6 evidence-first reviews in this topic, built on 28 peer-reviewed citations. Null and negative trials are reported alongside the positive ones — that is the point of the format.
A look at whether topical capsaicin cream like Capzasin-HP actually relieves pain, based on scientific studies.
Where the evidence lands: Low-concentration capsaicin creams like 0.1% can provide modest, temporary pain relief for osteoarthritis and other minor musculoskeletal pains for some people, but individuals may respond differently and effects are not dramatic.
Evidence suggests the Salonpas Pain Relieving Patch can provide temporary relief for minor musculoskeletal pain.
Where the evidence lands: The Salonpas Pain Relieving Patch can provide temporary relief for minor musculoskeletal pain based on clinical studies, but does not address underlying causes or directly impact longevity.
A look at the evidence for topical lidocaine's effectiveness in managing pain.
Where the evidence lands: Aspercreme 4% lidocaine cream may provide some localized pain relief, especially for neuropathic pain, but the evidence is mixed and expectations should be realistic based on the lower concentration and limited data on topical analgesics.
A look at the evidence for Biofreeze Menthol Pain Relief Gel’s effects on pain and its implications for longevity and healthspan.
Where the evidence lands: Biofreeze Menthol Pain Relief Gel may provide temporary, symptomatic relief for certain types of pain, but there is no evidence it directly impacts longevity or healthspan.
Creams, gels and patches all promise fast relief — here is which mechanisms hold up in human trials, ranked by the evidence.
Where the evidence lands: Among over-the-counter pain topicals, only diclofenac has strong human evidence; capsaicin and lidocaine are reasonable for the right kind of pain, and menthol-based products mainly deliver fast comfort.
How this topical NSAID delivers targeted pain relief for arthritis – without the dangers of oral anti-inflammatories.
Where the evidence lands: Voltaren Arthritis Pain Gel provides effective, localized pain relief for osteoarthritis – particularly in the knees – with significantly fewer risks than oral NSAIDs, helping you stay active and comfortable as you age.
18 distinct peer-reviewed papers, published 2004–2025, across 14 journals. Each links to its PubMed record; where Magellan has published a full study write-up, that is linked too.
Moderate evidence
Randomized trials and meta-analyses show that topical capsaicin produces modest reductions in pain…
Moderate evidence
Randomized trials of methyl-salicylate/menthol patches and menthol-based topical products show…
Moderate evidence
The best-supported use of topical lidocaine is localized neuropathic pain, especially postherpetic…
Emerging evidence
Menthol is used for the temporary relief of minor muscle and joint pain, including strains,…
Strong evidence
Randomized trials and meta-analyses, including Cochrane reviews, indicate that topical diclofenac…
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