--- title: "Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause…" description: "Maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness over time is important for reducing the risk of all-cause mortality." url: "https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.md" canonical: "https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html" html: "https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html" type: "study" study_key: "d27444976" journal: "Mayo Clin Proc" year: 2016 pmid: "27444976" doi: "10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014" citations: 1 updated: 2026-09-02 author: "Gabriel Radu, DO" author_credentials: "Physiatrist (PM&R). NY medical license 275110. NPI 1376861765." publisher: "Magellan Longevity" content_format: "markdown" --- # Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Study [Home](https://magellanlongevity.com/) › [Research map](https://magellanlongevity.com/longevity-research-map.html) › Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and… **HTML version:** https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html · **In the Magellan app:** https://magellanlongevity.com/#/study/d27444976 ## Citation | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Journal | Mayo Clin Proc | | Year | 2016 | | PMID | [27444976](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27444976/) | | DOI | [10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014) | | Study key | d27444976 | ## Takeaway Maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness over time is important for reducing the risk of all-cause mortality. ## The question Is long-term change in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), measured by respiratory gas exchange during exercise, associated with all-cause mortality? ## Hypothesis The study aimed to investigate if long-term change in CRF is associated with all-cause mortality, implying a hypothesis that changes in CRF would correlate with mortality risk. ## Methods A population-based sample of 579 men, aged 42 to 60 years, with complete data at baseline (V1) and 11-year reexamination (V2) was included. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured at both visits using respiratory gas exchange during maximal exercise testing, and the difference (ΔVO2max) was calculated. Deaths were tracked annually for 15 years after V2 using national death certificates. Multivariate analysis adjusted for various baseline factors was performed. ## Results The mean ΔVO2max was -5.2 mL/min*kg. During a median follow-up of 13.3 years, 123 deaths (21.2%) were recorded. A 1 mL/min*kg higher ΔVO2max was associated with a 9% relative risk reduction of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.95) in multivariate analysis. ## Conclusion Long-term reduction in cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in this population. ## Limitations The study population consisted only of men aged 42 to 60 years at baseline, limiting generalizability to other demographics. The abstract does not explicitly state other limitations. ## Verbatim from the abstract > a higher change in VO2max was associated with a 9% relative risk reduction of all-cause mortality ## Where this study is used on Magellan This paper is one of the citations behind the evidence grade on the pages below. Grades are assigned from the published research and are independent of affiliate commissions. | Compound or device | Evidence grade | Graded pages | | --- | --- | --- | | Biometric Wearables (Sleep, HRV & Recovery) | Measurement tool | [Garmin Forerunner 265](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/65.md), [Oura Ring Gen 4](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/61.md), [Apple Watch Series 11](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/63.md) | ## Reference 1. **Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Study** Mayo Clin Proc 2016 · [PMID 27444976](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27444976/) · [DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014) > a higher change in VO2max was associated with a 9% relative risk reduction of all-cause mortality ## Structured data ```json {"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"MedicalWebPage","@id":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html#page","url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html","name":"Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Study","description":"Maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness over time is important for reducing the risk of all-cause mortality.","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":{"@type":"WebSite","name":"Magellan Longevity","url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/"},"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Gabriel Radu, DO","jobTitle":"Physiatrist (PM&R)","identifier":[{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"NPI","value":"1376861765"},{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"NY medical license","value":"275110"}]},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Magellan Longevity","url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/"},"encoding":{"@type":"MediaObject","encodingFormat":"text/markdown","contentUrl":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.md"},"dateModified":"2026-09-02"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://magellanlongevity.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research map","item":"https://magellanlongevity.com/longevity-research-map.html"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and…","item":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html"}]},{"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d27444976.html#study","name":"Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Study","headline":"Long-term Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Population-Based Study","datePublished":"2016","isPartOf":{"@type":"Periodical","name":"Mayo Clin Proc"},"identifier":"PMID:27444976","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27444976/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.05.014","abstract":"Maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness over time is important for reducing the risk of all-cause mortality."}]} ``` ## Related on Magellan Longevity - [Garmin Forerunner 265](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/65.md) — product graded on this and related evidence - [Oura Ring Gen 4](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/61.md) — product graded on this and related evidence - [Apple Watch Series 11](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/63.md) — product graded on this and related evidence - [WHOOP Band 5.0](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/62.md) — product graded on this and related evidence - [The impact of visit-to-visit heart rate variability on all-cause mortality](https://magellanlongevity.com/study/hrv.md) - [Sleep duration and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.](https://magellanlongevity.com/study/sleep_mortality.md) - [Heart Rate Variability and Risk of All-Cause Death and Cardiovascular Events in Patients…](https://magellanlongevity.com/study/x13.md) - [Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality](https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d28286137.md) - [Longevity research map](https://magellanlongevity.com/longevity-research-map.html) ## Scope and disclosures Educational information, not medical advice. Nothing here is intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Talk to your physician before starting any supplement or device, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, or taking medication. Editorial firewall: evidence grades are assigned from the published research and are independent of any affiliate commission. As an Amazon Associate, Magellan Longevity earns from qualifying purchases. Reviewed for accuracy by a board-certified physician (DO).