--- title: "High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking…" description: "This review aims to assess the link between lead in drinking water, especially soft water, and cardiovascular disease." url: "https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.md" canonical: "https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html" html: "https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html" type: "study" study_key: "d29656350" journal: "Biol Trace Elem Res" year: 2018 pmid: "29656350" doi: "10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8" citations: 1 updated: 2026-09-02 author: "Gabriel Radu, DO" author_credentials: "Physiatrist (PM&R). NY medical license 275110. NPI 1376861765." publisher: "Magellan Longevity" content_format: "markdown" --- # High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity [Home](https://magellanlongevity.com/) › [Research map](https://magellanlongevity.com/longevity-research-map.html) › High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of… **HTML version:** https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html · **In the Magellan app:** https://magellanlongevity.com/#/study/d29656350 ## Citation | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Journal | Biol Trace Elem Res | | Year | 2018 | | PMID | [29656350](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656350/) | | DOI | [10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8) | | Study key | d29656350 | ## Takeaway This review aims to assess the link between lead in drinking water, especially soft water, and cardiovascular disease. ## The question Does lead content in drinking water, particularly soft water, correlate with increased cardiovascular morbidity in human populations? ## Hypothesis Low levels of magnesium and calcium (soft water) may increase lead leaching from pipes and enhance lead absorption, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular pathologies. ## Methods This study is a review that evaluates existing evidence for an association between lead exposure from drinking water and cardiovascular endpoints in human populations. ## Results The abstract does not present new numerical results or specific findings from the review itself, but rather states the purpose of the review. ## Conclusion The abstract does not provide a conclusion as it describes the intent of the review rather than its findings. ## Limitations The abstract does not explicitly state limitations of the review, but as a review, its findings are dependent on the quality and availability of the existing literature. ## Verbatim from the abstract > low magnesium and calcium, i.e. low hardness of drinking water, may accentuate lead leaching ## Where this study is used on Magellan This paper is one of the citations behind the evidence grade on the pages below. Grades are assigned from the published research and are independent of affiliate commissions. | Compound or device | Evidence grade | Graded pages | | --- | --- | --- | | Mineral Remineralization Drops | Emerging evidence | [Mineral Remineralization Drops](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/191.md) | ## Reference 1. **High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity** Biol Trace Elem Res 2018 · [PMID 29656350](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656350/) · [DOI 10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8) > low magnesium and calcium, i.e. low hardness of drinking water, may accentuate lead leaching ## Structured data ```json {"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"MedicalWebPage","@id":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html#page","url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html","name":"High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity","description":"This review aims to assess the link between lead in drinking water, especially soft water, and cardiovascular disease.","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":{"@type":"WebSite","name":"Magellan Longevity","url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/"},"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Gabriel Radu, DO","jobTitle":"Physiatrist (PM&R)","identifier":[{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"NPI","value":"1376861765"},{"@type":"PropertyValue","name":"NY medical license","value":"275110"}]},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Magellan Longevity","url":"https://magellanlongevity.com/"},"encoding":{"@type":"MediaObject","encodingFormat":"text/markdown","contentUrl":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.md"},"dateModified":"2026-09-02"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://magellanlongevity.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research map","item":"https://magellanlongevity.com/longevity-research-map.html"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of…","item":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html"}]},{"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d29656350.html#study","name":"High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity","headline":"High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity","datePublished":"2018","isPartOf":{"@type":"Periodical","name":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},"identifier":"PMID:29656350","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656350/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8","abstract":"This review aims to assess the link between lead in drinking water, especially soft water, and cardiovascular disease."}]} ``` ## Related on Magellan Longevity - [Mineral Remineralization Drops](https://magellanlongevity.com/p/191.md) — product graded on this and related evidence - [Evidence: adds magnesium and calcium](https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s191.md) - [Assessment of drinking water safety in the Netherlands using nationwide exposure and…](https://magellanlongevity.com/study/d35760029.md) - [Evidence: enzymatic cofactor (300+ reactions)](https://magellanlongevity.com/study/s136.md) - [Longevity research map](https://magellanlongevity.com/longevity-research-map.html) - [Evidence-based longevity supplements](https://magellanlongevity.com/longevity-supplements.md) ## Scope and disclosures Educational information, not medical advice. Nothing here is intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Talk to your physician before starting any supplement or device, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, or taking medication. Editorial firewall: evidence grades are assigned from the published research and are independent of any affiliate commission. As an Amazon Associate, Magellan Longevity earns from qualifying purchases. Reviewed for accuracy by a board-certified physician (DO).