality and rehospitalization outcomes in patients with heart failure.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32781562","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32781562","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32781562/","title":"A Greater Flavonoid Intake Is Associated with Lower Total and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 16 cohorts and 462,194 adults, higher flavonoid intake was associated with 13% lower all-cause and 15% lower cardiovascular mortality; the cancer-mortality association was not significant.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower cardiovascular mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40456886","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40456886","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40456886/","title":"High diversity of dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality and major chronic diseases.","journal":"Nature food","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 124,805 UK Biobank participants, the widest flavonoid diversity was associated with 6–20% lower all-cause mortality and lower incidence of several major chronic diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39683599","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39683599","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39683599/","title":"The Effect of Antioxidant Polyphenol Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 281 RCTs (17,126 participants), polyphenol supplements modestly improved cardiometabolic markers—catechins lowered systolic blood pressure ~1.6 mmHg, anthocyanins improved lipids, curcumin improved glucose handling.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30654461","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30654461","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30654461/","title":"Polyphenol Health Effects on Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_compounds":"Polyphenol Antioxidant Blend","linked_monograph_ids":"polyphenol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"19","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Some polyphenols improved specific cardiovascular-risk and cognitive markers, but the authors judged the data too inconsistent for definitive prevention recommendations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29546641","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29546641","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29546641/","title":"The Effects of an Oral Taurine Dose and Supplementation Period on Endurance Exercise Performance in Humans: A Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 10 studies: oral taurine improved endurance exercise performance with a small-to-moderate effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34584225","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34584225","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34584225/","title":"Profiling inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers following taurine supplementation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials.","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Taurine","linked_compounds":"Taurine","linked_monograph_ids":"p124","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"124","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials: taurine supplementation reduced inflammatory and oxidative-stress biomarkers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced inflammatory\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39556768","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39556768","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39556768/","title":"Oral Muvalaplin for Lowering of Lipoprotein(a): A Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_compounds":"Lp(a) Mail-In Test","linked_monograph_ids":"p141","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"141","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Randomized trial: the first oral small-molecule Lp(a) inhibitor muvalaplin lowered Lp(a), showing a needle-free option is feasible.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39233301","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39233301","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39233301/","title":"Removal of metals and assimilable organic carbon by activated carbon and reverse osmosis point-of-use water filtration systems.","journal":"Chemosphere","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In controlled bench testing, point-of-use RO removed >95% of manganese and uranium and >98% of calcium, magnesium, iron, and copper, while activated carbon was generally ineffective for metals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39393709","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39393709","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39393709/","title":"Removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances from tap water by means of point-of-use treatment: A review.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Review: RO, ion exchange, and granular activated carbon are the leading point-of-use PFAS-removal technologies, though real-world performance and maintenance are understudied.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23988746","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23988746","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23988746/","title":"Reduced risk estimations after remediation of lead (Pb) in drinking water at two US school districts.","journal":"The Science of the total environment","year":2014,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Modeling across 664 remediated schools estimated that filtration and lead-plumbing fixes materially cut the share of students predicted to exceed 5 µg/dL blood lead (from ~11.2% on average).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27359350","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27359350","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27359350/","title":"Blood Lead Levels Among Children Aged <6 Years - Flint, Michigan, 2013-2016.","journal":"MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_compounds":"Water Purification (Reverse Osmosis & Ultrafiltration)","linked_monograph_ids":"water","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"42;44","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"CDC surveillance found the probability of elevated blood lead in Flint children rose after the 2014 water-source switch—a case study in why drinking-water contaminant control matters.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d11487664","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11487664","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11487664/","title":"Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor.","journal":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience","year":2001,"primary_compound":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_compounds":"Blue-Light Management & Circadian Lighting","linked_monograph_ids":"bluelight","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"58","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Identified short-wavelength blue light near 460 nm as the most potent part of the visible spectrum for suppressing human melatonin — the mechanistic basis for evening blue-light blocking.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32253185","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32253185","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32253185/","title":"Associations of regular glucosamine use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large prospective cohort study.","journal":"Annals of the rheumatic diseases","year":2020,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Regular glucosamine use was associated with 15% lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.85) and 18% lower cardiovascular mortality among 495,077 UK Biobank participants — observational, so it cannot prove cause.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower all-cause mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"d25057276","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25057276","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25057276/","title":"Pterostilbene on metabolic parameters: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial.","journal":"Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM","year":2014,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"High-dose pterostilbene lowered blood pressure by 7.8/7.3 mmHg but raised LDL cholesterol by 17.1 mg/dL on monotherapy — a safety signal for this formula's resveratrol analog.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"unfavorable+other","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"raised ldl\" | favorable-cue: \"lowered blood pressure\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27402922","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27402922","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27402922/","title":"Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials.","journal":"Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)","year":2016,"primary_compound":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_compounds":"All-in-One Longevity Formulation","linked_monograph_ids":"stack","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"12","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 34 double-blind RCTs, magnesium at about 368 mg/day lowered systolic blood pressure by 2.0 mmHg and diastolic by 1.8 mmHg.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"d21487090","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21487090","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21487090/","title":"A meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk.","journal":"Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes","year":2011,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a meta-analysis of 233,455 people, apoB was the strongest lipid risk marker (relative-risk ratio 1.43 vs 1.34 for non-HDL-C and 1.25 for LDL-C), beating LDL-C by 12%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39256087","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39256087","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39256087/","title":"Role of apolipoprotein B in the clinical management of cardiovascular risk in adults: An Expert Clinical Consensus from the National Lipid Association.","journal":"Journal of clinical lipidology","year":2024,"primary_compound":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_compounds":"ApoB Home Test Kit","linked_monograph_ids":"p140","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"140","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"National Lipid Association expert consensus recommends apoB measurement to refine cardiovascular risk, especially in people with diabetes, obesity, high triglycerides or discordant LDL-C.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31233069","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31233069","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31233069/","title":"Exercise Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. A Systematic Umbrella Review.","journal":"The journal of nutrition, health & aging","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_compounds":"Blood Flow Restriction Cuffs","linked_monograph_ids":"p173","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"173","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Umbrella review of exercise trials identifies resistance-based training, including blood flow restriction, as an effective countermeasure against age-related muscle loss.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34472150","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34472150","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34472150/","title":"Effect of resveratrol on C-reactive protein: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 35 RCTs, resveratrol lowered hs-CRP by 0.40 mg/L and CRP by 0.31 mg/L, with the strongest effects at 500 mg/day or more for at least 10 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32900519","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32900519","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32900519/","title":"Long-term effects of resveratrol on cognition, cerebrovascular function and cardio-metabolic markers in postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_compounds":"Trans-Resveratrol","linked_monograph_ids":"resveratrol","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"6","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Over 24 months, 75 mg twice-daily resveratrol improved overall cognitive performance by 33% versus placebo and enhanced cerebral blood flow and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women — a single-cohort result awaiting replication.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36467075","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36467075","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36467075/","title":"Glucose-lowering effect of berberine on type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Frontiers in pharmacology","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 37 RCTs (n=3,048) in type 2 diabetes, berberine lowered fasting glucose by about 0.82 mmol/L and HbA1c by about 0.63% without increasing hypoglycemia — though the underlying trials were mostly small and of variable quality.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered fasting glucose\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d18442638","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18442638","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18442638/","title":"Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.","journal":"Metabolism: clinical and experimental","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_compounds":"Berberine HCl 500 mg (AMPK)","linked_monograph_ids":"berberine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"9","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a pilot RCT, berberine 0.5 g three times daily lowered HbA1c from 9.5% to 7.5% over 3 months — comparable to metformin in the parallel arm — with transient gastrointestinal effects in about a third of patients.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered hba1c\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40409468","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40409468","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40409468/","title":"Vitamin D(3) and marine ω-3 fatty acids supplementation and leukocyte telomere length: 4-year findings from the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) randomized controlled trial.","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_compounds":"Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)","linked_monograph_ids":"vitd","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"10","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a VITAL randomized substudy of about 1,000 adults, vitamin D3 2,000 IU/day significantly slowed leukocyte telomere attrition over 4 years (roughly 140 bp preserved vs placebo) — the first large RCT signal on a biological-aging marker, from an ancillary analysis that needs replication.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"slowed\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28853742","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28853742","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28853742/","title":"Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of immune function.","journal":"European journal of clinical nutrition","year":2018,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 1-month open-label pilot (n=12) found liposomal glutathione raised whole-blood GSH about 40% and PBMC GSH about 100%, cut plasma 8-isoprostane about 35%, and raised NK-cell cytotoxicity up to about 400% — small, uncontrolled and industry-funded.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d20524875","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20524875","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20524875/","title":"Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"The Journal of dermatological treatment","year":2012,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a 4-week RCT (n=60), oral glutathione 500 mg/day lowered skin melanin index at all six measured sites but beat placebo significantly at only two — a modest, short-term effect with no follow-up.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27088927","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27088927","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27088927/","title":"Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: Facts, myths, evidence and controversies.","journal":"Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Glutathione","linked_compounds":"Glutathione","linked_monograph_ids":"glutathione","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"20","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A critical review found only two small human RCTs of oral glutathione for skin lightening, rating the evidence weak and long-term safety — especially of intravenous use — unestablished.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34980119","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34980119","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34980119/","title":"Randomized trial of a portable HEPA air cleaner intervention to reduce asthma morbidity among Latino children in an agricultural community.","journal":"Environmental health : a global access science source","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a 12-month RCT (n=75 children with poorly controlled asthma), bedroom and living-room HEPA cleaners missed the primary asthma-control endpoint but were associated with roughly 55–57% lower risk of poorly controlled episodes in secondary analyses — an honestly mixed result.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d33241434","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33241434","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33241434/","title":"Individual- and Household-Level Interventions to Reduce Air Pollution Exposures and Health Risks: a Review of the Recent Literature.","journal":"Current environmental health reports","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Air Purification","linked_compounds":"Air Purification","linked_monograph_ids":"air","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"41","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A systematic review found portable air cleaners consistently reduce indoor particle exposure with some subclinical cardiovascular benefits, while health-outcome trials of gas-phase (VOC) interventions remain sparse.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27634581","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27634581","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634581/","title":"Novel glucose-sensing technology and hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, non-masked, randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Lancet (London, England)","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this 241-patient RCT, flash glucose monitoring cut time spent in hypoglycemia by 38% versus fingerstick self-monitoring in adults with well-controlled type 1 diabetes.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39716288","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39716288","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39716288/","title":"The efficacy of using continuous glucose monitoring as a behaviour change tool in populations with and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","journal":"The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_compounds":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)","linked_monograph_ids":"cgm","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"73","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 25 RCTs (n=2,996), CGM as a behavior-change tool produced modest glycemic improvements (HbA1c −0.28%, time in range +7.4%), driven mostly by participants with diabetes, with no significant effect on weight or BMI.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improvements\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d23512320","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23512320","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23512320/","title":"The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and e-mail.","journal":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)","year":2013,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this 91-person RCT, daily smart-scale weighing with email feedback produced −6.55% body weight at 6 months versus −0.35% in controls (42.6% vs 6.8% achieved ≥5% loss).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26293454","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26293454","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26293454/","title":"Is self-weighing an effective tool for weight loss: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.","journal":"The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Self-weighing improved weight loss when embedded in multi-component programs (−1.7 to −3.4 kg) but showed no effect as stand-alone advice (−0.5 kg, ns) in the one trial testing it.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no effect\" | favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38020587","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38020587","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38020587/","title":"Validation of the Body Scan(®), a new device to detect small fiber neuropathy by assessment of the sudomotor function: agreement with the Sudoscan(®).","journal":"Frontiers in neurology","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The Body Scan's foot electrochemical skin conductance detected small-fiber neuropathy with 0.91 sensitivity and 0.97–0.99 specificity versus the hospital-grade Sudoscan reference (n=147)—a rare device-specific clinical validation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30269899","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30269899","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30269899/","title":"Body composition using bioelectrical impedance: Development and validation of a predictive equation for fat-free mass in a middle-income country.","journal":"Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_compounds":"Smart Body-Composition Analysis","linked_monograph_ids":"bodycomp","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"77","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"DXA-referenced BIA equations explained >80% of fat-free-mass variance at group level, illustrating why consumer impedance readings suit trends but remain error-prone for individuals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30239212","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30239212","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30239212/","title":"Evaluation of a Handheld Gluten Detection Device.","journal":"Journal of food protection","year":2018,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Across 13 spiked food matrices, a handheld gluten sensor detected gluten reliably at ≥20 ppm (5.9% failure) with 3.6% false positives, but was unreliable at 5 ppm and in pasta matrices.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30885882","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30885882","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30885882/","title":"Benefits From and Barriers to Portable Detection of Gluten, Based on a Randomized Pilot Trial of Patients With Celiac Disease.","journal":"Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association","year":2019,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In this randomized pilot, celiac patients rated a portable gluten sensor an acceptable aid to gluten-free-diet adherence and quality of life, while citing cost, capsule supply, and false-result anxiety as barriers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d16890773","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16890773","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16890773/","title":"Accidental ingestions in children with peanut allergy.","journal":"The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology","year":2006,"primary_compound":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_compounds":"At-Home Food & Allergen Testing","linked_monograph_ids":"allergen","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"79","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a prospective cohort of 252 children with peanut allergy, accidental exposures occurred at 14.3% per year, and most moderate-to-severe reactions were managed without epinephrine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d30343856","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30343856","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30343856/","title":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nurse-led care involving education and engagement of patients and a treat-to-target urate-lowering strategy versus usual care for gout: a randomised controlled trial.","journal":"Lancet (London, England)","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Nurse-led treat-to-target care achieved serum urate <360 µmol/L in 95% of gout patients versus 30% with usual care at 2 years (RR 3.18), and was cost-effective—evidence that monitoring-guided urate control works.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d42369245","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42369245","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42369245/","title":"Nurse-supported self-monitoring of serum urate by gout patients using a treat-to-target approach: a feasibility study.","journal":"Rheumatology advances in practice","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In this 24-week feasibility study, 32 gout patients self-measured serum urate at home with a point-of-care meter with 93% adherence and 75% reaching the urate target—direct but early evidence for home monitoring.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d26689648","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26689648","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26689648/","title":"An analytical comparison between point-of-care uric acid testing meters.","journal":"Expert review of molecular diagnostics","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Four commercial point-of-care urate meters showed good usability and precision against LC-MS, with meter-versus-laboratory correlations of R²≈0.76–0.81—serviceable for trending, not diagnosis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d11214126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11214126","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11214126/","title":"Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","journal":"Lancet (London, England)","year":2001,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"197","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Over 3 years in 212 patients, placebo knees lost −0.31 mm of joint space while glucosamine sulfate knees lost only −0.06 mm (ns), with WOMAC symptoms improving on glucosamine versus slight worsening on placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"worsening\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36029480","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36029480","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36029480/","title":"Glucosamine and lower mortality and cancer incidence: Selection bias in the observational studies.","journal":"Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety","year":2022,"primary_compound":"D-Glucosamine","linked_compounds":"D-Glucosamine;Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"glucosamine;osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"197;217","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A methodological critique argues the lower mortality and cancer incidence attributed to glucosamine in observational cohorts are inflated by selection and healthy-user bias—longevity claims remain unproven.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lower mortality\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d29257353","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29257353","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29257353/","title":"Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children.","journal":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cochrane review of 31 RCTs (8,672 participants): probiotics cut the risk of C. difficile-associated diarrhea during antibiotic use by 60% (1.5% vs 4.0%; RR 0.40, moderate certainty).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d36001877","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36001877","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36001877/","title":"Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections.","journal":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cochrane update: probiotics reduced the number of people diagnosed with at least one acute upper respiratory infection (RR 0.76) and shortened episodes by about 1.2 days.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d32274669","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32274669","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32274669/","title":"Efficacy of Single-Strain Probiotics Versus Multi-Strain Mixtures: Systematic Review of Strain and Disease Specificity.","journal":"Digestive diseases and sciences","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systematic review of 65 RCTs (10,863 participants): multi-strain mixtures were not significantly more effective than single strains within the same indication in most cases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27536365","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27536365","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27536365/","title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Multi-strain probiotics as adjunct therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication and prevention of adverse events.","journal":"United European gastroenterology journal","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Probiotics","linked_compounds":"Probiotics","linked_monograph_ids":"probiotics","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"199","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis: multi-strain probiotic adjuncts improved H. pylori eradication rates and reduced antibiotic-associated side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39879980","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39879980","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39879980/","title":"Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in patients with overweight/obese type 2 diabetes: Efficacy depends on its baseline levels in the gut.","journal":"Cell metabolism","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"12-week RCT in overweight/obese type 2 diabetes (n=58): no overall between-group benefit, but significant weight, fat-mass and HbA1c reductions in participants with low baseline gut Akkermansia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d42120725","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42120725","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42120725/","title":"Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Muc(T) for weight loss maintenance in people with overweight and obesity: a controlled randomized trial.","journal":"Nature medicine","year":2026,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Randomized controlled trial: pasteurized A. muciniphila MucT supported weight-loss maintenance in people with overweight and obesity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d39683431","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39683431","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39683431/","title":"Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila HB05 (HB05P) Improves Muscle Strength and Function: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_compounds":"Akkermansia muciniphila","linked_monograph_ids":"akkermansia","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"200","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"12-week RCT: pasteurized A. muciniphila strain HB05 improved muscle strength and function versus placebo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38309832","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38309832","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38309832/","title":"The effects of inulin-type fructans on cardiovascular disease risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","journal":"The American journal of clinical nutrition","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 55 RCTs (n=2,518): inulin-type fructans produced small LDL cholesterol (-0.14 mmol/L) and triglyceride (-0.06 mmol/L) reductions, with GRADE certainty rated low to very low.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d41233756","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41233756","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41233756/","title":"Inulin-induced improvements on bowel habit and gut microbiota in adults with functional constipation: findings of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"BMC gastroenterology","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_compounds":"Inulin (Prebiotic Fiber)","linked_monograph_ids":"inulin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"201","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial: 12 g/day inulin improved stool frequency and abdominal symptoms in functional constipation and modulated gut microbiota.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d25421976","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25421976","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25421976/","title":"Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: a randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","journal":"Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pivotal RCT in hypertensive patients (n=68, 4 weeks): daily nitrate-rich beetroot juice lowered clinic BP by 7.7/2.4 mmHg and 24-h ambulatory BP by 7.7/5.2 mmHg, improved endothelial function ~20%, with no tachyphylaxis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35369064","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35369064","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35369064/","title":"Nitrate Derived From Beetroot Juice Lowers Blood Pressure in Patients With Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Frontiers in nutrition","year":2022,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 7 RCTs in hypertension (n=218): beetroot-juice nitrate lowered systolic BP by 4.95 mmHg (GRADE moderate); diastolic effect not significant.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered systolic\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40085422","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40085422","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40085422/","title":"Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance: An Umbrella Review of 20 Published Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses.","journal":"Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_compounds":"Beetroot / Dietary Nitrate","linked_monograph_ids":"beetroot","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"202","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Umbrella review of 20 meta-analyses (180 studies, n=2,672): nitrate improved time-to-exhaustion (SMD 0.33), muscular endurance (SMD 0.48) and peak power (SMD 0.25), best at >=6 mmol/day, though underlying review quality was often low.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34531760","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34531760","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34531760/","title":"Dietary Polyphenol and Methylsulfonylmethane Supplementation Improves Immune, DAMP Signaling, and Inflammatory Responses During Recovery From All-Out Running Efforts.","journal":"Frontiers in physiology","year":2021,"primary_compound":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_compounds":"MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane)","linked_monograph_ids":"p208","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"208","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In healthy adults, an MSM-plus-polyphenol supplement blunted immune, damage-associated (DAMP) and inflammatory signaling during recovery from exhaustive running - a combination formula, not MSM alone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"blunted\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31426687","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31426687","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426687/","title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Using Acupressure to Promote the Health of Older Adults.","journal":"Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society","year":2020,"primary_compound":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_compounds":"Acupressure Mat & Pillow Set","linked_monograph_ids":"p209","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"209","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of trials in older adults found acupoint acupressure improved outcomes including sleep and quality of life - evidence for the targeted technique, not for spike mats specifically.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38810780","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38810780","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38810780/","title":"Human brain (7)Li-MRI following low-dose lithium dietary supplementation in healthy participants.","journal":"Journal of affective disorders","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"7Li-MRI showed that low-dose lithium dietary supplements measurably increase human brain lithium in healthy volunteers - direct proof that supplement doses reach the brain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37356352","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37356352","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37356352/","title":"Different pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate inform why it is more potent, effective, and less toxic than lithium carbonate in a mouse model of mania.","journal":"Journal of psychiatric research","year":2023,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a mouse model, lithium orotate showed distinct pharmacokinetics with roughly 10-fold greater potency and lower toxicity than lithium carbonate - preclinical only, not confirmed in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d34146638","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34146638","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34146638/","title":"A toxicological evaluation of lithium orotate.","journal":"Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A formal toxicological evaluation characterized the safety profile of the lithium orotate salt itself, which remains far less studied than prescription lithium carbonate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40152059","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40152059","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40152059/","title":"A Survey Exploring People's Experiences With Lithium Bought as a Supplement: Une enquête sur l'expérience des personnes avec le lithium en supplément.","journal":"Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_compounds":"Lithium Orotate (low-dose)","linked_monograph_ids":"p210","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"210","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A 2025 survey of people self-using over-the-counter lithium supplements found perceived mood and cognitive benefits alongside substantial knowledge gaps about dosing and safety.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38360929","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38360929","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38360929/","title":"Long term outcomes of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in post covid condition: longitudinal follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.","journal":"Scientific reports","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Symptomatic and quality-of-life gains from a randomized hyperbaric oxygen trial in post-COVID condition were maintained at roughly one-year follow-up.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31073923","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31073923","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31073923/","title":"Safety of Topical Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Drugs & aging","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_compounds":"Topical Diclofenac (NSAID Gel)","linked_monograph_ids":"diclofenac_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"212","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Systematic safety review found topical NSAIDs cause mainly mild local skin reactions with far fewer gastrointestinal and systemic adverse events than oral NSAIDs, supporting their preferential use in older adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d38761115","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38761115","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38761115/","title":"Efficacy and safety of topical capsaicin in the treatment of osteoarthritis pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Phytotherapy research : PTR","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (n=498) found topical capsaicin superior to placebo for osteoarthritis pain (SMD −0.84) but rated certainty low to very low, with application-site burning common (number-needed-to-harm 3).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"superior to placebo\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d21852280","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21852280","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21852280/","title":"Topical capsaicin for pain management: therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of the new high-concentration capsaicin 8% patch.","journal":"British journal of anaesthesia","year":2011,"primary_compound":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_compounds":"Topical Capsaicin","linked_monograph_ids":"capsaicin_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"213","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Mechanism review explaining how repeated capsaicin application depletes substance P and reversibly 'defunctionalizes' TRPV1-expressing pain fibers, producing localized analgesia with minimal systemic absorption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28805147","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28805147","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28805147/","title":"A comparison of transdermal over-the-counter lidocaine 3.6% menthol 1.25%, Rx lidocaine 5% and placebo for back pain and arthritis.","journal":"Pain management","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Double-blind RCT (n=87): an over-the-counter-strength lidocaine patch was non-inferior to the prescription 5% patch and superior to placebo for back pain and arthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"superior to placebo\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d19167595","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19167595","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19167595/","title":"Comparison of the effectiveness and tolerability of lidocaine patch 5% versus celecoxib for osteoarthritis-related knee pain: post hoc analysis of a 12 week, prospective, randomized, active-controlled, open-label, parallel-group trial in adults.","journal":"Clinical therapeutics","year":2008,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Randomized active-controlled trial found the lidocaine 5% patch produced WOMAC pain improvement comparable to celecoxib 200 mg/day for knee osteoarthritis, with better tolerability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improvement\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37827033","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37827033","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37827033/","title":"Effect and safety profile of topical lidocaine on post-surgical neuropathic pain and quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Journal of clinical anesthesia","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Meta-analysis found topical lidocaine reduces post-surgical neuropathic pain and improves quality of life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d25575710","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25575710","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25575710/","title":"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"The Lancet. Neurology","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_compounds":"Topical Lidocaine","linked_monograph_ids":"lidocaine_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"214","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Landmark meta-analysis of neuropathic-pain pharmacotherapy places lidocaine plasters among second-line options for peripheral neuropathic pain, with a favorable safety profile.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d20456191","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20456191","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20456191/","title":"Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossed-over study.","journal":"International journal of clinical practice","year":2010,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Randomized triple-blind crossover trial (n=35, 118 attacks): a 10% menthol solution applied to the head and neck beat placebo on 2-hour pain-free and pain-relief endpoints.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d27131832","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27131832","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27131832/","title":"Topical menthol increases cutaneous blood flow.","journal":"Microvascular research","year":2016,"primary_compound":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_compounds":"Topical Menthol (Cooling Counterirritant)","linked_monograph_ids":"menthol_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"215","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Human randomized physiology study showing topical menthol dose-dependently increases skin blood flow across the treated area, a plausible contributor to its analgesic effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d10860133","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10860133","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10860133/","title":"Potentiation of warfarin anticoagulation associated with topical methyl salicylate.","journal":"The Annals of pharmacotherapy","year":2000,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Case report: percutaneous absorption of topical methyl salicylate potentiated warfarin anticoagulation, a flag for users on blood thinners.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d35004014","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35004014","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35004014/","title":"From Chemical Burn to Below Knee Amputation: Amputation Secondary to Application of Over-the-Counter Topical Analgesic With Menthol and Methyl Salicylate.","journal":"Cureus","year":2021,"primary_compound":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_compounds":"Topical Methyl Salicylate + Menthol (Medicated Patch)","linked_monograph_ids":"salicylate_topical","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"216","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Case report: misuse of an occlusive menthol/methyl-salicylate topical caused a severe chemical burn culminating in amputation — a rare but sobering misuse risk.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d31088786","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31088786","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31088786/","title":"Association of habitual glucosamine use with risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective study in UK Biobank.","journal":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","year":2019,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In ~466,000 UK Biobank participants, habitual glucosamine use was associated with about 15% fewer cardiovascular events and 22% lower cardiovascular death — observational, not causal.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d25719429","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25719429","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25719429/","title":"Randomized trial of glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma proteomics profiles in healthy humans.","journal":"PloS one","year":2015,"primary_compound":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_compounds":"Osteo Bi-Flex (Triple Strength + Joint Shield)","linked_monograph_ids":"osteobiflex","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"217","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a small randomized crossover trial (n=18), glucosamine plus chondroitin lowered serum CRP by 23% versus placebo, supporting an anti-inflammatory mechanism.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered serum crp\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d17516722","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17516722","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17516722/","title":"Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Glucosamine, Methylsulfonylmethane and their Combination in Osteoarthritis.","journal":"Clinical drug investigation","year":2004,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM);MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin;p219","linked_monograph_count":2,"linked_product_ids":"218;219","linked_product_count":2,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In 118 patients, glucosamine and MSM each beat placebo, and the combination reduced pain and swelling most (pain index 1.7 to 0.36, p<0.001) over 12 weeks.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduced pain\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d28300758","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28300758","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28300758/","title":"Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2017,"primary_compound":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_compounds":"Glucosamine + Chondroitin (+ MSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"gluco_chondroitin","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"218","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Review of MSM's mechanisms (sulfur donor, NF-kB inhibition, antioxidant effects) and safety: GRAS status, well tolerated up to about 6 g/day with mild GI effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":false}
{"study_key":"d32083522","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32083522","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32083522/","title":"Beauty from within: Oral administration of a sulfur-containing supplement methylsulfonylmethane improves signs of skin ageing.","journal":"International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition","year":2022,"primary_compound":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_compounds":"MSM (OptiMSM)","linked_monograph_ids":"p219","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"219","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"In a placebo-controlled trial, oral MSM improved expert-graded signs of skin aging such as wrinkles and texture.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d37806372","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37806372","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37806372/","title":"Modified-Release Phosphatidylcholine (LT-02) for Ulcerative Colitis: Two Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials.","journal":"Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Two large phase 3 trials (466 induction, 150 maintenance patients) found modified-release phosphatidylcholine no better than placebo in ulcerative colitis; the induction trial was stopped early for futility.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d12917896","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12917896","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917896/","title":"Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment.","journal":"The Cochrane database of systematic reviews","year":2003,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Cochrane review of 12 randomized trials found no clear clinical benefit of lecithin for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonian dementia, or subjective memory problems.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"found no\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d40344642","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40344642","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40344642/","title":"Lecithin Alleviates Memory Deficits and Muscle Attenuation in Chinese Older Adults and SAMP8 Mice.","journal":"Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"A nationwide cohort plus embedded RCT and mouse work linked lecithin intake to protection against combined sarcopenia and mild cognitive impairment via a PGC1a-FNDC5/irisin pathway — preliminary and unreplicated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impairment\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"d19906248","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19906248","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19906248/","title":"Choline: an essential nutrient for public health.","journal":"Nutrition reviews","year":2009,"primary_compound":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_compounds":"Phosphatidylcholine (PC) Complex","linked_monograph_ids":"p220","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"220","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Reviews choline's essential roles — acetylcholine synthesis, hepatic VLDL export and methyl donation — and human deficiency consequences such as fatty liver and muscle damage.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio25218856","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25218856","doi":"10.1016/j.plipres.2014.09.001","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2014.09.001","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25218856/","title":"Omega-3 long chain fatty acid \"bioavailability\": a review of evidence and methodological considerations.","journal":"Prog Lipid Res","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This review considers the bioavailability of different forms of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), including ethyl esters (EEs), free fatty acids (FFAs), triacylglycerols (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio24124374","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24124374","doi":"10.2147/VHRM.S50464","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S50464","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24124374/","title":"Steady-state bioavailability of prescription omega-3 on a low-fat diet is significantly improved with a free fatty acid formulation compared with an ethyl ester formulation: the ECLIPSE II study.","journal":"Vasc Health Risk Manag","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The systemic bioavailability of free fatty acid (FFA) forms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared with ethyl ester (EE) forms is dependent on the presence of intestinal lipases and is highest during consumption of high-fat meals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38139029","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38139029","doi":"10.3390/ijms242417201","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417201","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38139029/","title":"A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Crossover Study of the Comparative Bioavailability of EPA and DHA in a Novel Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticle-Based Formulation of ω-3 Acid Ethyl Ester Versus Omacor® Soft Capsule among Healthy Adults.","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are well known for their capacity to lower triglyceride levels, but the clinical effectiveness is hindered by limited bioavailability and patient adherence.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio21424716","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21424716","doi":"10.1007/s00726-011-0874-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-0874-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21424716/","title":"Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2011,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Studies have indicated that CM is not degraded during normal digestion and that nearly 99% of orally ingested CM is either taken up by muscle or excreted in urine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35268011","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35268011","doi":"10.3390/nu14051035","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051035","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35268011/","title":"Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In 2011, we published a paper providing an overview about the bioavailability, efficacy, and regulatory status of creatine monohydrate (CrM), as well as other \"novel forms\" of creatine that were being marketed at the time.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio29518030","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29518030","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics10010031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10010031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29518030/","title":"Absolute Oral Bioavailability of Creatine Monohydrate in Rats: Debunking a Myth.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Our objective was to determine the oral bioavailability of CM and the influence of dose on oral absorption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio12885395","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12885395","doi":"10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00135-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00135-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12885395/","title":"Oral bioavailability of the antioxidant astaxanthin in humans is enhanced by incorporation of lipid based formulations.","journal":"Eur J Pharm Sci","year":2003,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Astaxanthin is also available as a food supplement, but, like other carotenoids, is a very lipophilic compound and has low oral bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41515196","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41515196","doi":"10.3390/nu18010080","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010080","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41515196/","title":"Nutraceutical Potential of Astaxanthin in Muscle Metabolism, Exercise Adaptation, and Obesity.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Emerging evidence highlights the importance of optimized delivery strategies to enhance AX bioavailability and mitochondrial targeting.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio7413302","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"7413302","doi":"10.1203/00006450-198007000-00007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198007000-00007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7413302/","title":"Characterization and quantitation of a zinc-binding ligand in human milk.","journal":"Pediatr Res","year":1980,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Weanling rats fed supplemental picolinic acid absorbed significantly more dietary zinc and gained significantly more weight than rats fed an unsupplemented diet.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio6100131","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"6100131","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6100131/","title":"[Zinc and chronic enteropathies].","journal":"Pediatr Med Chir","year":1984,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The disease is related to the malfunctioning of intestinal absorption of zinc and can be treated by administering pharmacological doses of zinc orally.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio6837491","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"6837491","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/37.4.566","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/37.4.566","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6837491/","title":"Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in humans: intestinal interaction of tin and zinc.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":1983,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We have explored the tin/zinc interaction using the change-in-plasma-zinc-concentration method with a standard dosage of 12.5 mg of zinc as zinc sulfate in 100 ml of Coca-Cola.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio28838081","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28838081","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nux022","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux022","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28838081/","title":"US Pharmacopeial Convention safety evaluation of menaquinone-7, a form of vitamin K.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Menaquinone-7 has greater bioavailability than other forms of vitamin K, which has led to increasing sales and use of menaquinone-7 supplements.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32244313","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32244313","doi":"10.3390/nu12040965","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040965","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32244313/","title":"MK-7 and Its Effects on Bone Quality and Strength.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"MK-7 has higher efficacy due to its higher bioavailability and longer half-life than other vitamin K homologs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32009201","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32009201","doi":"10.1007/s00253-020-10409-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10409-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32009201/","title":"Cis and trans isomers of the vitamin menaquinone-7: which one is biologically significant?","journal":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Recently, several studies have indicated that an adequate intake of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) offers numerous health benefits.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37132123","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37132123","doi":"10.1017/S0007114523001034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114523001034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37132123/","title":"The study of bioavailability and endogenous circadian rhythm of menaquinone-7, a form of vitamin K2, in healthy subjects.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"A simple and rapid LC-APCI-MS/MS method for the determination of MK-7 in human plasma with single liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) extraction and 4·5-min analysis time has been developed and validated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio21633595","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21633595","doi":"10.3748/wjg.v17.i18.2288","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i18.2288","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21633595/","title":"Silybin and the liver: from basic research to clinical practice.","journal":"World J Gastroenterol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Results indicate that the bioavailability of silybin phytosome is higher than that of silymarin and is less influenced by liver damage; silybin does not show significant interactions with other drugs and at doses < 10 g/d has no significant side effects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"no_difference","direction_rule":"no-difference-cue","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"no significant side effects\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35437840","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35437840","doi":"10.1002/jbt.23073","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.23073","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35437840/","title":"Silybin phytosome attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by suppressing oxidative stress and reducing inflammatory response: In vivo and in silico approaches.","journal":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"High-performance liquid chromatography was used to carry out bioavailability studies of SIBP.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35474461","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35474461","doi":"10.1111/jfbc.14189","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14189","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35474461/","title":"Epigallocatechin gallate: Phytochemistry, bioavailability, utilization challenges, and strategies.","journal":"J Food Biochem","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"It is susceptible to lower stability, lesser bioavailability, and lower absorption rate due to various environmental, processing, formulations, and gastrointestinal conditions of the human body.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36728926","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36728926","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2023.2170972","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2170972","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36728926/","title":"Absorption, metabolism, bioactivity, and biotransformation of epigallocatechin gallate.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the poor bioavailability of EGCG restricts its use.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41106481","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41106481","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100545","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100545","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41106481/","title":"Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate and the Gut-Health Axis: Unraveling Structural Characteristics, Metabolic Pathways, and Systemic Benefits.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the direct absorption of EGCG is limited due to its low oral bioavailability, with a substantial portion reaching the colon where it interacts extensively with gut microbiota.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio23766098","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23766098","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201200795","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200795","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23766098/","title":"Human absorption and metabolism of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol ingested as olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"To quantify the bioavailability and metabolism of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol when taken as OLE, nine volunteers (five males) aged 42.8 ± 7.4 years were randomized to receive either capsulated or liquid OLE as a single lower (51.1 mg oleuropein, 9.7 mg hydroxytyrosol) or higher (76.6 mg oleuropein, 14.5 mg hydroxytyrosol) dose, and then the opposite strength (but same formulation) a week later.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36678196","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36678196","doi":"10.3390/nu15020325","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020325","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678196/","title":"Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism of Hydroxytyrosol from Food Supplements.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Bioavailability studies with olive oils showed that HT is bioavailable from its free form and from conjugated forms such as oleuropein and its aglycone.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36145149","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36145149","doi":"10.3390/nu14183773","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183773","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36145149/","title":"Metabolism and Bioavailability of Olive Bioactive Constituents Based on In Vitro, In Vivo and Human Studies.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The present critical review aimed to gather all scientific data of the past two decades regarding the absorption and metabolism of the foremost olive compounds, specifically of the phenylalcohols hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and tyrosol (Tyr) and the secoiridoids oleacein (Olea), oleocanthal (Oleo) and oleuropein (Oleu).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31405030","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31405030","doi":"10.3390/biom9080356","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080356","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31405030/","title":"Insights on the Use of α-Lipoic Acid for Therapeutic Purposes.","journal":"Biomolecules","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Data suggests that ALA has a short half-life and bioavailability (about 30%) triggered by its hepatic degradation, reduced solubility as well as instability in the stomach.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio25245645","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25245645","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25245645/","title":"(R)-α-lipoic acid oral liquid formulation: pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic efficacy.","journal":"Acta Biomed","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Indeed, phenomena such as reduced solubility, lack of gastric stability and hepatic degradation determine a bioavailability of around 30% and a short half-life of ALA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio22609537","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22609537","doi":"10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.05.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609537/","title":"Age and gender dependent bioavailability of R- and R,S-α-lipoic acid: a pilot study.","journal":"Pharmacol Res","year":2012,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Despite this rationale for benefiting human health, little is known about age-associated alterations in absorption characteristics of LA, or whether the commercially available racemic mixture of LA (R,S-LA) is equally as bioavailable as the naturally occurring R-enantiomer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41789786","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41789786","doi":"10.1002/cpdd.70042","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.70042","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41789786/","title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Two-Treatment, Two-Period, Crossover Study Investigating the Systemic Bioavailability of a Novel Cocrystal Ubiquinol Formulation Compared with a Ubiquinone Formulation in Healthy Adults.","journal":"Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Clinical studies indicate that different CoQ10 formulations have different absorption rates, highlighting research comparing their systemic bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio24979483","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24979483","doi":"10.1021/jf5017829","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5017829","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24979483/","title":"Increased bioavailability of ubiquinol compared to that of ubiquinone is due to more efficient micellarization during digestion and greater GSH-dependent uptake and basolateral secretion by Caco-2 cells.","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The oral bioavailability of ubiquinol recently has been reported to be greater than that of ubiquinone in healthy adults.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37896258","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37896258","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics15102499","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102499","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37896258/","title":"The Cocrystal of Ubiquinol: Improved Stability and Bioavailability.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Compared to the oxidized form, ubiquinol has a much higher biological absorption and better therapeutic effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37195009","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37195009","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.202300009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202300009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37195009/","title":"Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Postbiotic Supplement Urolithin A Predicts its Bioavailability Is Orders of Magnitude Lower than Concentrations that Induce Toxicity, but also Neuroprotective Effects.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Solubility and dissolution kinetics are determined experimentally.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15309440","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15309440","doi":"10.1007/s00394-004-0461-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-004-0461-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15309440/","title":"The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives by the colonic microflora of healthy humans.","journal":"Eur J Nutr","year":2004,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the bioavailability of ellagitannins, including punicalagin, has not been previously described in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15656654","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15656654","doi":"10.1021/jf049144d","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049144d","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15656654/","title":"Metabolism of antioxidant and chemopreventive ellagitannins from strawberries, raspberries, walnuts, and oak-aged wine in humans: identification of biomarkers and individual variability.","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the microbial metabolite 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (urolithin B) conjugated with glucuronic acid was detected along the fractions F3-F5 in all of the subjects, independently of the consumed foodstuff.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio11794633","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11794633","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11794633/","title":"Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations.","journal":"Magnes Res","year":2001,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of four commercially-available preparations of magnesium, and to test the claim that organic salts are more easily absorbed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32162987","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32162987","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2020.1731044","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1731044","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32162987/","title":"L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt Supplementation in ADHD: An Open-Label Pilot Study.","journal":"J Diet Suppl","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to affect up to 5% of adults worldwide.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30175101","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30175101","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2018.00070","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00070","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30175101/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of β-Alanine Using Different Dosing Strategies.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The aim of this study is to objectify and understand the variation in plasma pharmacokinetics of a single oral β-alanine dose supplemented as either a fixed or a weight-relative dose (WRD) in an anthropometric diverse sample.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio34134039","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34134039","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2021.04.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.04.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34134039/","title":"Genetic factors involved in modulating lutein bioavailability.","journal":"Nutr Res","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the bioavailability of the orally consumed lutein largely depends on its gastrointestinal absorption and subsequent metabolism which is in turn governed by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31925437","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31925437","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuz096","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz096","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31925437/","title":"Nutraceutical approach to enhance lutein bioavailability via nanodelivery systems.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Its bioavailability following consumption, however, depends on its rate of degradation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35215476","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35215476","doi":"10.3390/nu14040827","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040827","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35215476/","title":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Their Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Neurodegenerative Disease.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"These carotenoids are concentrated by the action of specific binding proteins such as StARD3, which binds lutein, and GSTP1, which binds zeaxanthin and its dietary metabolite, mesozeaxanthin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30328058","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30328058","doi":"10.1007/s13318-018-0517-3","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-018-0517-3","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30328058/","title":"Improved Oral Absorption of Quercetin from Quercetin Phytosome®, a New Delivery System Based on Food Grade Lecithin.","journal":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Many beneficial properties have been described for quercetin, so much effort has been directed into overcoming the major drawbacks of this natural compound-its poor solubility and low oral absorption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio39519458","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39519458","doi":"10.3390/nu16213625","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213625","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39519458/","title":"Does Encapsulation Improve the Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Humans? A Concise Review Based on In Vivo Human Studies.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Nevertheless, their bioactivity can be compromised due to their low bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio42357353","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42357353","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics18060737","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18060737","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42357353/","title":"Plant-Derived Polyphenols in Cancer Therapy: Bridging Molecular Mechanisms and Bioavailability Toward Clinical Translation.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The clinical translation of polyphenols is still constrained by poor bioavailability, fast metabolism, low aqueous solubility and inefficient pharmacokinetic characteristics, which lead to insufficient systemic exposure and therapeutic efficacy despite strong preclinical data.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio7815675","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"7815675","doi":"10.1177/0148607194018005430","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607194018005430","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7815675/","title":"Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.","journal":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr","year":1994,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Patients who have undergone ileal resection are at risk for developing magnesium depletion/deficiency because of poor absorption and decreased intake as well as increased endogenous losses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio29123461","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29123461","doi":"10.2174/1573401313666170427162740","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170427162740","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29123461/","title":"Intestinal Absorption and Factors Influencing Bioavailability of Magnesium-An Update.","journal":"Curr Nutr Food Sci","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Information on the bioavailability of the essential mineral Mg2+ is sparse.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio16548135","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16548135","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16548135/","title":"Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach.","journal":"Magnes Res","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Literature data on the bioavailability of various Mg forms provide scarce information on the best Mg salt to be used in animal and human supplementation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31247980","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31247980","doi":"10.3390/nu11071441","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071441","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31247980/","title":"Flavanol Bioavailability in Two Cocoa Products with Different Phenolic Content. A Comparative Study in Humans.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This study was aimed at assessing the absorption and metabolism of polyphenols in two soluble cocoa products: a conventional (CC) and a flavanol-rich product (CC-PP).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio22397837","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22397837","doi":"10.1017/S0007114512000475","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000475","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22397837/","title":"Influence of sugar type on the bioavailability of cocoa flavanols.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2012,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The beneficial effects of cocoa on vascular function are mediated by the absorption of monomeric flavanols into the circulation from the small intestine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio11813978","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11813978","doi":"10.1089/152308601317203558","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/152308601317203558","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11813978/","title":"Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo.","journal":"Antioxid Redox Signal","year":2001,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"There is considerable interest in the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols such as tea catechins and cocoa-derived procyanidin components of the diet and their bioactivity in vivo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio27766890","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27766890","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2017.1251903","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2017.1251903","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27766890/","title":"Pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions of apigenin, a natural flavone.","journal":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Areas covered: This review summarizes and the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of apigenin, and drug-drug interaction of apigenin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio28507008","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28507008","doi":"10.3945/an.116.012948","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012948","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28507008/","title":"Flavones: Food Sources, Bioavailability, Metabolism, and Bioactivity.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The absorption and metabolism of flavones are also reviewed, in particular the intestinal absorption of both O- and C-glycosides.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio5096512","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"5096512","doi":"10.1172/JCI106724","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI106724","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5096512/","title":"Intestinal transport of dipeptides in man: relative importance of hydrolysis and intact absorption.","journal":"J Clin Invest","year":1971,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In each intestinal segment, amino acid absorption rates were significantly greater from the test solutions containing the same amount of amino acids in dipeptide than in free form(as high as 185% increase).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36774100","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36774100","doi":"10.1093/jn/nxac204","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac204","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774100/","title":"Investigating Genetic Determinants of Plasma Inositol Status in Adult Humans.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We aimed to investigate potential genetic regulation of circulating MI status and to evaluate correlation of MI concentration with other metabolites.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio39596891","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39596891","doi":"10.3390/biology13110936","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110936","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39596891/","title":"Myo-Inositol and Its Derivatives: Their Roles in the Challenges of Infertility.","journal":"Biology (Basel)","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Under physiological conditions, the MYO/DCI ratio is maintained at 40:1 in plasma.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38191197","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38191197","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0431","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0431","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38191197/","title":"Safety and efficacy of long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on metabolism, sleep, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis in healthy, middle-aged Japanese men.","journal":"Endocr J","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Obesity and aging are major risk factors for several life-threatening diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38921475","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38921475","doi":"10.3390/metabo14060341","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14060341","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38921475/","title":"Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation: Understanding Metabolic Variability and Clinical Implications.","journal":"Metabolites","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Recent years have seen a surge in research focused on NAD+ decline and potential interventions, and despite significant progress, new discoveries continue to highlight the complexity of NAD+ biology.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40926126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40926126","doi":"10.1038/s43587-025-00947-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-025-00947-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40926126/","title":"Emerging strategies, applications and challenges of targeting NAD+ in the clinic.","journal":"Nat Aging","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Here, we summarize safety, bioavailability and efficacy data from NAD+-related clinical trials, focusing on aging and neurodegenerative diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio39519724","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39519724","doi":"10.3390/molecules29215083","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29215083","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39519724/","title":"Exploring Secondary Amine Carnosine Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Properties.","journal":"Molecules","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, carnosine's bioavailability in humans is lower than that in other mammals.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio33914660","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33914660","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00602.2020","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00602.2020","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33914660/","title":"Acute preexercise supplementation of combined carnosine and anserine enhances initial maximal power of Wingate tests in humans.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, upon oral ingestion, carnosine is readily degraded in human plasma by the highly active serum carnosinase-1 (CN1).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio23425625","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23425625","doi":"10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0037","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2012-0037","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23425625/","title":"Non-hydrolyzed in digestive tract and blood natural L-carnosine peptide (\"bioactivated Jewish penicillin\") as a panacea of tomorrow for various flu ailments: signaling activity attenuating nitric oxide (NO) production, cytostasis, and NO-dependent inhibition of influenza virus replication in macrophages in the human body infected with the virulent swine influenza A (H1N1) virus.","journal":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In this article, the types of protection of carnosine in its bioavailable non-hydrolyzed forms in formulations are considered against reactive oxygen radical species-dependent injury, peroxynitrite damage, and other types of viral injuries in which impaired immune responses to viral pathogens are usually involved.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38757126","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38757126","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2024.1389422","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1389422","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38757126/","title":"Review of the pharmacokinetics of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol®) in humans.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The basis for any in vivo activity is the bioavailability of constituents and metabolites of the extract.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio20598812","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20598812","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20598812/","title":"Pycnogenol: a blend of procyanidins with multifaceted therapeutic applications?","journal":"Fitoterapia","year":2010,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"As many studies indicate, pycnogenol components are highly bioavailable.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30614249","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30614249","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2018.1546669","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1546669","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30614249/","title":"Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, polyphenols have a low oral bioavailability mainly due to an extensive biotransformation mediated by phase I and phase II reactions in enterocytes and liver but also by gut microbiota.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15640486","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15640486","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/81.1.230S","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.1.230S","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15640486/","title":"Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Bioavailability differs greatly from one polyphenol to another, so that the most abundant polyphenols in our diet are not necessarily those leading to the highest concentrations of active metabolites in target tissues.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37552899","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37552899","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154979","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154979","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37552899/","title":"Interactions between gut microbiota and polyphenols: A mechanistic and metabolomic review.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, due to their complex constituents and weak absorption, a convincing explanation for their remarkable bioactivity remains elusive for a long time.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio33735339","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33735339","doi":"10.1039/d0fo03403g","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo03403g","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33735339/","title":"The biological fate and bioefficacy of citrus flavonoids: bioavailability, biotransformation, and delivery systems.","journal":"Food Funct","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Citrus flavonoids have limited bioavailability after oral administration, leaving the major part unabsorbed and persisted in the colon.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31252646","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31252646","doi":"10.3390/nu11071464","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071464","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31252646/","title":"The Intestinal Fate of Citrus Flavanones and Their Effects on Gastrointestinal Health.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Evidence also indicates that they may impact the intestinal microbiome and are metabolized by the microbiota as well, thereby affecting their bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41143521","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41143521","doi":"10.1080/17425247.2025.2581839","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2025.2581839","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41143521/","title":"Drug delivery and formulation development of hesperidin: a systematic review.","journal":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the clinical application of hesperidin is limited by its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and stability issues.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio24760587","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24760587","doi":"10.1007/s00726-014-1748-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1748-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24760587/","title":"Effects of betaine on performance and body composition: a review of recent findings and potential mechanisms.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Betaine consumed from food sources and through dietary supplements presents similar bioavailability and is metabolized to di-methylglycine and sarcosine in the liver.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32625350","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32625350","doi":"10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5058","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5058","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32625350/","title":"Safety of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97.","journal":"EFSA J","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Information on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of PQQ in animals and humans is limited.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35546737","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35546737","doi":"10.1080/15376516.2022.2076635","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2022.2076635","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35546737/","title":"Safety assessment of a novel, dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (mnemoPQQ®).","journal":"Toxicol Mech Methods","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a potent coenzyme antioxidant naturally occurring in foods, has been demonstrated to protect brain cells by enhancing the expression of nerve growth factors (NGF) and NGF receptors, and suppressing the fibril formation and aggression of amyloid β.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15591001","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15591001","doi":"10.1196/annals.1320.003","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1320.003","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15591001/","title":"Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism.","journal":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","year":2004,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Carnitine homeostasis is maintained by absorption from diet, a modest rate of synthesis, and efficient renal reabsorption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41243468","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41243468","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.70316","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.70316","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41243468/","title":"Low Bioavailability and High TMAO Production: Novel Insights Into Acetylcarnitine and Carnitine Metabolism.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The food supplement acetylcarnitine is marketed for use in neurological support; however, research on its bioavailability and metabolic fate has been limited.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio20608755","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20608755","doi":"10.2165/11532990-000000000-00000","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/11532990-000000000-00000","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20608755/","title":"Folic acid and L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate: comparison of clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.","journal":"Clin Pharmacokinet","year":2010,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Studies comparing L-5-methyl-THF and folic acid have found that the two compounds have comparable physiological activity, bioavailability and absorption at equimolar doses.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio33255787","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33255787","doi":"10.3390/nu12123623","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123623","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255787/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of Sodium and Calcium Salts of (6S)-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid Compared to Folic Acid and Indirect Comparison of the Two Salts.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"(6S)-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid ((6S)-5-Methyl-THF) salts and folic acid may differ in their abilities to raise plasma (6S)-5-Methyl-THF levels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37762460","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37762460","doi":"10.3390/ijms241814158","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814158","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762460/","title":"Fisetin-In Search of Better Bioavailability-From Macro to Nano Modifications: A Review.","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"As secondary plant metabolites, polyphenols are abundant in fruits and vegetables.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40208387","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40208387","doi":"10.1007/s10522-025-10230-1","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-025-10230-1","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40208387/","title":"Fisetin: hormesis accounts for many of its chemoprotective effects.","journal":"Biogerontology","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Since these findings indicate that fisetin may have the potential to induce multi-system chemoprotective effects, it indicates the need to better clarify the absorption and bioavailability of fisetin and ways to enhance its efficiency.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40311831","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40311831","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177691","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177691","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40311831/","title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives of luteolin on diabetes and its complications.","journal":"Eur J Pharmacol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"It regulates intestinal microenvironmental homeostasis, lipogenesis and catabolism, and the absorption of carbohydrates.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio27488221","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27488221","doi":"10.1089/ars.2016.6778","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2016.6778","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27488221/","title":"Administration of Pure Ergothioneine to Healthy Human Subjects: Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects on Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage and Inflammation.","journal":"Antioxid Redox Signal","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"After oral administration, ET is avidly absorbed and retained by the body with significant elevations in plasma and whole blood concentrations, and relatively low urinary excretion (<4% of administered ET).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio20224991","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20224991","doi":"10.1007/s11095-010-0076-z","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0076-z","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20224991/","title":"Gene knockout and metabolome analysis of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN1.","journal":"Pharm Res","year":2010,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The metabolome analysis of blood and several organs indicated complete deficiency of a naturally occurring potent antioxidant ergothioneine in octn1 ( -/- ) mice among 112 metabolites examined.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio24168107","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24168107","doi":"10.1111/bcp.12273","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12273","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24168107/","title":"Effect of mushroom diet on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Chinese subjects.","journal":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This study also investigated the concentrations of ergothioneine in plasma at baseline and following mushroom consumption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40925043","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40925043","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuaf165","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf165","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40925043/","title":"Nutritional and Pharmacological Significance of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L): A Comprehensive Narrative Review.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"While evidence supports the promising bioactivity of pomegranate compounds, their clinical application is hindered by low and variable bioavailability, inconsistent dosing and formulations, and limited data on adverse effects largely due to interindividual differences in gut microbiota metabolism of punicalagin into urolithins.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio26471685","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26471685","doi":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.099","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.099","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26471685/","title":"Soy protein isolate does not affect ellagitannin bioavailability and urolithin formation when mixed with pomegranate juice in humans.","journal":"Food Chem","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We investigated the effect of mixing soy protein isolate and pomegranate juice (PJ) on the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagitannins (ETs) in healthy volunteers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio29266773","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29266773","doi":"10.1002/mnfr.201700911","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201700911","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29266773/","title":"Bioavailability of Glucoraphanin and Sulforaphane from High-Glucoraphanin Broccoli.","journal":"Mol Nutr Food Res","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The percentage of sulforaphane excreted in 24 h relative to the amount of glucoraphanin consumed varies among volunteers from 2 to 15%, but does not depend on the broccoli genotype.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31261930","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31261930","doi":"10.3390/nu11071489","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071489","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31261930/","title":"Bioavailability of Sulforaphane Following Ingestion of Glucoraphanin-Rich Broccoli Sprout and Seed Extracts with Active Myrosinase: A Pilot Study of the Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitor Administration.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Gastric acidity appears to attenuate GR bioavailability, as evidenced by more SF and its metabolites being excreted after participants started taking omeprazole.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31590459","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31590459","doi":"10.3390/molecules24193593","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193593","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31590459/","title":"Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters?","journal":"Molecules","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This review evaluates the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between formulation (e.g., plants, sprouts, beverages, supplements), bioavailability and efficacy, and the doses of glucoraphanin and/or sulforaphane that have been used in pre-clinical and clinical studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio26772410","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26772410","doi":"10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033346","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033346","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26772410/","title":"Unraveling Anthocyanin Bioavailability for Human Health.","journal":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This review considers the bioavailability of health-protective anthocyanin pigments from foods, in light of the multiple molecular structures and complicated traffic patterns taken by anthocyanins both as flavonoid metabolites and as phenolic acid metabolites within the body.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"protective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio33477894","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33477894","doi":"10.3390/nu13010273","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010273","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33477894/","title":"Polyphenols and Human Health: The Role of Bioavailability.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Although an increasing number of trials have shown a correlation among polyphenol consumption and a reduction in risk factors for chronic diseases, discrepancies in explaining their positive effects have been found in terms of the bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"reduction in risk\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40806038","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40806038","doi":"10.3390/nu17152453","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152453","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40806038/","title":"Anthocyanin-Rich Purple Plant Foods: Bioavailability, Antioxidant Mechanisms, and Functional Roles in Redox Regulation and Exercise Recovery.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Particular attention is given to their bioavailability and the challenges associated with their chemical stability, metabolism, and food matrix interactions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio12908852","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12908852","doi":"10.2165/00003088-200342110-00002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342110-00002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12908852/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine.","journal":"Clin Pharmacokinet","year":2003,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In humans, the endogenous carnitine pool, which comprises free L-carnitine and a range of short-, medium- and long-chain esters, is maintained by absorption of L-carnitine from dietary sources, biosynthesis within the body and extensive renal tubular reabsorption from glomerular filtrate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio22804748","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22804748","doi":"10.1007/BF03261931","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03261931","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22804748/","title":"Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.","journal":"Clin Pharmacokinet","year":2012,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The homeostasis of carnitine is multifaceted with concentrations achieved and maintained by a combination of oral absorption, de novo biosynthesis, carrier-mediated distribution into tissues and extensive, but saturable, renal tubular reabsorption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio25636868","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25636868","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2014.10.009","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.10.009","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25636868/","title":"Intestinal formation of trans-crocetin from saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and in vitro permeation through intestinal and blood brain barrier.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2015,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Trans-crocetin, a saffron metabolite originating from the crocin apocarotenoids, has been shown to exert strong NMDA receptor affinity and is thought to be responsible for the CNS activity of saffron.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30206907","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30206907","doi":"10.1055/a-0732-5757","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0732-5757","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30206907/","title":"Nanotechnological Approach to Increase the Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Efficacy of Crocin and Crocetin.","journal":"Planta Med","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Their use as therapeutic agents is strongly compromised by a scarce stability, poor absorption, and low bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio28537197","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28537197","doi":"10.1080/07391102.2017.1331865","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2017.1331865","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28537197/","title":"Saffron carotenoids (crocin and crocetin) binding to human serum albumin as investigated by different spectroscopic methods and molecular docking.","journal":"J Biomol Struct Dyn","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Serum albumin has been known as the most important transporter of many drugs in the body that affects their disposition, transportation, and bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio12672708","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12672708","doi":"10.1080/07315724.2003.10719285","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2003.10719285","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12672708/","title":"Plasma changes in micronutrients following a multivitamin and mineral supplement in healthy adults.","journal":"J Am Coll Nutr","year":2003,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"To estimate the micronutrient (riboflavin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin B(12), iron, zinc and copper) bioavailability in healthy adults from a multi-micronutrient dietary supplement to assess the possible influence on it by the tablet disintegration properties and by the relative intestinal permeability of subject.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37447400","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37447400","doi":"10.3390/nu15133073","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133073","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447400/","title":"Pharmacokinetic Analyses of Liposomal and Non-Liposomal Multivitamin/Mineral Formulations.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Recent research supports previous contentions that encapsulating vitamins and minerals with liposomes help improve overall bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36014827","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36014827","doi":"10.3390/nu14163321","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163321","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36014827/","title":"Liposomal Mineral Absorption: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The purpose of this analysis was to determine if a novel liposomal delivery mechanism improves mineral absorption from an MVM product.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improves\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15113710","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15113710","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113710/","title":"Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2004,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The health effects of polyphenols depend on the amount consumed and on their bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio18583380","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18583380","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.90525.2008","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90525.2008","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18583380/","title":"Seven days of oral taurine supplementation does not increase muscle taurine content or alter substrate metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans.","journal":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","year":2008,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This study examined 1) the plasma taurine response to acute oral taurine supplementation (T), and 2) the effects of 7 days of T on muscle amino acid content and substrate metabolism during 2 h of cycling at approximately 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio7733037","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"7733037","doi":"10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1115","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.4.1115","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7733037/","title":"Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of taurine supplementation.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":1995,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Plasma and platelet taurine concentrations were assayed in 39 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in 34 control subjects matched for age, sex, and both total and protein-derived daily energy intake.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35501532","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35501532","doi":"10.1007/s11095-022-03276-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-022-03276-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35501532/","title":"Liposomal Formulation for Oral Delivery of Cyclosporine A: Usefulness as a Semisolid-Dispersion System.","journal":"Pharm Res","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This study aims to understand the process and mechanism of oral drug absorption from liposomes and to verify the usefulness of liposomal formulation for poorly soluble drugs.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31264495","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31264495","doi":"10.1080/08982104.2019.1630642","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2019.1630642","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31264495/","title":"New oral liposomal vitamin C formulation: properties and bioavailability.","journal":"J Liposome Res","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In the paper, we present the new liposomal formulation of vitamin C free of harmful organic solvents.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio21261636","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21261636","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05842.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05842.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21261636/","title":"Bioavailability of resveratrol.","journal":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","year":2011,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This paper reviews our current understanding of the absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of resveratrol, with an emphasis on humans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio33302446","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33302446","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics12121190","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121190","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33302446/","title":"Trans-Resveratrol Oral Bioavailability in Humans Using LipiSperse™ Dispersion Technology.","journal":"Pharmaceutics","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The primary hindrance towards resveratrol's therapeutic efficacy is its traditionally poor oral bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio29315886","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29315886","doi":"10.1002/biof.1410","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1410","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315886/","title":"Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of resveratrol and pterostilbene.","journal":"Biofactors","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Beneficial properties of resveratrol and pterostilbene, a dimethyl ether analog of resveratrol, have attracted increasing interest in recent years.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio42356262","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42356262","doi":"10.3390/nu18121874","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18121874","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42356262/","title":"Beneficial Effects of Spermidine on Ovarian Function, Gut Microbiota Composition, and Associated Metabolic Changes.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that dietary spermidine-rich feed significantly increased spermidine absorption and affected the metabolism of spermine and putrescine in the intestines.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38888754","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38888754","doi":"10.1007/s00210-024-03199-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03199-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38888754/","title":"Research progress on pharmacological effects and bioavailability of berberine.","journal":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, factors such as poor solubility, low permeability, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, and hepatic-intestinal metabolism result in BBR having a low bioavailability (< 1%), which restricts its application in clinical settings.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40506769","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40506769","doi":"10.1186/s40001-025-02738-6","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02738-6","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40506769/","title":"Berberine as a multi-target therapeutic agent for obesity: from pharmacological mechanisms to clinical evidence.","journal":"Eur J Med Res","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Notably, BBR metabolites demonstrate pharmacological activity comparable to or exceeding that of the parent compound.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32325761","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32325761","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines8040090","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8040090","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325761/","title":"The Quest to Enhance the Efficacy of Berberine for Type-2 Diabetes and Associated Diseases: Physicochemical Modification Approaches.","journal":"Biomedicines","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Its poor bioavailability resulting from low intestinal absorption coupled with its efflux by the action of P-glycoprotein is, however, the major limitation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio24915331","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24915331","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2012.688897","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.688897","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24915331/","title":"Vitamin D bioavailability: state of the art.","journal":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr","year":2015,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Surprisingly, there is very little data on factors that affect absorption of this fat-soluble vitamin, although it is acknowledged that dietary vitamin D could help to fight against the subdeficient vitamin D status that is common in several populations.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio29025082","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29025082","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nux034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29025082/","title":"Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: a systematic review.","journal":"Nutr Rev","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Vitamin D is frequently prescribed as a supplement, yet its absorption remains poorly understood.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37865222","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37865222","doi":"10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.016","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.016","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37865222/","title":"Comparison of the Effect of Daily Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration (Total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3) and Importance of Body Mass Index: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Adv Nutr","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Two previous meta-analyses showed smaller differences between vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and a consistently high heterogeneity when only including daily dosing studies.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio42446814","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"42446814","doi":"10.1007/s10787-026-02336-w","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-026-02336-w","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42446814/","title":"A review of the potential benefits and limitations of oral glutathione supplementation.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the antioxidant defense and body detoxification system.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio9606479","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9606479","doi":"10.1345/aph.17235","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.17235","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9606479/","title":"Glucosamine.","journal":"Ann Pharmacother","year":1998,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Following absorption of an oral dose, glucosamine is incorporated into plasma proteins during first-pass metabolism, resulting in 26% bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio28332780","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28332780","doi":"10.1111/1756-185X.13068","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13068","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28332780/","title":"Differentiation of patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate from other glucosamine preparations will optimize osteoarthritis treatment.","journal":"Int J Rheum Dis","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Only pCGS is given as a highly bioavailable once-daily dose (1500 mg), which consistently delivers the plasma levels of around 10 μmol/L required to inhibit interleukin-1-induced expression of genes involved in the pathophysiology of joint inflammation and tissue destruction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio24457028","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"24457028","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24457028/","title":"Absorption, distribution and mechanism of action of SYSADOAS.","journal":"Pharmacol Ther","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This review examines the data supporting oral absorption and body distribution of SYSADOA, and discusses their mechanism of action.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio2029805","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"2029805","doi":"10.2165/00003088-199120020-00004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199120020-00004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2029805/","title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine.","journal":"Clin Pharmacokinet","year":1991,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"After an oral dose of N-acetylcysteine 200 to 400 mg the peak plasma concentration of 0.35 to 4 mg/L is achieved within 1 to 2 hours.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41707069","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41707069","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.70305","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.70305","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41707069/","title":"Next-Generation Microencapsulation Technologies for Probiotic Protection and Precision Delivery.","journal":"Microb Biotechnol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, their therapeutic potential is limited by poor survival during oral delivery due to gastric acid, bile salts, and pathological gut conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36211518","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36211518","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2022.971784","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.971784","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36211518/","title":"Natural sources and encapsulating materials for probiotics delivery systems: Recent applications and challenges in functional food development.","journal":"Front Nutr","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In addition to this, this paper also comprehensively discusses the factors affecting the probiotics viability and evaluation of successful release and survival of probiotics under simulated gastric, intestinal conditions as well as bile, acid tolerant conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38945718","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38945718","doi":"10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133395","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133395","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38945718/","title":"A thiolated oxidized guar gum and sodium alginate dual-network microspheres with enhanced gastric acid resistance and mucoadhesion for delivery of probiotics.","journal":"Int J Biol Macromol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Probiotics offer numerous beneficial functions for human bodies, while the low survival rate under gastric acid and short retention time in the intestine are the major obstacles to their utilization.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32169907","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32169907","doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320105","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320105","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32169907/","title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurised bacterium blunts colitis associated tumourigenesis by modulation of CD8+ T cells in mice.","journal":"Gut","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Gut microbiota have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15877886","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15877886","doi":"10.1079/bjn20041350","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041350","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15877886/","title":"Introducing inulin-type fructans.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Supported by the results of a large number of animal studies and human nutrition intervention trials, the claim 'inulin-type fructans enhance calcium and magnesium absorption' is scientifically substantiated, but different inulin-type fructans have probably a different efficacy (in terms of effective daily dose), the most active product being the oligofructose-enriched inulin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio23609775","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23609775","doi":"10.3390/nu5041417","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041417","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609775/","title":"Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The health benefits of dietary fiber have long been appreciated.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio33498220","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"33498220","doi":"10.3390/nu13020281","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020281","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33498220/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of Nitrate and Nitrite Following Beetroot Juice Drink Consumption.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"As BR juice can naturally contain both NO3 - and NO2 - the objective of this study was to evaluate the individual effects of NO3 - and NO2 - consumed from BR on plasma [NO3 -]/[NO2 -] and their subsequent effects on various cardiovascular measures.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40615058","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40615058","doi":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.07.002","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.07.002","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40615058/","title":"Ageing modifies the oral microbiome, nitric oxide bioavailability and vascular responses to dietary nitrate supplementation.","journal":"Free Radic Biol Med","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This study evaluated whether changes in the oral microbiome in response to dietary nitrate and antiseptic mouthwash treatments were related to changes in nitric oxide bioavailability and vascular function.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio28042082","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28042082","doi":"10.1016/j.niox.2016.12.006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2016.12.006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28042082/","title":"Beetroot juice versus chard gel: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of nitrate bioavailability.","journal":"Nitric Oxide","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Here, we compare the plasma pharmacokinetics of NO3-, nitrite (NO2-), and total nitroso species (RXNO) following oral ingestion of either NO3- rich beetroot juice (BR) or chard gels (GEL) with the associated changes in blood pressure (BP).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38615798","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38615798","doi":"10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108649","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108649","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38615798/","title":"Ultramicronized N-palmitoylethanolamine associated with analgesics: Effects against persistent pain.","journal":"Pharmacol Ther","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Naïve PEA is a large particle size lipid molecule with low solubility and bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31396087","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31396087","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2019.00821","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00821","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31396087/","title":"Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Alzheimer's Disease.","journal":"Front Pharmacol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"According to this view, preclinical studies indicate that PEA, especially in micronized or ultramicronized forms (i.e., formulations that maximize PEA bioavailability and efficacy), could be a potential therapeutic agent for the effective treatment of different pathologies characterized by neurodegeneration, (neuro)inflammation, and pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35625595","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35625595","doi":"10.3390/biom12050667","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12050667","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625595/","title":"Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide on Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review from Rodents to Humans.","journal":"Biomolecules","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The properties of PEA, especially of its micronized or ultra-micronized forms maximizing bioavailability and efficacy, have sparked a series of innovative research to evaluate its possible application as therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio19010411","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19010411","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2008.10.005","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2008.10.005","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19010411/","title":"Permeation of Boswellia extract in the Caco-2 model and possible interactions of its constituents KBA and AKBA with OATP1B3 and MRP2.","journal":"Eur J Pharm Sci","year":2009,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Pharmacokinetic studies yielded low plasma concentrations of the active ingredients 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (KBA) and 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41634682","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41634682","doi":"10.1186/s12896-026-01099-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12896-026-01099-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41634682/","title":"Development of a nanoemulsion incorporating 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA): solubility and oral bioavailability through in vitro and in vivo studies.","journal":"BMC Biotechnol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, its poor oral bioavailability remains a critical limitation for clinical application.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41814791","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41814791","doi":"10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20251111.302","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20251111.302","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41814791/","title":"[Polysaccharides of frankincense processed with vinegar promote absorption of boswellic acids via enzyme inhibition, transporters, and nanoparticles].","journal":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The results showed that the polysaccharides, especially those from vinegar-processed frankincense, significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of AKBA and KBA.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio17263509","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17263509","doi":"10.1021/jf0621469","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0621469","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17263509/","title":"Pharmacokinetics and distribution of [35S]methylsulfonylmethane following oral administration to rats.","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2007,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Oral [35S]MSM was rapidly and efficiently absorbed with a mean tmax of 2.1 h, Cmax of 622 microg equiv/mL, and AUC0-inf of 15124 h.microg equiv/mL.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31111938","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31111938","doi":"10.3382/ps/pez265","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez265","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31111938/","title":"Toxicity and tissue distribution of methylsulfonylmethane following oral gavage in broilers.","journal":"Poult Sci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In Study 1, plasma MSM concentrations were below 167 μg/mL at all time-points in birds receiving up to 300 mg/kg BW, and were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in birds receiving 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg BW.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio34196467","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34196467","doi":"10.1002/brb3.2262","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2262","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34196467/","title":"Lithium orotate: A superior option for lithium therapy?","journal":"Brain Behav","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Bipolar disorder (BD) poses a significant public health concern, with roughly one-quarter of sufferers attempting suicide.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio26205697","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26205697","doi":"10.1111/jvp.12251","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12251","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26205697/","title":"Review of dietary supplements for the management of osteoarthritis in dogs in studies from 2004 to 2014.","journal":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The goals of this narrative review are to summarize the scientific data available in the literature on dietary supplements assessed in dog OA and to discuss some trails about how to improve several aspects of research and issues with dietary supplements, such as bioavailability and dosage regimen.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio1487948","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"1487948","doi":"10.1007/BF02535580","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02535580","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1487948/","title":"Prolonged retention of doubly labeled phosphatidylcholine in human plasma and erythrocytes after oral administration.","journal":"Lipids","year":1992,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The plasma kinetics of a preparation of dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) specifically labeled with 3H in the choline moiety and with 14C in the 2-fatty acid (FA) were evaluated in six healthy volunteers after oral administration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio16002808","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16002808","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.111","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002808/","title":"Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Choline is the precursor for betaine, but the effects of choline supplementation on plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in healthy humans are unknown.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio23568851","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23568851","doi":"10.1093/bja/aet031","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aet031","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23568851/","title":"Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain.","journal":"Br J Anaesth","year":2013,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Plasma choline concentration and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were measured.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30529662","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30529662","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.065","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.065","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30529662/","title":"A comparison of the in vitro permeation of niacinamide in mammalian skin and in the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay (PAMPA) model.","journal":"Int J Pharm","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The in vitro skin penetration of pharmaceutical or cosmetic ingredients is usually assessed in human or animal tissue.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio26201345","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26201345","doi":"10.2174/1567201812666150722123218","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201812666150722123218","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26201345/","title":"In vitro Percutaneous Absorption of Niacinamide and Phytosterols and in vivo Evaluation of their Effect on Skin Barrier Recovery.","journal":"Curr Drug Deliv","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In this study, we evaluated different strategies to optimize the percutaneous absorption of niacinamide (NA) and soy phytosterols (FITO) by making use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and penetration enhancers, such as the hydrogenated lecithin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio9865450","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9865450","doi":"10.1016/s0923-1811(98)00039-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0923-1811(98)00039-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9865450/","title":"Assessment of in vitro percutaneous absorption of glycolic acid through human skin sections using a flow-through diffusion cell system.","journal":"J Dermatol Sci","year":1998,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The percutaneous absorption studies were performed using a flow-through diffusion cell system with skin specimens from 24 healthy women to assess the penetration of glycolic acid (GA).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio16545927","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16545927","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.033","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.033","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545927/","title":"Enhancing effect of alpha-hydroxyacids on \"in vitro\" permeation across the human skin of compounds with different lipophilicity.","journal":"Int J Pharm","year":2006,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The percutaneous penetration-enhancing effects of glycolic acid, lactic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate through the human epidermis was investigated using 5-fluorouracil as a hydrophilic model permeant and three compounds belonging to the phenylalcohols: 2-phenyl-ethanol, 4-phenyl-butanol and 5-phenyl-pentanol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio20354643","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20354643","doi":"10.1039/b9pp00180h","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00180h","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20354643/","title":"Human safety review of \"nano\" titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.","journal":"Photochem Photobiol Sci","year":2010,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Multiple studies have shown that under exaggerated test conditions neither nano-structured TiO(2) nor ZnO penetrates beyond the stratum corneum of skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio31596227","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"31596227","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31596227/","title":"Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Sunscreens: A Review of Toxicological Data.","journal":"J Cosmet Sci","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"There are in vitro and in vivo studies: studies on animal and human skin; investigations of potential genotoxicity and cytotoxicity; generation of reactive oxygen species; penetration; skin irritation; acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity; and carcinogenesis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio34698020","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34698020","doi":"10.1159/000517634","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000517634","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698020/","title":"Adverse Reactions to Sunscreens.","journal":"Curr Probl Dermatol","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Nearly all adverse effects due to active sunscreen ingredients reported to date are related to the organic UV filters, which are sometimes also referred to as \"chemical UV filters.\" This imbalance is attributable to the lipophilic character and small molecular size of the organic UV filters that allow skin penetration, which is the basic requirement to initiate the sensitization [Stiefel et al.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41463312","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41463312","doi":"10.3390/biom15121656","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15121656","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41463312/","title":"Hyaluronic Acid in Topical Applications: The Various Forms and Biological Effects of a Hero Molecule in the Cosmetics Industry.","journal":"Biomolecules","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The analysis revealed HA below 100 kDa to penetrate skin, and lower molecular weight being able to reach the dermis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio25877232","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25877232","doi":"10.1111/srt.12228","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12228","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25877232/","title":"Human skin penetration of hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights as probed by Raman spectroscopy.","journal":"Skin Res Technol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Several techniques were developed to study molecules penetration into the human skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio37402762","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"37402762","doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-37718-5","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37718-5","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37402762/","title":"Biocompatible topical delivery system of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan into human stratum corneum using magnesium chloride.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We developed a safe method of administering hyaluronan into the human SC and determined its penetration route.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41403744","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41403744","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45384","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.025.45384","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41403744/","title":"Decrypting the Potential of Lipidic Vesicular System for Delivery Enhancement of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma Hyperpigmentation Treatment.","journal":"Adv Pharm Bull","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Lipidic vesicular delivery systems including liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, transferosomes and phytosomes showed extensive capability in the delivery of TA into deeper epidermal layers with improved stability and penetration efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio34699671","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34699671","doi":"10.1111/jocd.14538","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14538","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34699671/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of tranexamic acid versus vitamin c after microneedling in treatment of melasma: Clinical and Dermoscopic study.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Skin microneedling acts as a transdermal delivery system that facilitates the penetration of lightening agents to deeper layers of skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40776769","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40776769","doi":"10.1111/jocd.70384","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70384","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40776769/","title":"Efficacy of Non-Ablative Fractional Laser Combined With Tranexamic Acid in Melasma Treatment: A Randomized Split-Face Trial.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The combination of NAFL and topical TXA provides significant short-term clinical benefits in treating melasma, likely by enhancing TXA penetration into target tissues and improving pigmentary clearance.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41412811","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41412811","doi":"10.36290/csf.2025.044","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.36290/csf.2025.044","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412811/","title":"Topical application of vitamin C and its derivatives in dermatology and cosmetics.","journal":"Ceska Slov Farm","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Despite its biological efficacy, topical use of vitamin C represents a technological challenge due to its low stability and limited ability to penetrate the skin.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio23174055","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23174055","doi":"10.1111/jocd.12006","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12006","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23174055/","title":"Stability, transdermal penetration, and cutaneous effects of ascorbic acid and its derivatives.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2012,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This article reviews the scientific data and clinical studies that underpin the stability, percutaneous absorption, and cutaneous effects of vitamin C together with its commonly utilized, commercially available derivatives.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40642809","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40642809","doi":"10.1111/jocd.70306","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70306","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40642809/","title":"Application of Antioxidant Mixture Prevents Cutaneous \"Oxinflammaging\" in Subjects Exposed to Particulate Matter.","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Moreover, PM can penetrate damaged skin, exacerbating the effect of other pollutants and worsening the symptoms of existing skin conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"worsening\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41690651","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41690651","doi":"10.1016/j.clindermatol.2026.02.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2026.02.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41690651/","title":"Vitamins and the skin: Vitamin C in dermatology.","journal":"Clin Dermatol","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Although L-ascorbic acid continues to be widely used, promising derivatives exhibit enhanced stability, but limited skin penetration is a challenge.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30698882","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30698882","doi":"10.1111/exd.13828","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13828","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30698882/","title":"Novel nanocapsule of α-lipoic acid reveals pigmentation improvement: α-Lipoic acid stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocyte in murine skin by topical application.","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Though α-lipoic acid is normally administered in oral or injection, it has not been used in a topical use via skin because of its bad penetration.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40011308","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40011308","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03062-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-025-03062-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40011308/","title":"Microemulsions Improve the Cutaneous Co-Localization of Lipoic Acid and Quercetin and Antioxidant Effects in Cutaneous Cells and Tissue.","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Skin penetration studies revealed a 2.4-fold increase in quercetin (Q) accumulation in the stratum corneum and a 3.5-fold increase in the delivery to viable epidermis and dermis (ED) after a 12 h-treatment with the ME compared to control solutions; α-lipoic acid (LA) penetration improved up to 1.9-fold in ED upon ME incorporation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio1365318","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"1365318","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0625.1992.tb00185.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.1992.tb00185.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1365318/","title":"Percutaneous absorption of azelaic acid in humans.","journal":"Exp Dermatol","year":1992,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Following the two treatments the renal excretion of the unchanged compound was measured.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio12814337","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12814337","doi":"10.2165/00128071-200304070-00004","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200304070-00004","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12814337/","title":"Topical acne drugs: review of clinical properties, systemic exposure, and safety.","journal":"Am J Clin Dermatol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This review examines the commonly available topical acne agents and factors that determine their percutaneous absorption.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio34085366","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34085366","doi":"10.1111/jocd.14270","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14270","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34085366/","title":"Cosmetic Commentary: Response to \"Is bakuchiol the new 'skincare hero'?\".","journal":"J Cosmet Dermatol","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This commentary is intended to expand the discussion around comparisons of topical bakuchiol to topical retinol.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio10473954","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"10473954","doi":"10.1159/000051372","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000051372","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10473954/","title":"Metabolism of topical retinaldehyde.","journal":"Dermatology","year":1999,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In order to circumvent the tolerance problems encountered with topical application of retinoic acid - a biologically active metabolite of vitamin A - we performed in various models a series of experiments aimed at assessing the bio-availability of topical retinaldehyde and its conversion into either retinoid stores or biologically active metabolites.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38705422","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38705422","doi":"10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106784","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106784","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38705422/","title":"Spectral and mass characterization of kinetic conversion from retinoids to retinoic acid in an in vitro 3-D human skin equivalent model.","journal":"Eur J Pharm Sci","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Spectral changes were revealed that the CO maximum absorbance occurred between 1600∼1800 cm-1 and was greater from ROL than that from RAL and RP, indicating conjugation of R-OH to R-CHO or R-COOH could strongly occur after ROL treatment.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio17014484","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17014484","doi":"10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006.00086.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2006.00086.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17014484/","title":"Retinoids in cosmeceuticals.","journal":"Dermatol Ther","year":2006,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"They are lipophilic molecules and easily penetrate the epidermis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio16236050","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16236050","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02484.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02484.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16236050/","title":"Favourable dermal penetration of diclofenac after administration to the skin using a novel spray gel formulation.","journal":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The study was designed to evaluate the relative bioavailability of diclofenac in plasma, subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle tissue after repeated topical administration using MIKA Diclofenac Spray Gel (4%), a novel formulation, and after oral dosing using VOLTAREN 50 mg enteric coated tablets.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio21241352","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21241352","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03914.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03914.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21241352/","title":"A new topical formulation enhances relative diclofenac bioavailability in healthy male subjects.","journal":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","year":2011,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"• Therapy with topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relies on the ability of the active drug to penetrate the skin in sufficiently high amounts to exert a clinical effect, which is linked to the specific galenic properties of the formulation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio18570612","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"18570612","doi":"10.1517/14656566.9.10.1805","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.9.10.1805","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18570612/","title":"An alternative topical treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee with cutaneous diclofenac solution.","journal":"Expert Opin Pharmacother","year":2008,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Cutaneous diclofenac solution (Pennsaid) was developed for the treatment of symptomatic OA of the knee and contains diclofenac sodium as an active ingredient and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a penetration enhancer.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio16848325","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16848325","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16848325/","title":"[Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluations of topically applied capsaicin transfersomes].","journal":"Yao Xue Xue Bao","year":2006,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Capsaicin transfersomes were prepared by high shear dispersing machine and evaluated by entrapment efficiency, release rate, in vitro skin permeation and distribution in different tissues in vivo.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32752601","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32752601","doi":"10.4097/kja.20357","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.20357","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32752601/","title":"Topical agents: a thoughtful choice for multimodal analgesia.","journal":"Korean J Anesthesiol","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"For over a thousand years, various substances have been applied to the skin to treat pain.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41407976","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41407976","doi":"10.1208/s12249-025-03232-2","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-025-03232-2","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41407976/","title":"Mechanistic Modelling of Lidocaine and Prilocaine Absorption from EMLA Cream upon Topical Application using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling.","journal":"AAPS PharmSciTech","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The purpose of this study was to develop a mechanistic skin absorption model to predict the absorption of lidocaine and prilocaine following topical application of EMLA cream (lidocaine/prilocaine topical cream, 2.5%/2.5%) in virtual subjects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio2045981","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"2045981","doi":"10.1002/jor.1100090410","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100090410","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2045981/","title":"Absorption of lidocaine following topical application in microvascular procedures on rabbits.","journal":"J Orthop Res","year":1991,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Fifty rabbits were used to investigate the absorption of lidocaine following its topical application to blood vessels.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15342616","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15342616","doi":"10.1177/0091270004268409","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270004268409","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15342616/","title":"Dermal absorption of camphor, menthol, and methyl salicylate in humans.","journal":"J Clin Pharmacol","year":2004,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The authors report the plasma concentrations of the intact compounds as a function of dose following dermal patch application.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio26429629","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"26429629","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.018","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.018","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26429629/","title":"The absorption and metabolism of a single L-menthol oral versus skin administration: Effects on thermogenesis and metabolic rate.","journal":"Food Chem Toxicol","year":2015,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We investigated the absorption and metabolism pharmacokinetics of a single L-menthol oral versus skin administration and the effects on human thermogenesis and metabolic rate.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio25773465","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25773465","doi":"10.1111/srt.12226","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12226","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25773465/","title":"Menthol concentration in topical cold gel does not have significant effect on skin cooling.","journal":"Skin Res Technol","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Topical menthol gels are used in the treatment of various pain conditions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio8880210","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"8880210","doi":"10.1177/096032719601500905","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500905","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8880210/","title":"Potential dangers from topical preparations containing methyl salicylate.","journal":"Hum Exp Toxicol","year":1996,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Ingestion of methyl salicylate poses the threat of severe, rapid-onset salicylate poisoning because of its liquid, concentrated form and lipid solubility.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio20638827","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"20638827","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.007","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2010.06.007","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20638827/","title":"Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations.","journal":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids","year":2010,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Bioavailability of EPA+DHA from re-esterified triglycerides was superior (124%) compared with natural fish oil, whereas the bioavailability from ethyl esters was inferior (73%).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio28121472","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"28121472","doi":"10.1080/19390211.2016.1267060","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2016.1267060","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28121472/","title":"Plasma Creatine Kinetics After Ingestion of Microencapsulated Creatine Monohydrate with Enhanced Stability in Aqueous Solutions.","journal":"J Diet Suppl","year":2017,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Three hours after ingestion, plasma creatine concentrations were unchanged during PLA, and averaged ∼45 μM.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38748358","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38748358","doi":"10.1007/s13318-024-00898-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-024-00898-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38748358/","title":"Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Standard Astaxanthin and its Micellar Formulation in Healthy Male Volunteers.","journal":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid with high anti-oxidant properties, but it is a very lipophilic compound with low oral bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15556071","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15556071","doi":"10.1016/j.cca.2004.09.011","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.09.011","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15556071/","title":"Plasma appearance of unesterified astaxanthin geometrical E/Z and optical R/S isomers in men given single doses of a mixture of optical 3 and 3'R/S isomers of astaxanthin fatty acyl diesters.","journal":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol","year":2004,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The plasma astaxanthin concentration-time curves were measured during 76 h.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio25352732","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"25352732","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25352732/","title":"Bioavailability of AREDS1 micronutrients from softgel capsules and tablets: a pilot study.","journal":"Mol Vis","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the choices of excipient, dosage form, and ingredient chemistry as well as the patient physiologies and pathologies can influence bioavailability and efficacy.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio29273470","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29273470","doi":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.013","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.013","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29273470/","title":"Relative Bioavailability of Silybin A and Silybin B From 2 Multiconstituent Dietary Supplement Formulations Containing Milk Thistle Extract: A Single-dose Study.","journal":"Clin Ther","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The purpose of this study was to compare the bioavailability between 2 milk thistle-containing dietary supplements, Product B and IsaGenesis, in healthy volunteers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30635055","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30635055","doi":"10.1186/s40360-018-0280-8","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0280-8","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30635055/","title":"Superior silybin bioavailability of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex in oily-medium soft-gel capsules versus conventional silymarin tablets in healthy volunteers.","journal":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Therefore, we sought to assess and compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex in oily-medium soft-gel capsules and conventional silymarin tablets in healthy Mexican volunteers.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio15958649","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"15958649","doi":"10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2549","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2549","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15958649/","title":"Effects of dosing condition on the oral bioavailability of green tea catechins after single-dose administration of Polyphenon E in healthy individuals.","journal":"Clin Cancer Res","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The oral bioavailability of the major green tea constituents, green tea catechins, is low, resulting in systemic catechin levels in humans many fold less than the effective concentrations determined in in vitro systems.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio11412007","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11412007","doi":"10.1006/abio.2001.5160","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2001.5160","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11412007/","title":"Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative determination of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol in human urine after olive oil intake.","journal":"Anal Biochem","year":2001,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"One of the prerequisites to extrapolate these data to an in vivo situation is the knowledge of their bioavailability in humans.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio9876998","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"9876998","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9876998/","title":"Investigations on the pharmacokinetics of alpha-lipoic acid in healthy volunteers.","journal":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther","year":1998,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Plasma concentrations of alpha-lipoic acid were determined using a validated reversed-phase HPLC method with electrochemical detection having a lower limit of quantitation of 1 ng/ml.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio14551180","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"14551180","doi":"10.1177/0091270003258654","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003258654","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14551180/","title":"Plasma kinetics, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha-lipoic acid following oral administration in healthy volunteers.","journal":"J Clin Pharmacol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Exogenous racemic alpha-lipoic acid orally administered for the symptomatic treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy is readily and nearly completely absorbed, with a limited absolute bioavailability of about 30% caused by high hepatic extraction.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio30823449","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"30823449","doi":"10.3390/nu11030527","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030527","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30823449/","title":"Bioavailability and Sustained Plasma Concentrations of CoQ10 in Healthy Volunteers by a Novel Oral Timed-Release Preparation.","journal":"Nutrients","year":2019,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This bioavailability study intended to explore the plasma concentration levels of a novel CoQ10 oral preparation (COQUN®, Coenzyme Q10 Miniactives Retard 100 mg capsules) mimicking assumption on a regular basis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio17090147","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17090147","doi":"10.1021/jf061674h","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf061674h","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090147/","title":"Absorption, metabolism, and antioxidant effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) polyphenols after ingestion of a standardized extract in healthy human volunteers.","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2006,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This study investigated the absorption and antioxidant effects of a standardized extract from pomegranate in healthy human volunteers after the acute consumption of 800 mg of extract.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio22139410","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"22139410","doi":"10.1007/s00726-011-1169-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-011-1169-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22139410/","title":"Effect of slow-release β-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia.","journal":"Amino Acids","year":2012,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The aim of this single-blinded, randomized three-arm clinical trial was to compare plasma kinetics and symptoms following βA bolus administration in solution or in slow-release tablet form.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio16002805","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16002805","doi":"10.1093/ajcn.82.1.88","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.1.88","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002805/","title":"Plasma kinetics of lutein, zeaxanthin, and 3-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of a lutein supplement.","journal":"Am J Clin Nutr","year":2005,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The objective was to characterize lutein plasma kinetics in a multiple dosing design and to assess the effects of lutein intake on concentrations of other plasma carotenoids.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36207170","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36207170","doi":"10.1016/j.mam.2022.101146","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2022.101146","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36207170/","title":"Revisiting the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols in humans: A systematic review and comprehensive data analysis.","journal":"Mol Aspects Med","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"This systematic review summarizes findings from human studies investigating the different routes of absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion (ADME) of dietary flavan-3-ols and their circulating metabolites in healthy subjects.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio16407641","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"16407641","doi":"10.1159/000090736","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000090736","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407641/","title":"Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans.","journal":"Ann Nutr Metab","year":2006,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Absorption and excretion of apigenin after the ingestion of apiin-rich food, i.e.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio29745333","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"29745333","doi":"10.2174/1567201815666180509102641","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201815666180509102641","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29745333/","title":"Alpha-lactalbumin Effect on Myo-inositol Intestinal Absorption: In vivo and In vitro.","journal":"Curr Drug Deliv","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Myo-inositol is a natural molecule with important therapeutic applications and an impaired oral absorption may result in a reduced clinical effect.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"impaired\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio19007165","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19007165","doi":"10.1021/jf801974v","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf801974v","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19007165/","title":"Bioavailability and metabolism of orange juice flavanones in humans: impact of a full-fat yogurt.","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2008,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals may be influenced by the food matrix in which they are consumed.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio11160539","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11160539","doi":"10.1093/jn/131.2.235","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.235","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11160539/","title":"Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice.","journal":"J Nutr","year":2001,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"No data are available regarding plasma concentrations or plasma kinetics of flavanones.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio12534635","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"12534635","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01717.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01717.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12534635/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria.","journal":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","year":2003,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Large oral doses of betaine have proved effective in lowering plasma homocysteine in severe hyperhomocysteinaemia.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effective\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio1850522","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"1850522","doi":"10.3181/00379727-197-43219","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-197-43219","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1850522/","title":"Intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of [14C]pyrroloquinoline quinone in mice.","journal":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","year":1991,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Consequently, the present study was undertaken to determine the extent to which PQQ is absorbed by the intestine, its tissue distribution, and route of excretion.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio19917061","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19917061","doi":"10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00492.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00492.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19917061/","title":"[6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate increases plasma folate more effectively than folic acid in women with the homozygous or wild-type 677C-->T polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.","journal":"Br J Pharmacol","year":2009,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The metabolism of [6S]-5-MTHF and FA was evaluated by measuring plasma folate derivatives.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio36304817","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"36304817","doi":"10.1017/jns.2022.72","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2022.72","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36304817/","title":"Enhanced bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a novel hybrid-hydrogel formulation of fisetin orally administered in healthy individuals: a randomised double-blinded comparative crossover study.","journal":"J Nutr Sci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the clinical effectiveness of fisetin may be limited by its poor bioavailability when ingested.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"effectiveness\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio27810278","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27810278","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.034","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.034","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27810278/","title":"Identification of absolute conversion to geraldol from fisetin and pharmacokinetics in mouse.","journal":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci","year":2016,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The concentration of fisetin and geraldol in mouse plasma was determined by LC-MS/MS, following direct protein precipitation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio35831358","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35831358","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-16220-4","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16220-4","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35831358/","title":"Improving water dispersibility and bioavailability of luteolin using microemulsion system.","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We have studied the physiological effects and health functions of luteolin, especially focusing on its absorption and metabolism.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio17542615","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"17542615","doi":"10.1021/jf0710736","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0710736","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17542615/","title":"effect of dose size on bioavailability of acylated and nonacylated anthocyanins from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. capitata).","journal":"J Agric Food Chem","year":2007,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Recent studies indicate that anthocyanin intake conveys a variety of health benefits, which depend on absorption and metabolic mechanisms that deliver anthocyanins and their bioactive metabolites to responsive tissues.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"benefits\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio21112749","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"21112749","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.019","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.019","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21112749/","title":"The pharmacokinetic profile of crocetin in healthy adult human volunteers after a single oral administration.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2011,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Plasma concentrations of crocetin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio38067456","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38067456","doi":"10.3390/molecules28237725","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237725","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38067456/","title":"Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Demethyleneberberine, a Metabolite of Berberine, in Rats and Mice.","journal":"Molecules","year":2023,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of demethyleneberberine have not been reported.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio41559937","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41559937","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526106254","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114526106254","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41559937/","title":"Liposomal glutathione outperforms plain glutathione in uptake, cell regeneration and systemic availability: evidence from cellular and human models.","journal":"Br J Nutr","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"However, oral glutathione supplementation is limited by poor bioavailability due to gastrointestinal degradation and low membrane permeability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio40686353","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40686353","doi":"10.4103/ijp.ijp_964_24","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.ijp_964_24","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40686353/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of micronized and water dispersible palmitoylethanolamide in comparison with standard palmitoylethanolamide following single oral administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats.","journal":"Indian J Pharmacol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"It has poor water solubility and, therefore, is not readily absorbed in the human body.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio34412175","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"34412175","doi":"10.1515/dmpt-2020-0176","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2020-0176","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412175/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of solid lipid Boswellia serrata particles in healthy subjects.","journal":"Drug Metab Pers Ther","year":2021,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"One of the limitations of BAs is their poor oral bioavailability.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio39033725","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39033725","doi":"10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155863","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155863","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39033725/","title":"Single-dose comparative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study of a micellar formulation versus a native Boswellia serrata dry extract in healthy volunteers.","journal":"Phytomedicine","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Micellar formulations have been developed to increase the oral bioavailability of bioactive boswellic and lupeolic acids.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio39343544","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39343544","doi":"10.1248/bpb.b24-00306","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b24-00306","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39343544/","title":"Pharmacokinetics of a Natural Self-emulsifying Reversible Hybrid-Hydrogel (N'SERH) Formulation of Full-Spectrum Boswellia serrata Oleo-Gum Resin Extract: Randomised Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.","journal":"Biol Pharm Bull","year":2024,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"AUC (U-BE) = 2365.87 ± 346.89 ng * h/mL], with the absorption maximum (Tmax) at 6.3 h post-administration and elimination half-life (T1/2) of 15.5 h (p < 0.001).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio7175371","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"7175371","doi":"","doi_url":"","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7175371/","title":"Intestinal absorption of polyenephosphatidylcholine in man.","journal":"J Lipid Res","year":1982,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"More than 90% of both isotopes was absorbed from the intestine.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio11207686","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"11207686","doi":"10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00264.x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00264.x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11207686/","title":"Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies.","journal":"Dermatol Surg","year":2001,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Maximal concentration for optimal percutaneous absorption was 20%.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio32922524","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"32922524","doi":"10.1177/1759720X20943088","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X20943088","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32922524/","title":"Penetration of topical diclofenac into synovial tissue and fluid of osteoarthritic knees: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, pharmacokinetic study.","journal":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis","year":2020,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"We investigated penetration of topical diclofenac into knee synovial tissue and fluid (primary objective) and evaluated relative exposure in the knee versus plasma (secondary objective).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio23338668","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"23338668","doi":"10.1007/s00167-013-2408-0","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2408-0","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23338668/","title":"Penetration of topical diclofenac sodium 4 % spray gel into the synovial tissue and synovial fluid of the knee: a randomised clinical trial.","journal":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","year":2014,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"The present study was designed to evaluate the penetration of diclofenac sodium 4 % spray gel in synovial tissue, synovial fluid and blood plasma after topical application in subjects with joint effusions and planned total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to osteoarthritis.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"bio19494795","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"19494795","doi":"10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181a8b200","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181a8b200","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19494795/","title":"Pharmacokinetic analysis of capsaicin after topical administration of a high-concentration capsaicin patch to patients with peripheral neuropathic pain.","journal":"Ther Drug Monit","year":2009,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"To determine systemic capsaicin exposure after single 60- or 90-minute NGX-4010 applications, plasma samples were collected from 173 patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), painful human immunodeficiency virus-associated neuropathy (HIV-AN), and painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN).","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm40810470","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"40810470","doi":"10.1093/biolre/ioaf185","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaf185","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40810470/","title":"A role for the antioxidants coenzyme Q10 and pyrroloquinoline quinone in mitigating obesity-associated reproductive dysfunction","journal":"Biol Reprod","year":2026,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Pyrroloquinoline quinone enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, regulates fatty acid metabolism, and ameliorates inflammation, with preclinical studies showing improved fertility and pregnancy rates, as well as protective effects against the development of adult metabolic diseases in offspring of pregnancies complicated with obesity.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"improved\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm35682720","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"35682720","doi":"10.3390/ijms23116043","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116043","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35682720/","title":"Maternal Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Supplementation Improves Offspring Liver Bioactive Lipid Profiles throughout the Lifespan and Protects against the Development of Adult NAFLD","journal":"Int J Mol Sci","year":2022,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our findings suggest that PQQ supplementation during gestation and lactation augments pathways involved in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids and plays a unique role in modifying specific bioactive lipid species critical for protection against NAFLD risk in later life.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41726957","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41726957","doi":"10.64898/2026.02.12.705540","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.12.705540","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41726957/","title":"Thirty days of supplementation with PQQ reprograms immunometabolic networks in Western diet-fed female baboons","journal":"bioRxiv (preprint)","year":2026,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Preprint, not yet peer-reviewed: PQQ rapidly reprograms systemic immunometabolic networks in a nonhuman primate model of diet-induced metabolic stress — 30 days at a human-equivalent dose lowered C-reactive protein, soluble CD163 and atherogenic lipoprotein fractions in Western diet-fed female baboons.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"lowered c-reactive\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm27230956","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"27230956","doi":"10.1038/srep26723","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26723","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27230956/","title":"Identification of lactate dehydrogenase as a mammalian pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-binding protein","journal":"Sci Rep","year":2016,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Our results suggest that PQQ, modulating LDH activity to facilitate pyruvate formation through its redox-cycling activity, may be involved in the enhanced energy production via mitochondrial TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"enhanced\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm41269875","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"41269875","doi":"10.1021/acs.biochem.5c00566","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.5c00566","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41269875/","title":"Structural and Functional Basis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 35 Activation by Pyrroloquinoline Quinone","journal":"Biochemistry","year":2025,"primary_compound":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_compounds":"PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone)","linked_monograph_ids":"p122","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"122","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"These findings indicate that PQQ functions as a food-derived agonist of GPR35 and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential beneficial effects of PQQ.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"favorable","direction_rule":"favorable-cue","direction_evidence":"favorable-cue: \"beneficial\"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm39303274","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"39303274","doi":"10.1146/annurev-physiol-020924-033209","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-020924-033209","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39303274/","title":"Proresolving Lipid Mediators in the Respiratory System.","journal":"Annu Rev Physiol","year":2025,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"The omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., DHA and EPA) are precursors to resolvins, protectins, and maresins, which are families of chemically distinct mediators with potent functions in resolution of acute and chronic inflammation in the respiratory system.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pm38216693","record_type":"catalog_citation","pmid":"38216693","doi":"10.1038/s41569-023-00984-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-023-00984-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38216693/","title":"Specialized pro-resolving mediators in vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.","journal":"Nat Rev Cardiol","year":2024,"primary_compound":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_compounds":"Omega-3 EPA/DHA Fish Oil","linked_monograph_ids":"p128","linked_monograph_count":1,"linked_product_ids":"128","linked_product_count":1,"cited_by_monograph":true,"outcome_statement":"Specialized pro-resolving mediators are a superfamily of signalling molecules that initiate anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions.","outcome_statement_source":"data.js:studies[].q","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"catalog.quote","has_writeup":false,"writeup_url":"","research_question":"","hypothesis":"","methods":"","results":"","conclusion":"","limitations":"","source_file":"data.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"s152","record_type":"writeup_only","pmid":"29293447","doi":"10.2741/4657","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.2741/4657","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29293447/","title":"Evidence: Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max)","journal":"Front Biosci","year":2018,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Regular exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness and physiological function, enhancing quality of life and promoting life expectancy, though it does not extend genetically determined lifespan.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"mixed","direction_rule":"no-difference+favorable","direction_evidence":"no-difference-cue: \"does not extend\" | favorable-cue: \"improve\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s152.html","research_question":"What are the age-related physiological adaptations to regular exercise training, specifically concerning the lung, heart, and skeletal muscles, and how does exercise training impact life expectancy in clinically referred populations?","hypothesis":"The review aims to emphasize that regular exercise training leads to age-related physiological adaptations in organs involved in oxygen delivery and utilization, and that it is important for promoting life expectancy in clinically referred populations.","methods":"This is a review article that synthesizes existing evidence regarding cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), age-related physiological adaptations to exercise, and the impact of exercise training on life expectancy in clinically referred populations.","results":"Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is a strong and independent predictor of all-cause and disease-specific mortality. Regular exercise training induces age-related physiological adaptations in the lung, heart, and skeletal muscles, which are the main organs involved in oxygen delivery and utilization.","conclusion":"Regular exercise training is crucial for promoting life expectancy in clinically referred populations by inducing physiological adaptations in key organs. While it cannot extend the genetically fixed lifespan, it can improve the quality of life during those years.","limitations":"The review acknowledges that regular exercise training cannot extend the genetically fixed lifespan.","source_file":"study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"pc_mito_aging","record_type":"writeup_only","pmid":"42000749","doi":"10.1038/s41467-026-71508-7","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71508-7","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42000749/","title":"Aging-associated decline of phosphatidylcholine synthesis is a malleable trigger of natural mitochondrial aging.","journal":"Nature Communications","year":2026,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"In worms and human cells, restoring phosphatidylcholine reversed key features of mitochondrial aging — making dietary PC/choline a promising, testable lever, but one not yet proven in human trials.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unclear","direction_rule":"no-cue-matched","direction_evidence":"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/pc_mito_aging.html","research_question":"Why do mitochondria become dysfunctional during normal (\"natural\") aging — and can that decline be reversed?","hypothesis":"A specific, modifiable molecular change — not only genetic damage — drives the mitochondrial-network disruption of normal aging, so correcting it could restore mitochondrial function.","methods":"Researchers combined proteomics, lipidomics, genetics and functional tests in wild-type C. elegans and in long-lived clk-1 and isp-1 mitochondrial mutants, then cross-checked with transcriptomics and metabolomics in humans, and tested dietary phosphatidylcholine supplementation in nematodes and in human cell culture.","results":"Aging was accompanied by a decline in phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis that triggered disruption of the mitochondrial network and contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction. Boosting PC through the diet restored late-life mitochondrial integrity in living nematodes and reinstated metabolic resilience in human cell-culture tests.","conclusion":"An age-related decline in phosphatidylcholine synthesis is a previously unrecognized, natural driver of mitochondrial aging — and, importantly, it is malleable by dietary intervention in these model systems.","limitations":"The in-vivo reversal was shown in nematodes and in human cell cultures, not in living people. The study does not establish that a phosphatidylcholine supplement slows aging or improves health outcomes in humans.","source_file":"study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}
{"study_key":"gabapentinoid_msk_calcium","record_type":"writeup_only","pmid":"36149592","doi":"10.1007/s11914-022-00750-x","doi_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-022-00750-x","pubmed_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36149592/","title":"Effects of Gabapentin and Pregabalin on Calcium Homeostasis: Implications for Physical Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Tissues","journal":"Current Osteoporosis Reports","year":2022,"primary_compound":"","linked_compounds":"","linked_monograph_ids":"","linked_monograph_count":0,"linked_product_ids":"","linked_product_count":0,"cited_by_monograph":false,"outcome_statement":"Gabapentin and pregabalin relieve nerve pain by blocking the α2δ1 calcium-channel subunit — but that same subunit matters in bone, muscle and cartilage, so long-term use is linked to worse musculoskeletal outcomes and higher fracture risk: a key consideration in physiatry and rehab.","outcome_statement_source":"study-writeups.js:takeaway","reported_direction":"unfavorable","direction_rule":"unfavorable-cue","direction_evidence":"unfavorable-cue: \"higher fracture risk\"","direction_basis":"writeup.conclusion+takeaway","has_writeup":true,"writeup_url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/gabapentinoid_msk_calcium.html","research_question":"How do the nerve-pain drugs gabapentin and pregabalin affect bone, muscle and cartilage — and what does that mean for physical rehabilitation?","hypothesis":"Because gabapentinoids act on the α2δ1 calcium-channel subunit that is also expressed in musculoskeletal tissues, long-term use may disrupt the calcium-mediated signaling important for skeletal formation, mechanosensation and tissue repair.","methods":"A narrative review of the mechanism of action of gabapentinoids and the evidence on how chronic treatment affects the musculoskeletal system.","results":"Gabapentin (GBP) and pregabalin (PGB), originally antiepileptics and now first-line for neuropathic pain (and often prescribed off-label for migraine and back pain), produce analgesia by selectively binding the α2δ1 auxiliary subunit of voltage-sensitive calcium channels and inhibiting channel function. The same α2δ1 subunit is expressed in bone, muscle and cartilage, where it has important roles in skeletal formation, mechanosensation and normal tissue function and repair. Long-term gabapentinoid use is associated with detrimental musculoskeletal outcomes, including increased fracture risk.","conclusion":"Clinicians guiding rehabilitation should weigh the potential musculoskeletal complications of chronic gabapentinoid use, since these drugs may interfere with the calcium signaling that bone, muscle and cartilage rely on to adapt and heal.","limitations":"Much of the mechanistic evidence comes from preclinical and tissue-level studies; the authors call for more research to define the clinical magnitude of the musculoskeletal risk.","source_file":"study-writeups.js","is_primary_record_for_pmid":true}